{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T18:30:34Z","timestamp":1790879434267,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":142,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,1]],"date-time":"2009-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1241136000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,1]],"date-time":"2009-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1241136000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Respiratory Physiology &amp; Neurobiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.07.011","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,7,28]],"date-time":"2008-07-28T12:51:24Z","timestamp":1217249484000},"page":"133-143","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":133,"title":["Panic disorder and control of breathing"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"167","author":[{"given":"Antonio E.","family":"Nardi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rafael C.","family":"Freire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Walter A.","family":"Zin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.07.011_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(00)00788-5","article-title":"Respiratory irregularity in panic patients may reflect excessive sighing","volume":"47","author":"Abelson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.07.011_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(00)01078-7","article-title":"Persistent respiratory irregularity in patients with panic disorder","volume":"49","author":"Abelson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.07.011_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ne.07.030184.001255","article-title":"Endogenous opioids: biology and function","volume":"7","author":"Akil","year":"1984","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.07.011_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1993.74.2.590","article-title":"Effects of naloxone on the sensation of dyspnea during acute respiratory stress in normal adults","volume":"74","author":"Akiyama","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.07.011_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.141.4.572","article-title":"A comparison of panic disorder and generalized anxiety disorder","volume":"141","author":"Anderson","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.07.011_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.154.8.1089","article-title":"Response to hyperventilation and 5.5% CO2 inhalation of subjects with types of specific phobia, panic disorder, or no mental disorder","volume":"154","author":"Antony","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.07.011_bib7","unstructured":"APA, 1994. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders, fourth ed. (DSM-IV). American Psychiatric Press, Washington, DC."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.07.011_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/0887-6185(94)90023-X","article-title":"A preliminary-analysis of pulmonary-function in panic disorder\u2014implications for the dyspnea-fear theory","volume":"8","author":"Asmundson","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Anxiety Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.07.011_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.151.2.264","article-title":"Triggering the false suffocation alarm in panic disorder patients by using a voluntary breath-holding procedure","volume":"151","author":"Asmundson","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.07.011_bib10","first-page":"A22","article-title":"Inhalation of 35% CO2 results in subjective fear and activates the HPA axis in healthy volunteers","volume":"15","author":"Bailey","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.07.011_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3956(94)00045-S","article-title":"The 35% CO2 challenge in panic disorder: optimization by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis","volume":"29","author":"Battaglia","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.07.011_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00962637","article-title":"Physiological and symptom responses to hyperventilation: a comparison of frequent and infrequent panickers","volume":"10","author":"Beck","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Psychopathol. Behav. Assess."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.07.011_bib13","first-page":"475","article-title":"Clonazepam blockade of spontaneous and CO2 inhalation-provoked panic in a patient with panic disorder","volume":"47","author":"Beckett","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.07.011_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2869.2002.00289.x","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea and the prefrontal cortex: towards a comprehensive model linking nocturnal upper airway obstruction to daytime cognitive and behavioral deficits","volume":"11","author":"Beebe","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Sleep Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.07.011_bib15","series-title":"The Panic Respiration Connection","author":"Bellodi","year":"1998"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.07.011_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.155.9.1184","article-title":"CO2-induced panic attacks: a twin study","volume":"155","author":"Bellodi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.07.011_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1635","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.156.10.1635","article-title":"Enhancement of CO2-induced anxiety in healthy volunteers with the serotonin antagonist metergoline","volume":"156","author":"Ben-Zion","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.07.011_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1097\/00004714-200106000-00003","article-title":"The 35% CO2 hyperreactivity and clinical symptomatology in patients with panic disorder after week of treatment with citalopram: an open study","volume":"21","author":"Bertani","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.07.011_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1097\/00004714-199704000-00006","article-title":"Pharmacologic effect of imipramine, paroxetine, and sertraline on 35% carbon dioxide hypersensitivity in panic patients: a double-blind, random, placebo-controlled study","volume":"17","author":"Bertani","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.07.011_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1016\/0924-977X(95)90613-I","article-title":"The effects of paroxetine and imipramine treatments on 35% CO2 sensitivity in panic patients","volume":"5","author":"Bertani","year":"1995","journal-title":"Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.07.011_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.156.5.739","article-title":"Panic disorder subtypes: differential responses to CO2 challenge","volume":"156","author":"Biber","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.07.011_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(97)00221-7","article-title":"Antipanic effect of fluoxetine measured by CO2 challenge test","volume":"43","author":"Bocola","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.07.011_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.163.2.201","article-title":"Subtyping of panic disorder by symptom profile","volume":"163","author":"Briggs","year":"1993","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.07.011_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/0301-0511(90)90052-X","article-title":"Hyperventilation and panic attacks","volume":"31","author":"Buikhuisen","year":"1990","journal-title":"Biol. