{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T01:58:32Z","timestamp":1781143112874,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,1]],"date-time":"2022-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654041600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,1]],"date-time":"2022-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654041600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,1]],"date-time":"2022-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654041600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,1]],"date-time":"2022-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654041600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,1]],"date-time":"2022-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654041600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,1]],"date-time":"2022-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654041600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,1]],"date-time":"2022-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654041600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Resources Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.resourpol.2022.102576","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,2]],"date-time":"2022-02-02T11:50:35Z","timestamp":1643802635000},"page":"102576","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Planning for the effective and sustainable management of Ghana\u2019s artisanal small-scale gold mining industry"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"76","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4671-6015","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rejoice Selorm","family":"Wireko-Gyebi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5534-2695","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael Osei","family":"Asibey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theresa Yaaba","family":"Baah-Ennumh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.resourpol.2022.102576_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landusepol.2020.105271","article-title":"Governance challenges of small-scale gold mining in Ghana: insights from a process net-map study","volume":"102","author":"Adu-Baffour","year":"2021","journal-title":"Land Use Pol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resourpol.2022.102576_bib2","series-title":"Artisanal Mining and its Ramifications on the People of Prestea","first-page":"2","author":"Adu-Gyamfi","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resourpol.2022.102576_bib3","author":"Aghetara"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resourpol.2022.102576_bib4","series-title":"Impact of Mining Sector Investment. A Draft Report for SAPRI","author":"Akabzaa","year":"2001"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"10.1016\/j.resourpol.2022.102576_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1504\/IJEP.2010.033238","article-title":"The application of direct smelting of gold concentrates as an alternative to mercury amalgamation in small-scale gold mining operations in Ghana","volume":"41","author":"Amankwah","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Pollut."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.resourpol.2022.102576_bib6","first-page":"89","article-title":"Gold-mining and trading among the Ashanti of Ghana","volume":"48","author":"Arhin","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. Afr."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.resourpol.2022.102576_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1089\/env.2013.0006","article-title":"Artisanal gold mining and surface water pollution in Ghana: have the foreign invaders come to stay?","volume":"6","author":"Armah","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Justice"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resourpol.2022.102576_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-6526(02)00043-4","article-title":"Trends in the small-scale mining of precious minerals in Ghana : a perspective on its environmental impact","volume":"11","author":"Aryee","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resourpol.2022.102576_bib9","series-title":"Sustaining Livelihoods in Artisanal Small-Scale Mining Communities in the Tarkwa-Nsuaem Municipality","author":"Baah-Ennumh","year":"2012"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.resourpol.2022.102576_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resourpol.2006.12.001","article-title":"How have reforms fuelled the expansion of artisanal mining? Evidence from sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"31","author":"Banchirigah","year":"2006","journal-title":"Resour. Pol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resourpol.2022.102576_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resourpol.2007.11.001","article-title":"Challenges with eradicating illegal mining in Ghana: a perspective from the grassroots","volume":"33","author":"Banchirigah","year":"2008","journal-title":"Resour. Pol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.resourpol.2022.102576_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsm.2016.04.004","article-title":"The hazardous nature of small-scale underground mining in Ghana","volume":"15","author":"Bansah","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Sustain. Min."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.resourpol.2022.102576_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5143","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph120505143","article-title":"Integrated assessment of artisanal and small-scale gold mining in Ghana\u2014Part 1: human health review","volume":"12","author":"Basu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Publ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resourpol.2022.102576_bib14","series-title":"Colonial Land Policy in Ghana 1874-1962 with Special Reference to the Mining Sector of the Economy","author":"Bentsi-Enchill","year":"1986"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resourpol.2022.102576_bib15","series-title":"Report of the Commission of Enquiry into Concessions Government of Ghana","author":"Boateng","year":"1961"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.resourpol.2022.102576_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2009.10.051","article-title":"Health assessment of artisanal gold miners in Tanzania","volume":"408","author":"Bose-O'Reilly","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resourpol.2022.102576_bib17","series-title":"Responding to the Challenge of Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining. How Can Knowledge Networks Help?","author":"Buxton","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resourpol.2022.102576_bib18","article-title":"The Millennium development goals and ASM, communities and small-scale mining","year":"2005","journal-title":"World Bank"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.resourpol.2022.102576_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.12968\/bjon.2008.17.1.28059","article-title":"Undertaking a literature review: a step-by-step approach","volume":"17","author":"Cronin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br. J. Nurs."