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.07.011_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1520-6394(2000)11:1<15::AID-DA3>3.0.CO;2-W","article-title":"Autonomic reactivity of panic patients during a CO2 inhalation procedure","volume":"11","author":"Bystritsky","year":"2000","journal-title":"Depress. Anxiety"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.07.011_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(92)90080-J","article-title":"Continuous physiological changes and subjective reports in panic patients: a preliminary methodological report","volume":"32","author":"Bystritsky","year":"1992","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.07.011_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.161.1.79","article-title":"Approximate entropy of respiratory patterns in panic disorder","volume":"161","author":"Caldirola","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.07.011_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(99)00004-9","article-title":"A segregation study of panic disorder in families of panic patients responsive to the 35% CO2 challenge","volume":"46","author":"Cavallini","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.07.011_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(98)00300-X","article-title":"Brain circuits in panic disorder","volume":"44","author":"Coplan","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.07.011_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(97)87457-4","article-title":"Hypersensitivity to carbon dioxide as a disease-specific trait marker","volume":"41","author":"Coryell","year":"1997","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.07.011_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(98)00241-8","article-title":"The 35% CO2 inhalation procedure: test\u2013retest reliability","volume":"45","author":"Coryell","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.07.011_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(00)01089-1","article-title":"Aberrant respiratory sensitivity to CO(2) as a trait of familial panic disorder","volume":"49","author":"Coryell","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.07.011_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1080\/14622200600789643","article-title":"Effect of nicotine on 35% CO2-induced anxiety: a study in healthy volunteers","volume":"8","author":"Cosci","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.07.011_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(87)90654-1","article-title":"Hyperventilation and panic disorder","volume":"83","author":"Cowley","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.07.011_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(83)90076-4","article-title":"Severe anxiety induced by FG 7142, a beta-carboline ligand for benzodiazepine receptors","volume":"2","author":"Dorow","year":"1983","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.07.011_bib36","article-title":"Acute exercise reduces the effects of a 35% CO(2) challenge in patients with panic disorder","author":"Esquivel","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.07.011_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3956(94)90027-2","article-title":"Hypercapneic ventilatory response in patients with panic disorder before and after alprazolam treatment and in pre- and postmenstrual women","volume":"28","author":"Fishman","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.07.011_bib38","first-page":"1045","article-title":"Endogenous opiates and chemical control of breathing in humans","volume":"121","author":"Fleetham","year":"1980","journal-title":"Am. Rev. Respir. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.07.011_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2007.07.015","article-title":"Panic disorder respiratory subtype: a comparison between responses to hyperventilation and CO(2) challenge tests","volume":"157","author":"Freire","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.07.011_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.109.2.516","article-title":"The pathophysiology of hyperventilation disorders","volume":"109","author":"Gardner","year":"1996","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.07.011_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(83)90082-7","article-title":"Agoraphobia and the hyperventilation syndrome","volume":"21","author":"Garssen","year":"1983","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.07.011_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.141.7.857","article-title":"Response to hyperventilation in a group of patients with panic disorder","volume":"141","author":"Gorman","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.07.011_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(97)00160-1","article-title":"Effect of antipanic treatment on response to carbon dioxide","volume":"42","author":"Gorman","year":"1997","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.07.011_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1988.01800250035006","article-title":"Ventilatory physiology of patients with panic disorder","volume":"45","author":"Gorman","year":"1988","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.07.011_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.157.4.493","article-title":"Neuroanatomical hypothesis of panic disorder, revised","volume":"157","author":"Gorman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.07.011_bib46","first-page":"797","article-title":"Possible respiratory abnormalities in panic disorder","volume":"22","author":"Gorman","year":"1986","journal-title":"Psychopharmacol. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.07.011_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.151.4.547","article-title":"Anxiogenic effects of CO2 and hyperventilation in patients with panic disorder","volume":"151","author":"Gorman","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.07.011_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.11.025","article-title":"Wheel running alters serotonin (5-HT) transporter, 5-HT1A, 5-HT1B, and alpha 1b-adrenergic receptor mRNA in the rat raphe nuclei","volume":"57","author":"Greenwood","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.07.011_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1781(90)90121-K","article-title":"Specific sensitivity of patients with panic attacks to carbon dioxide inhalation","volume":"31","author":"Griez","year":"1990","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.07.011_bib50","series-title":"Anxiety Disorder","first-page":"251","article-title":"Respiration and anxiety","author":"Griez","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.07.011_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7916(82)90032-5","article-title":"Effects of carbon dioxide\u2013oxygen inhalations on subjective anxiety and some neurovegetative parameters","volume":"13","author":"Griez","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Behav. Ther. Exp. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.07.011_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.147.6.796","article-title":"Response to 35% CO2 as a marker of panic in severe anxiety","volume":"147","author":"Griez","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.07.011_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1781(87)90001-1","article-title":"CO2 vulnerability in panic disorder","volume":"20","author":"Griez","year":"1987","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.07.011_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.153.1.76","article-title":"Hyperventilation in panic attacks. Ambulant monitoring of transcutaneous carbon dioxide","volume":"153","author":"Hibbert","year":"1988","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.07.011_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.155.6.805","article-title":"Hyperventilation: is it a cause of panic attacks?","volume":"155","author":"Hibbert","year":"1989","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.07.011_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(89)90016-8","article-title":"Hyperventilation and anxiety in panic disorder, social phobia, GAD and normal controls","volume":"27","author":"Holt","year":"1989","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.07.011_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.04-04-01064.1984","article-title":"Evidence for 5-hydroxytryptamine, substance P, and thyrotropin-releasing hormone in neurons innervating the phrenic motor nucleus","volume":"4","author":"Holtman","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.07.011_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1520-6394(1997)6:4<147::AID-DA3>3.0.CO;2-9","article-title":"Panic disorder with smothering symptoms: evidence for increased risk in first-degree relatives","volume":"6","author":"Horwath","year":"1997","journal-title":"Depress. Anxiety"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.07.011_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200207-720OC","article-title":"Ventilatory responses to inhaled carbon dioxide, hypoxia, and exercise in idiopathic hyperventilation","volume":"170","author":"Jack","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.07.011_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1993.01820160076009","article-title":"False suffocation alarms, spontaneous panics, and related conditions. An integrative hypothesis","volume":"50","author":"Klein","year":"1993","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.07.011_bib61","first-page":"177","article-title":"The status of panic disorder","volume":"1","author":"Klein","year":"1988","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.07.011_bib62","first-page":"61","article-title":"Effect of serotonin uptake inhibition on breathing during sleep and daytime symptoms in obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"22","author":"Kraiczi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.07.011_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1996.01830030086013","article-title":"The effects of alcohol consumption on laboratory-induced panic and state anxiety","volume":"53","author":"Kushner","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.07.011_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(85)90145-7","article-title":"Agoraphobia, the panic attack and the hyperventilation syndrome","volume":"23","author":"Ley","year":"1985","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.07.011_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1985.01790300077010","article-title":"Lactate provocation of panic attacks. II. Biochemical and physiological findings","volume":"42","author":"Liebowitz","year":"1985","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.07.011_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3999(91)90070-5","article-title":"The test\u2013retest reliability of the hyperventilation provocation test","volume":"35","author":"Lindsay","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Psychosom. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.07.011_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/0361-9230(87)90106-7","article-title":"Bidirectional effects of chronic treatment with agonists and inverse agonists at the benzodiazepine receptor","volume":"19","author":"Little","year":"1987","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.07.011_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1483","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3908(96)00072-X","article-title":"Benzodiazepine site pharmacokinetic\/pharmacodynamic quantification in man: direct measurement of drug occupancy and effects on the human brain in vivo","volume":"35","author":"Malizia","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.07.011_bib69","first-page":"296","article-title":"Ambulatory monitoring of respiration in anxiety","volume":"2","author":"Martinez","year":"1996","journal-title":"Anxiety"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.07.011_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1097\/00004714-199606000-00007","article-title":"Phenomenology of panic attacks: responsiveness of individual symptoms to imipramine","volume":"16","author":"Mavissakalian","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.07.011_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1590\/S1516-44462004000300010","article-title":"Neuroanatomy of panic disorder","volume":"26","author":"Mezzasalma","year":"2004","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Psiquiatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.07.011_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.176.2.182","article-title":"Effect of acute tryptophan depletion on CO2-induced anxiety in patients with panic disorder and normal volunteers","volume":"176","author":"Miller","year":"2000","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.07.011_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1159\/000077017","article-title":"Psychopathological description of hyperventilation-induced panic attacks: a comparison with spontaneous panic attacks","volume":"37","author":"Nardi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychopathology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.07.011_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1590\/S0004-282X2003000500003","article-title":"Panic disorder in a breath-holding challenge test: a simple tool for a better diagnosis","volume":"61","author":"Nardi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arq. Neuropsiquiatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.07.011_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-1781(03)00132-X","article-title":"Respiratory panic disorder subtype: acute and long-term response to nortriptyline, a noradrenergic tricyclic antidepressant","volume":"120","author":"Nardi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.07.011_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/S1569-9048(02)00149-0","article-title":"A breath-holding challenge in panic disorder patients, their healthy first-degree relatives, and normal controls","volume":"133","author":"Nardi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Respir. Physiol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.07.011_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1002\/hup.840","article-title":"Caffeine and 35% carbon dioxide challenge tests in panic disorder","volume":"22","author":"Nardi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hum. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.07.011_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1177\/070674370304800718","article-title":"Breath-holding in anxiety disorders","volume":"48","author":"Nardi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Can. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.07.011_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2005.05.011","article-title":"A three-year follow-up study of patients with the respiratory subtype of panic disorder after treatment with clonazepam","volume":"137","author":"Nardi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.07.011_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-879X2000001100009","article-title":"Hyperventilation in panic disorder patients and healthy first-degree relatives","volume":"33","author":"Nardi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.07.011_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1590\/S0004-282X1999000600006","article-title":"Panic disorder and hyperventilation","volume":"57","author":"Nardi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arq. Neuropsiquiatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.07.011_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-1781(00)00135-9","article-title":"Double-blind acute clonazepam vs. placebo in carbon dioxide-induced panic attacks","volume":"94","author":"Nardi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.07.011_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1159\/000049294","article-title":"Hyperventilation in panic disorder and social phobia","volume":"34","author":"Nardi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Psychopathology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.07.011_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-1781(01)00335-3","article-title":"Hyperventilation challenge test in panic disorder and depression with panic attacks","volume":"105","author":"Nardi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.07.011_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0327(00)00359-1","article-title":"Panic disorder and obsessive compulsive disorder in a hyperventilation challenge test","volume":"68","author":"Nardi","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.07.011_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1590\/S0004-282X1999000300003","article-title":"Carbon dioxide induced panic attacks and short term clonazepam treatment. Preliminary study","volume":"57","author":"Nardi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arq. Neuropsiquiatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.07.011_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-1781(02)00029-X","article-title":"Psychiatric disorders in asthmatic outpatients","volume":"110","author":"Nascimento","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.07.011_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.160.2.165","article-title":"Panic attacks. A neurochemical overview of models and mechanisms","volume":"160","author":"Nutt","year":"1992","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.07.011_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.150.8.1149","article-title":"Carbon dioxide hypersensitivity, hyperventilation, and panic disorder","volume":"150","author":"Papp","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.07.011_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(94)00296-F","article-title":"Rebreathing tests in panic disorder","volume":"38","author":"Papp","year":"1995","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.07.011_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1557","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.154.11.1557","article-title":"Respiratory psychophysiology of panic disorder: three respiratory challenges in 98 subjects","volume":"154","author":"Papp","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.07.011_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v58n1002","article-title":"Clomipramine treatment of panic disorder: pros and cons","volume":"58","author":"Papp","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.07.011_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1781(94)90085-X","article-title":"Carbon-dioxide oxygen challenge test in panic disorder","volume":"52","author":"Perna","year":"1994","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.07.011_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.152.1.85","article-title":"Laboratory response of patients with panic and obsessive-compulsive disorders to 35% CO2 challenges","volume":"152","author":"Perna","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.07.011_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.153.8.1060","article-title":"Family history of panic disorder and hypersensitivity to CO2 in patients with panic disorder","volume":"153","author":"Perna","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.07.011_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1097\/00004714-199706000-00006","article-title":"Modification of 35% carbon dioxide hypersensitivity across one week of treatment with clomipramine and fluvoxamine: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study","volume":"17","author":"Perna","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.07.011_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v60n0606","article-title":"Sensitivity to 35% carbon dioxide in patients with generalized anxiety disorder","volume":"60","author":"Perna","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.07.011_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0924-2708.2004.0080.x","article-title":"Panic