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resourpol.2022.102576_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.futures.2013.11.004","article-title":"A toxic free future: is there a role for alternatives to mercury in small-scale gold mining?","volume":"62","author":"Davies","year":"2014","journal-title":"Futures"},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.resourpol.2022.102576_bib21","article-title":"Artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM)","author":"Dorner","year":"2012","journal-title":"Polinares"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resourpol.2022.102576_bib22","volume":"vol. 218","year":"1989"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resourpol.2022.102576_bib23","series-title":"Minerals and Mining Policy","year":"2014"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.resourpol.2022.102576_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.1111\/dech.12402","article-title":"Unpacking land grabs: subjects, performances and the state in Ghana's \u201csmall-scale\u201d gold mining sector","volume":"49","author":"Hausermann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dev. Change"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resourpol.2022.102576_bib26","series-title":"Global Report on Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining. Working Paper 70, Mining, Minerals and Sustainable Development (MMSD) Project","author":"Hentschel","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resourpol.2022.102576_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landusepol.2020.104706","article-title":"For the environment: an Assessment of recent military intervention in informal gold mining communities in Ghana","volume":"96","author":"Hilson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Land Use Pol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resourpol.2022.102576_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2006.09.010","article-title":"Improving awareness of mercury pollution in small-scale gold mining communities: challenges and ways forward in rural Ghana","volume":"103","author":"Hilson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resourpol.2022.102576_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resourpol.2017.09.009","article-title":"Shootings and burning excavators: some rapid reflections on the government of Ghana handling of the informal galamsey mining \u2018menace\u2019","volume":"54","author":"Hilson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Resour. Pol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resourpol.2022.102576_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.futures.2014.05.006","article-title":"A rocky road ahead? Critical reflections on the futures of small-scale mining in sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"62","author":"Hilson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Futures"},{"issue":"2\u20103","key":"10.1016\/j.resourpol.2022.102576_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8268.2003.00073.x","article-title":"Why is illegal gold mining activity so ubiquitous in rural Ghana?","volume":"15","author":"Hilson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Afr. Dev. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resourpol.2022.102576_bib32","first-page":"1","article-title":"A contextual review of the Ghanaian small-scale mining industry","volume":"76","author":"Hilson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Min. Miner. Sustain. Dev."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.resourpol.2022.102576_bib33","first-page":"104","article-title":"Four decades of support for artisanal and small-scale mining in sub-Saharan Africa: a critical review","volume":"1","author":"Hilson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Extr. Ind. Soc."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.resourpol.2022.102576_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-6526(02)00031-8","article-title":"Clean artisanal gold mining: a utopian approach?","volume":"11","author":"Hinton","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resourpol.2022.102576_bib35","article-title":"Rock-solid chances: for responsible artisanal mining, in series on responsible ASM","volume":"3","author":"Hruschka","year":"2011","journal-title":"Alliance for Responsible Min."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resourpol.2022.102576_bib36","series-title":"Ghana: A Study of the Tarkwa Mining Region","first-page":"58","article-title":"Social and labour issues in small-scale mines. Report for discussion at the tripartite meeting on social and Labour issues in small-scale mines, international Labour organization, sectoral activities programme, international Labour office","volume":"vol. 62","year":"1999"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resourpol.2022.102576_bib37","series-title":"Between the Plough and the Pick: Informal, Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining in the Contemporary World","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resourpol.2022.102576_bib38","first-page":"62","volume":"vol. 56","author":"Larsen","year":"2014"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.resourpol.2022.102576_bib39","first-page":"300","article-title":"Formalization of artisanal miners: stop the train, we need to get off","volume":"4","author":"Marshall","year":"2017","journal-title":"Extr. Ind. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resourpol.2022.102576_bib40","series-title":"Minister for Lands and Natural Resources Meets Troops of Operation Halt IIIV","author":"Mensah","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resourpol.2022.102576_bib41","series-title":"Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining Framework","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resourpol.2022.102576_bib42","series-title":"Translating International Commitments to Domestic Action: Mercury Co-benefits, Sustainable Development, and Climate Policy in China","author":"Mulvaney","year":"2017"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.resourpol.2022.102576_bib43","first-page":"7","article-title":"Environmental degradation under artisanal and small-scale mining in Tanzania: can innovations in institutional framework help?","volume":"2","author":"Mwakaje","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Protect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resourpol.2022.102576_bib44","series-title":"Environmental Degradation under Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining in Tanzania: Can Innovations in Institutional Framework Help? Institute of Resource Assessment","author":"Mwakaje","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resourpol.2022.102576_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2016.04.124","article-title":"Human health and safety in artisanal and small-scale mining: an integrated approach to risk mitigation","volume":"129","author":"Nicole","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.resourpol.2022.102576_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsm.2019.02.001","article-title":"Small in size, but big in impact: socio-environmental reforms for sustainable artisanal and small-scale mining","volume":"18","author":"Owusu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Sustain. Min."},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.resourpol.2022.102576_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2009.06.009","article-title":"Global emission of mercury to the atmosphere from anthropogenic sources in 2005 and projections to 2020","volume":"44","author":"Pacyna","year":"2010","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resourpol.2022.102576_bib48","series-title":"History of Gold-Mining in Ghana","author":"Peters","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resourpol.2022.102576_bib49","series-title":"Formalization and Due Diligence in Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining","author":"Singo","year":"2018"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.resourpol.2022.102576_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2009.10.020","article-title":"International guidelines on mercury management in small-scale gold mining","volume":"18","author":"Spiegel","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resourpol.2022.102576_bib51","series-title":"Mercury Fate and Transport in the Global Atmosphere","first-page":"131","article-title":"World emissions of mercury from artisanal and small-scale gold mining","author":"Telmer","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resourpol.2022.102576_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resourpol.2012.02.001","article-title":"Small-scale mining in Ghana: the government and the galamsey","volume":"37","author":"Teschner","year":"2012","journal-title":"Resour. Pol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.resourpol.2022.102576_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoforum.2007.05.002","article-title":"Contaminated identities: mercury and marginalization in Ghana's artisanal mining sector","volume":"38","author":"Tschakert","year":"2007","journal-title":"Geoforum"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.resourpol.2022.102576_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resourpol.2008.05.007","article-title":"Recognizing and nurturing artisanal mining as a viable livelihood","volume":"34","author":"Tschakert","year":"2009","journal-title":"Resour. Pol."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.resourpol.2022.102576_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-4207(97)00006-8","article-title":"The vicissitudes of mineral policy in Ghana","volume":"23","author":"Tsikata","year":"1997","journal-title":"Resour. Pol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resourpol.2022.102576_bib56","series-title":"Natural Resources Forum","first-page":"52","article-title":"Criminalization of \u201cgalamsey\u201d and livelihoods in Ghana: limits and consequences","volume":"44","author":"Tuokuu","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resourpol.2022.102576_bib57","series-title":"ASM Handbook for Ghana","first-page":"160","author":"Tychsen","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resourpol.2022.102576_bib58","series-title":"Global Mercury Project: Protocols for Environmental and Health Assessment of Mercury","author":"Veiga","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resourpol.2022.102576_bib59","series-title":"Occupational Safety and Health in Mining: Anthology on the Situation in 16 Mining Countries","first-page":"1","article-title":"Safety and health in mining","author":"Ving\u00e5rd","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resourpol.2022.102576_bib60","series-title":"Treasure or Trouble? Mining in Developing Countries","author":"Weber-Fahr","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resourpol.2022.102576_bib61","series-title":"The Mining Sector in Transition Economy Countries in East and Central Asia","author":"Williams","year":"2001"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.resourpol.2022.102576_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/2158244020963668","article-title":"Perception of small-scale miners on interventions to eradicate illegal small-scale mining in Ghana","volume":"10","author":"Wireko-Gyebi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sage Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resourpol.2022.102576_bib63","series-title":"Mining Together","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resourpol.2022.102576_bib64","series-title":"The World Bank Group in Extractive Industries 2013; Annual Review","year":"2013"}],"container-title":["Resources Policy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0301420722000277?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0301420722000277?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,4]],"date-time":"2025-10-04T06:29:48Z","timestamp":1759559388000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0301420722000277"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]},"references-count":63,"alternative-id":["S0301420722000277"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.resourpol.2022.102576","relation":{},"ISSN":["0301-4207"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0301-4207","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Planning for the effective and sustainable management of Ghana\u2019s artisanal small-scale gold mining industry","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Resources Policy","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.resourpol.2022.102576","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"102576"}}