disorder: from respiration to the homeostatic brain","volume":"16","author":"Perna","year":"2004","journal-title":"Acta Neuropsychiatrica"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.07.011_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1002\/da.20016","article-title":"Language of dyspnea in panic disorder","volume":"20","author":"Perna","year":"2004","journal-title":"Depress. Anxiety"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.07.011_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(98)00030-4","article-title":"A long-term prospective evaluation of first-degree relatives of panic patients who underwent the 35% CO2 challenge","volume":"45","author":"Perna","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.07.011_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1097\/00004714-199412000-00007","article-title":"Pharmacologic effect of toloxatone on reactivity to the 35% carbon dioxide challenge: a single-blind, random, placebo-controlled study","volume":"14","author":"Perna","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.07.011_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.152.4.623","article-title":"Sensitivity to 35% CO2 in healthy first-degree relatives of patients with panic disorder","volume":"152","author":"Perna","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.07.011_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1002\/da.20041","article-title":"Selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors beyond psychiatry: are they useful in the treatment of severe, chronic, obstructive pulmonary disease?","volume":"20","author":"Perna","year":"2004","journal-title":"Depress. Anxiety"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.07.011_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.59.2.185","article-title":"Respiration in children at risk for panic disorder","volume":"59","author":"Perna","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.07.011_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.55.2.123","article-title":"Ventilatory physiology of children and adolescents with anxiety disorders","volume":"55","author":"Pine","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.07.011_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.57.10.960","article-title":"Differential carbon dioxide sensitivity in childhood anxiety disorders and nonill comparison group","volume":"57","author":"Pine","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.07.011_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.151.6.864","article-title":"Anxiety and congenital central hypoventilation syndrome","volume":"151","author":"Pine","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.07.011_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1781(93)90087-W","article-title":"Panic disorder patients show decrease in ventilatory response to CO2 after clomipramine treatment","volume":"47","author":"Pols","year":"1993","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.07.011_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(95)00494-7","article-title":"Alprazolam premedication and 35% carbon dioxide vulnerability in panic patients","volume":"40","author":"Pols","year":"1996","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.07.011_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1991.tb03201.x","article-title":"Attenuation of carbon dioxide-induced panic after clonazepam treatment","volume":"84","author":"Pols","year":"1991","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatry Scand."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.07.011_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v57n1107","article-title":"Fluvoxamine attenuates panic induced by 35% CO2 challenge","volume":"57","author":"Pols","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.07.011_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(92)90095-X","article-title":"Differences in reported symptom profile between panic disorder and other DSM-III-R anxiety disorders","volume":"30","author":"Rapee","year":"1992","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.07.011_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2005.08.005","article-title":"Suffocation and respiratory responses to carbon dioxide and breath holding challenges in individuals with panic disorder","volume":"60","author":"Rassovsky","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Psychosom. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.07.011_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1097\/00006842-199811000-00004","article-title":"Voluntary breath holding in panic and generalized anxiety disorders","volume":"60","author":"Roth","year":"1998","journal-title":"Psychosom. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.07.011_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(86)90156-7","article-title":"A demonstration of acute hyperventilation during naturally occurring panic attacks","volume":"24","author":"Salkovskis","year":"1986","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.07.011_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(90)90584-O","article-title":"Five percent carbon dioxide challenge: valid analogue and marker of panic disorder?","volume":"27","author":"Sanderson","year":"1990","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.07.011_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1220","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.151.8.1220","article-title":"Alprazolam blockade of CO2-provoked panic in patients with panic disorder","volume":"151","author":"Sanderson","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.07.011_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.105.3.446","article-title":"Biological challenge manipulation of pCO2 levels: a test of Klein's (1993) suffocation alarm theory of panic","volume":"105","author":"Schmidt","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.07.011_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-1781(00)00117-7","article-title":"Effects of tryptophan depletion on carbon dioxide provoked panic in panic disorder patients","volume":"93","author":"Schruers","year":"2000","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.07.011_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0924-2708.2004.0084.x","article-title":"Symptom profiles of natural and laboratory panic attacks","volume":"16","author":"Schruers","year":"2004","journal-title":"Acta Neuropsychiatrica"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.07.011_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1522-7154(1996)2:3<145::AID-ANXI6>3.0.CO;2-O","article-title":"Tidal volume of respiration and \u201csighing\u201d as indicators of breathing irregularities in panic disorder patients","volume":"2","author":"Schwartz","year":"1996","journal-title":"Anxiety"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.07.011_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-1781(99)00029-3","article-title":"Panic induced by carbon dioxide inhalation and lack of hypothalamic\u2013pituitary\u2013adrenal axis activation","volume":"86","author":"Sinha","year":"1999","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.07.011_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2004.11.011","article-title":"Physiological and behavioral effects of naloxone and lactate in normal volunteers with relevance to the pathophysiology of panic disorder","volume":"149","author":"Sinha","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.07.011_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/S0033-3182(98)71377-5","article-title":"Sertraline effects on dyspnea in patients with obstructive airways disease","volume":"39","author":"Smoller","year":"1998","journal-title":"Psychosomatics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.07.011_bib125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1168","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.152.8.1168","article-title":"Irregular breathing during sleep in patients with panic disorder","volume":"152","author":"Stein","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.07.011_bib126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(97)07336-4","article-title":"Lung as reservoir for antidepressants in pharmacokinetic drug interactions","volume":"351","author":"Suhara","year":"1998","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.07.011_bib127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(82)90532-7","article-title":"Reciprocal connections between the amygdala and parabrachial nuclei: ultrastructural demonstration by degeneration and axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase in the cat","volume":"239","author":"Takeuchi","year":"1982","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.07.011_bib128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-879X2002000700004","article-title":"Respiratory panic disorder subtype and sensitivity to the carbon dioxide challenge test","volume":"35","author":"Valenca","year":"2002","journal-title":"Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.07.011_bib129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(99)00265-6","article-title":"Reactivity to a 35% CO2 challenge in healthy first-degree relatives of patients with panic disorder","volume":"47","author":"Van Beek","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.07.011_bib130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.144.5.503","article-title":"Panic symptoms after inhalation of carbon dioxide","volume":"144","author":"Van den Hout","year":"1984","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.07.011_bib131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1097\/00006842-199203000-00005","article-title":"Hyperventilation is not diagnostically specific to panic patients","volume":"54","author":"Van den Hout","year":"1992","journal-title":"Psychosom. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.07.011_bib132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(97)00031-4","article-title":"Voluntary breath holding: not a suitable probe of the suffocation alarm in PD","volume":"35","author":"Van der Does","year":"1997","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.07.011_bib133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.153.2.8564132","article-title":"The effects of serotonin antagonists in an animal model of sleep-disordered breathing","volume":"153","author":"Veasey","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.07.011_bib134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1994.tb01617.x","article-title":"A 35% carbon dioxide challenge in simple phobias","volume":"90","author":"Verburg","year":"1994","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr. Scand."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.07.011_bib135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.152.7.1081","article-title":"Discrimination between panic disorder and generalized anxiety disorder by 35% carbon dioxide challenge","volume":"152","author":"Verburg","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.07.011_bib136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(00)01000-3","article-title":"Physiologic instability in panic disorder and generalized anxiety disorder","volume":"49","author":"Wilhelm","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.07.011_bib137","first-page":"505","article-title":"The effect of long-term imipramine treatment on carbon dioxide-induced anxiety in panic disorder patients","volume":"51","author":"Woods","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.07.011_bib138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1986.01800090090013","article-title":"Carbon dioxide sensitivity in panic anxiety. Ventilatory and anxiogenic response to carbon dioxide in healthy subjects and patients with panic anxiety before and after alprazolam treatment","volume":"43","author":"Woods","year":"1986","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.07.011_bib139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(89)90255-5","article-title":"Effects of alprazolam and clonidine on carbon dioxide-induced increases in anxiety ratings in healthy human subjects","volume":"45","author":"Woods","year":"1989","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.07.011_bib140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0327(90)90062-D","article-title":"Hypercarbia versus hypocarbia in panic disorder","volume":"18","author":"Zandbergen","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.07.011_bib141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-440X(92)90079-6","article-title":"Breath-holding in panic disorder","volume":"33","author":"Zandbergen","year":"1992","journal-title":"Compr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.07.011_bib142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1781(93)90050-Q","article-title":"No chronic hyperventilation in panic disorder patients","volume":"47","author":"Zandbergen","year":"1993","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."}],"container-title":["Respiratory Physiology &amp; Neurobiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1569904808001997?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1569904808001997?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T22:20:56Z","timestamp":1761603656000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1569904808001997"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,5]]},"references-count":142,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,5]]}},"alternative-id":["S1569904808001997"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.resp.2008.07.011","relation":{},"ISSN":["1569-9048"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1569-9048","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Panic disorder and control of breathing","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.resp.2008.07.011","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}