{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T07:00:16Z","timestamp":1792738816057,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":206,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,1]],"date-time":"2009-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1241136000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,1]],"date-time":"2009-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1241136000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,10]],"date-time":"2009-04-10T04:14:19Z","timestamp":1239336859000},"page":"129-141","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":180,"title":["Pulmonary function and spinal cord injury"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"166","author":[{"given":"Gregory J.","family":"Schilero","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ann M.","family":"Spungen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William A.","family":"Bauman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miroslav","family":"Radulovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marvin","family":"Lesser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1626","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.163.7.2004014","article-title":"Relation of measures of sleep-disordered breathing to neuropsychological functioning","volume":"163","author":"Adams","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-199508000-00024","article-title":"Pulmonary function and posture in traumatic quadriplegia","volume":"39","author":"Ali","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Trauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00176893","article-title":"Pulmonary function survey in spinal cord injury: influences of smoking and level and completeness of injury","volume":"173","author":"Almenoff","year":"1995","journal-title":"Lung"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib4","first-page":"274","article-title":"Bronchodilatory effects of ipratropium bromide in patients with tetraplegia","volume":"33","author":"Almenoff","year":"1995","journal-title":"Paraplegia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/22.5.667","article-title":"Sleep-related breathing disorders in adults: recommendations for syndrome for syndrome, definition, and measurement techniques in clinical research","volume":"22","author":"American Academy of Sleep Medicine Task Force","year":"1999","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.1996.107","article-title":"Head position and its effect on pulmonary function in tetraplegic patients","volume":"34","author":"Amodie-Storey","year":"1996","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.2340\/1650197719937377","article-title":"Lung volumes in tetraplegic patients according to cervical spinal cord injury level","volume":"25","author":"Anke","year":"1993","journal-title":"Scand. J. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1080\/01952307.1993.11735901","article-title":"Spirometry\u2014acceptability and reproducibility in spinal cord injured subjects","volume":"16","author":"Ashba","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Am. Paraplegia Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9993(85)90146-7","article-title":"Diaphragmatic function following cervical cord injury: neurally mediated improvement","volume":"66","author":"Axen","year":"1985","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.1999.11719553","article-title":"Breathlessness in spinal cord injury depends on injury level","volume":"22","author":"Ayas","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Spinal Cord Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.2001.11753552","article-title":"Predictors of loud snoring in persons with spinal cord injury","volume":"24","author":"Ayas","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Spinal Cord Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9993(94)90029-9","article-title":"Pulmonary function and sleep disordered breathing in patients with traumatic tetraplegia: a longitudinal study","volume":"75","author":"Bach","year":"1994","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1042\/cs0420117","article-title":"Breathing patterns and regional ventilation distribution in tetraplegic patients and in normal subjects","volume":"42","author":"Bake","year":"1972","journal-title":"Clin. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib14","first-page":"1289","article-title":"Neural control of human airways in health and disease","volume":"134","author":"Barnes","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am. Rev. Respir. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.2001.90.2.405","article-title":"Lung mechanics in individuals with spinal cord injury: effects of injury level and posture","volume":"90","author":"Baydur","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-61-3-435","article-title":"Mechanism for respiratory insufficiency after cervical cord injury; a source of alveolar hypoventilation","volume":"61","author":"Bergofsky","year":"1964","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib17","first-page":"575","article-title":"Quantiation of the function of respiratory muscles in normal individuals and quadriplegic patients","volume":"45","author":"Bergofsky","year":"1964","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2004.11.033","article-title":"A longitudinal evaluation of sleep and breathing in the first year after cervical spinal cord injury","volume":"86","author":"Berlowitz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/143.3.640","article-title":"Bronchial mucus hypersecretion in acute quadriplegia. Macromolecular yields and glycoconjugate composition","volume":"143","author":"Bhaskar","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am. Rev. Respir. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3101197","article-title":"Sleep disturbances in the spinal cord injured: an epidemiological questionnaire investigation, including a normal population","volume":"39","author":"Biering-Sorensen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib21","first-page":"271","article-title":"Treatment of sleep apnoea in spinal cord injured patients","volume":"33","author":"Biering-Sorensen","year":"1995","journal-title":"Paraplegia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib22","first-page":"768","article-title":"Repeated measurements of pulmonary function following spinal cord injury","volume":"30","author":"Bluechardt","year":"1992","journal-title":"Paraplegia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3101472","article-title":"Breathing patterns during breathing exercises in persons with tetraplegia","volume":"41","author":"Bodin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib24","first-page":"392","article-title":"Obstructive disordered breathing during sleep in patients with spinal cord injury","volume":"28","author":"Bonekat","year":"1990","journal-title":"Paraplegia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1097\/00002060-198212000-00003","article-title":"Oxygen saturation during sleep in patients with spinal cord injury","volume":"61","author":"Braun","year":"1982","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1191\/0269215505cr856oa","article-title":"Is inspiratory muscle training effective for individuals with cervical spinal cord injury? A qualitative systematic review","volume":"19","author":"Brooks","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Rehabil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib27","first-page":"853","article-title":"Respiratory dysfunction and management in spinal cord injury","volume":"51","author":"Brown","year":"2006","journal-title":"Respir. Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1334","DOI":"10.1053\/apmr.2000.9398","article-title":"Sleep apnea syndrome in chronic spinal cord injury: associated factors and treatment","volume":"81","author":"Burns","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3101103","article-title":"Factors associated with sleep apnea in men with spinal cord injury: a population-based case-control study","volume":"39","author":"Burns","year":"2001","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1097\/01.phm.0000171008.69453.b9","article-title":"Long-term treatment of sleep apnea in persons with spinal cord injury","volume":"84","author":"Burns","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI104071","article-title":"Physiological factors affecting airway resistance in normal subjects and in patients with obstructive respiratory disease","volume":"39","author":"Butler","year":"1960","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib32","first-page":"172","article-title":"Arterial oxygen saturation over time and sleep studies in quadriplegic patients","volume":"31","author":"Cahan","year":"1993","journal-title":"Paraplegia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-5687(00)00208-5","article-title":"Neural regulation of airway smooth muscle tone","volume":"125","author":"Canning","year":"2001","journal-title":"Respir. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib34","first-page":"81","article-title":"Respiratory function in patients with spinal cord injuries: effects of posture","volume":"28","author":"Chen","year":"1990","journal-title":"Paraplegia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1080\/16501970510043387","article-title":"Effect of neuromuscular electrical stimulation on cough capacity and pulmonary function in patients with acute cervical cord injury","volume":"38","author":"Cheng","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2006.07.012","article-title":"Mechanism of airway hyperresponsiveness","volume":"118","author":"Cockroft","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1400","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ta.0000196005.49422.e6","article-title":"Respiratory complications and mortality risk associated with thoracic spine injury","volume":"59","author":"Cotton","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Trauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib38","first-page":"909","article-title":"Function of the isolated paced diaphragm and the cervical accessory muscles in C1 quadriplegics","volume":"119","author":"Danon","year":"1979","journal-title":"Am. Rev. Respir. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-5687(87)90076-4","article-title":"Sympathetic innervation of human tracheal and bronchial smooth muscle","volume":"68","author":"Davis","year":"1987","journal-title":"Respir. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1982.53.5.1080","article-title":"Control of human airway smooth muscle: in vitro studies","volume":"53","author":"Davis","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.115.6.1533","article-title":"Effects of a beta2-agonist on airway hyperreactivity in subjects with cervical spinal cord injury","volume":"115","author":"DeLuca","year":"1999","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib42","first-page":"62","article-title":"Pulmonary function in moderate neuromuscular disease without respiratory complaints","volume":"63","author":"Demedts","year":"1982","journal-title":"Eur. J. Respir. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib43","first-page":"591","article-title":"Respiratory mechanics in quadriplegia. The respiratory function of the intercostal muscles","volume":"122","author":"De Troyer","year":"1980","journal-title":"Am. Rev. Respir. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198603203141203","article-title":"Mechanism of active expiration in tetraplegic subjects","volume":"314","author":"De Troyer","year":"1986","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib45","first-page":"1115","article-title":"Rib cage motion and muscle use in high tetraplegics","volume":"133","author":"De Troyer","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am. Rev. Respir. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib46","first-page":"359","article-title":"The expiratory muscles in tetraplegia","volume":"29","author":"De Troyer","year":"1991","journal-title":"Paraplegia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib47","first-page":"248","article-title":"Causes of death during the first 12 years after spinal cord injury","volume":"74","author":"DeVivo","year":"1993","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.105.4.1073","article-title":"Bronchial hyperresponsiveness after cervical spinal cord injury","volume":"105","author":"Dicpinigaitis","year":"1994","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.106.3.758","article-title":"Inhibition of bronchial hyperresponsiveness by the GABA-agonist baclofen","volume":"106","author":"Dicpinigaitis","year":"1994","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1660","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.159.5.9810060","article-title":"Cough reflex sensitivity in subjects with cervical spinal cord injury","volume":"159","author":"Dicpinigaitis","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1053\/apmr.2000.5612","article-title":"Baclofen-induced cough suppression in cervical spinal cord injury","volume":"81","author":"Dicpinigaitis","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2005.03.007","article-title":"Restoration of respiratory muscle function following spinal cord injury. Review of electrical and magnetic stimulation techniques","volume":"147","author":"DiMarco","year":"2005","journal-title":"Respir. Physiol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.127.2.671","article-title":"Phrenic nerve pacing via intramuscular diaphragm electrodes in tetraplegic subjects","volume":"127","author":"DiMarco","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2004.11.027","article-title":"Combined intercostal and diaphragm pacing to provide artificial ventilation in patients with tetraplegia","volume":"86","author":"DiMarco","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1838(82)90030-3","article-title":"Adrenergic and non-adrenergic inhibitory nerves in mammalian airways","volume":"5","author":"Doidge","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Auton. Nerv. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib56","first-page":"1002","article-title":"Chest wall stiffness in patients with chronic respiratory muscle weakness","volume":"128","author":"Estenne","year":"1983","journal-title":"Am. Rev. Respir. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib57","first-page":"53","article-title":"Relationship between respiratory muscle electromyogram and rib cage motion in tetraplegia","volume":"132","author":"Estenne","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am. Rev. Respir. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib58","first-page":"121","article-title":"The effects of tetraplegia on chest wall statics","volume":"134","author":"Estenne","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am. Rev. Respir. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib59","first-page":"367","article-title":"Mechanism of the postural dependence of vital capacity in tetraplegic subjects","volume":"135","author":"Estenne","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am. Rev. Respir. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1218","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/139.5.1218","article-title":"The effect of pectoralis muscle training in tetraplegic subjects","volume":"139","author":"Estenne","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am. Rev. Respir. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-112-1-22","article-title":"Cough in tetraplegic subjects: an active process","volume":"112","author":"Estenne","year":"1990","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1992.72.3.1074","article-title":"Action of the diaphragm during cough in tetraplegic subjects","volume":"72","author":"Estenne","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.150.4.7921440","article-title":"Evidence of dynamic airway compression during cough in tetraplegic patients","volume":"150","author":"Estenne","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.157.1.9701010","article-title":"Effects of abdominal strapping on forced expiration in tetraplegic patients","volume":"157","author":"Estenne","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.161.3.9906020","article-title":"Abdominal muscle strength in patients with tetraplegia","volume":"161","author":"Estenne","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.3109\/02770909809055404","article-title":"The effects of ipratropium bromide on histamine-induced bronchoconstriction in subjects with cervical spinal cord injury","volume":"35","author":"Fein","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Asthma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib67","first-page":"1","article-title":"Epidemiology standardization project","volume":"118","author":"Ferris","year":"1978","journal-title":"Am. Rev. Respir. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1981.50.5.1079","article-title":"Regulation of bronchomotor tone by lung inflation in asthmatic and nonasthmatic subjects","volume":"50","author":"Fish","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib69","first-page":"197","article-title":"Atelectasis and pneumonia in acute spinal cord injury","volume":"71","author":"Fishburn","year":"1990","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib70","first-page":"623","article-title":"Hypoxia episodes during sleep in high tetraplegia","volume":"73","author":"Flavell","year":"1992","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.150.5.7952553","article-title":"Likelihood ratios for a sleep apnea clinical prediction rule","volume":"150","author":"Flemons","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib72","first-page":"258","article-title":"Lung volumes and mechanics of breathing in tetraplegics","volume":"18","author":"Forner","year":"1980","journal-title":"Paraplegia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib73","first-page":"132","article-title":"Respiratory sensations in patients with cervical cord transection","volume":"9","author":"Frankel","year":"1971","journal-title":"Paraplegia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1080\/01952307.1994.11735933","article-title":"Waist and neck enlargement after quadriplegia","volume":"17","author":"Frisbie","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Am. Paraplegia Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib75","first-page":"141","article-title":"Effects of respiratory muscle paralysis in tetraplegic and paraplegic patients","volume":"3","author":"Fugl-Meyer","year":"1971","journal-title":"Scand. J. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib76","first-page":"151","article-title":"Ventilatory function in tetraplegic patients","volume":"3","author":"Fugl-Meyer","year":"1971","journal-title":"Scand. J. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib77","first-page":"161","article-title":"Rib-cage and abdominal volume ventilation partitioning in tetraplegic patients","volume":"3","author":"Fugl-Meyer","year":"1971","journal-title":"Scand. J. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib78","first-page":"186","article-title":"Respiratory in tetraplegia and in hemiplegia: a review","volume":"6","author":"Fugl-Meyer","year":"1984","journal-title":"Int. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1097\/00002060-199909000-00009","article-title":"Expiratory function in complete tetraplegics: study of spirometry, maximal expiratory pressure, and muscle activity of pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi muscles","volume":"78","author":"Fujiwara","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib80","first-page":"389","article-title":"Pulmonary mechanics in patients with respiratory muscle weakness","volume":"115","author":"Gibson","year":"1977","journal-title":"Am. Rev. Respir. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198405033101804","article-title":"Ventilatory support by pacing of the conditioned diaphragm in quadriplegia","volume":"310","author":"Glenn","year":"1984","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.41.12.940","article-title":"Effect of abdominal binders on breathing in tetraplegic patients","volume":"41","author":"Goldman","year":"1986","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.93.01030242","article-title":"The rib cage and abdominal components of respiratory system compliance in tetraplegic patients","volume":"1","author":"Goldman","year":"1988","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1973.35.2.197","article-title":"Mechanical interaction between the diaphragm and rib cage","volume":"35","author":"Goldman","year":"1973","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.162.1.9906029","article-title":"Ventilatory and respiratory muscle responses to hypercapnia in patients with paraplegia","volume":"162","author":"Gorini","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1984.57.4.989","article-title":"Sensation of respiratory force following low cervical spinal cord transection","volume":"57","author":"Gottfried","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.4102\/sajp.v46i4.778","article-title":"Progressive resistive loading on accessory expiratory muscle in tetraplegia","volume":"46","author":"Gounden","year":"1990","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. Physiother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3100336","article-title":"Static respiratory pressures in patients with post-traumatic tetraplegia","volume":"35","author":"Gounden","year":"1997","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1631","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2005.02.006","article-title":"Dyspnea during daily activities in chronic spinal cord injury","volume":"86","author":"Grandas","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00007579","article-title":"Effects of GABA-B agonist baclofen on bronchial hyperreactivity to inhaled histamine in subjects with cervical spinal cord injury","volume":"175","author":"Grimm","year":"1997","journal-title":"Lung"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1999.86.4.1165","article-title":"Airway hyperresponsiveness to ultrasonically nebulized distilled water in subjects with tetraplegia","volume":"86","author":"Grimm","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.118.5.1397","article-title":"Airway hyperreactivity in subjects with tetraplegia is associated with reduced baseline airway caliber","volume":"118","author":"Grimm","year":"2000","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1007\/s00408-006-0011-6","article-title":"Salmeterol improves pulmonary function in persons with tetraplegia","volume":"184","author":"Grimm","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lung"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib94","first-page":"1","article-title":"Electromyographic studies on reflex activity of the intercostal and abdominal muscles in cervical cord lesions","volume":"3","author":"Guttmann","year":"1965","journal-title":"Paraplegia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2004.12.025","article-title":"Respiratory effects of combined truncal and abdominal support in patients with spinal cord injury","volume":"86","author":"Hart","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib96","first-page":"399","article-title":"Impairment of respiration after spinal cord injury","volume":"46","author":"Haas","year":"1965","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib97","first-page":"139","article-title":"Temporal pulmonary function changes in cervical cord injury","volume":"66","author":"Haas","year":"1985","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI103663","article-title":"An investigation of the pulmonary function of paraplegics","volume":"37","author":"Hemingway","year":"1958","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1678","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.150.6.7952632","article-title":"Sniff nasal inspiratory pressure. A noninvasive assessment of inspiratory muscle strength","volume":"150","author":"Heritier","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1097\/00003072-198605000-00016","article-title":"Regional lung perfusion and ventilation with radioisotopes in cervical cord-injured patients","volume":"11","author":"Hiraizumi","year":"1986","journal-title":"Clin. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1164\/arrd.1984.130.2.175","article-title":"Lung volume dependence of pharyngeal cross-sectional area in patients with obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"130","author":"Hoffstein","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am. Rev. Respir. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3100353","article-title":"Respiratory muscle strength and endurance in individuals with tetraplegia","volume":"35","author":"Hopman","year":"1997","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1482","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1986.60.5.1482","article-title":"Steady-state response of quadriplegic subjects to inspiratory resistive load","volume":"60","author":"Im Hof","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(74)90611-1","article-title":"Pulmonary function in Duchenne muscular dystrophy related to stage of disease","volume":"56","author":"Inkley","year":"1974","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1358","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9993(93)90093-P","article-title":"Cough in spinal cord injured patients: comparison of three methods to produce cough","volume":"74","author":"Jaeger","year":"1993","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2006.06.015","article-title":"Determinants of forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC), and FEV1\/FVC in chronic spinal cord injury","volume":"87","author":"Jain","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2100","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)10532-9","article-title":"Comparison of therapeutic and subtherapeutic nasal continuous positive airway pressure for obstructive sleep apnoea: a randomised prospective parallel trial","volume":"353","author":"Jenkinson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.06-2432","article-title":"Positive airway pressure treatment for obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"132","author":"Kakkar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3100675","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apneas in relation to severity of cervical spinal cord injury","volume":"36","author":"Klefbeck","year":"1998","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.123.3.725","article-title":"Spirometry testing standards in spinal cord injury","volume":"123","author":"Kelley","year":"2003","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1752","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1985.59.6.1752","article-title":"Respiratory responses to ventilatory loading following low cervical spinal cord injury","volume":"59","author":"Kelling","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib112","first-page":"76","article-title":"Pulmonary function in tetraplegic and paraplegic patients","volume":"7","author":"Kokkola","year":"1975","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.294.6563.16","article-title":"Snoring as a risk factor for ischaemic heart disease and stroke in men","volume":"294","author":"Koskenvuo","year":"1987","journal-title":"Br. Med. J. (Clin. Res. Ed.)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.93.01090863","article-title":"Comparison of two different mouthpieces for the measurement of Pimax and Pemax in normal and weak subjects","volume":"1","author":"Koulouris","year":"1988","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/139.3.641","article-title":"The measurement of inspiratory muscle strength by sniff esophageal, nasopharyngeal, and mouth pressures","volume":"139","author":"Koulouris","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am. Rev. Respir. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib116","first-page":"209","article-title":"Electron microscopic study on the innervation of the human lower respiratory tract: evidence of adrenergic nerves","volume":"67","author":"Laitinen","year":"1985","journal-title":"Eur. J. Respir. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1817","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1988.64.5.1817","article-title":"Nonadrenergic bronchodilator mechanisms in normal human subjects in vivo","volume":"64","author":"Lammers","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib118","first-page":"591","article-title":"Pulmonary function testing in spinal cord injury: effects of abdominal muscle stimulation","volume":"38","author":"Langbein","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Rehabil. Res. Dev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/138.3.598","article-title":"The value of sniff esophageal pressures in the assessment of global inspiratory muscle strength","volume":"138","author":"Laroche","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am. Rev. Respir. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib120","first-page":"41","article-title":"Pulmonary function in acute cervical cord injury","volume":"124","author":"Ledsome","year":"1981","journal-title":"Am. Rev. Respir. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2006.12.025","article-title":"Estimated prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome after cervical cord injury","volume":"88","author":"Leduc","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9993(00)90106-0","article-title":"Resistive inspiratory muscle training: its effectiveness in patients with acute complete cervical cord injury","volume":"81","author":"Liaw","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9993(98)90358-6","article-title":"Ventilatory and mouth occlusion pressure responses to hypercapnia in chronic tetraplegia","volume":"79","author":"Lin","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/79.11.1026","article-title":"Cough threshold in people with spinal cord injuries","volume":"79","author":"Lin","year":"1999","journal-title":"Phys. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1053\/apmr.2001.18230","article-title":"Functional magnetic stimulation for conditioning of expiratory muscles in patients with spinal cord injury","volume":"82","author":"Lin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.103.1.166","article-title":"Functional electrical stimulation to enhance cough in quadriplegia","volume":"103","author":"Linder","year":"1993","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9993(00)90107-2","article-title":"Pulmonary function in chronic spinal cord injury: a cross-sectional survey of 222 southern California adult outpatients","volume":"81","author":"Linn","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3101155","article-title":"Forced vital capacity in two large outpatient populations with chronic spinal cord injury","volume":"39","author":"Linn","year":"2001","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.2003.11753657","article-title":"Smoking and obstructive lung dysfunction in persons with chronic spinal cord injury","volume":"26","author":"Linn","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Spinal Cord Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.2109003","article-title":"Respiratory sensation and ventilatory mechanics during induced bronchoconstriction in spontaneously breathing low cervical quadriplegia","volume":"166","author":"Lougheed","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib131","first-page":"329","article-title":"Ventilatory muscle endurance training in quadriplegia: effects on breathing pattern","volume":"27","author":"Loveridge","year":"1989","journal-title":"Paraplegia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib132","first-page":"495","article-title":"Breathing pattern in chronic quadriplegia","volume":"71","author":"Loveridge","year":"1990","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib133","first-page":"261","article-title":"Pulmonary function in quadriplegia: effects of a corset","volume":"60","author":"Maloney","year":"1979","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200303-334BC","article-title":"Cough gastric pressure and maximum expiratory mouth pressure in humans","volume":"168","author":"Man","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-5687(92)90074-7","article-title":"Ventilatory and P0.1 response to hypercapnia in quadriplegia","volume":"89","author":"Manning","year":"1992","journal-title":"Respir. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1992.73.3.825","article-title":"Oxygen cost of resistive-loaded breathing in quadriplegia","volume":"73","author":"Manning","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3101836","article-title":"Cholinergic bronchomotor tone and airway caliber in tetraplegic patients","volume":"44","author":"Mateus","year":"2006","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3101998","article-title":"Maximal static mouth respiratory pressure in spinal cord injured patients: correlation with motor level","volume":"45","author":"Mateus","year":"2007","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.159.4.9807111","article-title":"Long-term use of CPAP therapy for sleep apnea\/hypopnea syndrome","volume":"159","author":"McArdle","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1986.60.4.1198","article-title":"Changes in lung volume and rib cage configuration with abdominal binding in quadriplegia","volume":"60","author":"McCool","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/138.1.101","article-title":"Effects of posture on stimulated ventilation in quadriplegia","volume":"138","author":"McCool","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am. Rev. Respir. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.50.6.613","article-title":"Sleep apnoea in patients with quadriplegia","volume":"50","author":"McEvoy","year":"1995","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1980.03300320020014","article-title":"Pulmonary dysfunction following traumatic quadriplegia. Recognition, prevention, and treatment","volume":"243","author":"McMichan","year":"1980","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1164\/arrd.1984.130.2.320","article-title":"Effect of posture on upper and lower rib cage motion and tidal volume during diaphragm pacing","volume":"130","author":"Mead","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am. Rev. Respir. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.05.00034805","article-title":"Standardisation of spirometry","volume":"26","author":"Miller","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1278","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.156.4.96-11082","article-title":"The effect of deep inspiration on methacholine dose-response curves in normal subjects","volume":"156","author":"Moore","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib147","first-page":"1171","article-title":"Mechanics of airway narrowing","volume":"133","author":"Moreno","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am. Rev. Respir. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1042\/cs0390407","article-title":"Chest movements in patients with traumatic injuries of the cervical cord","volume":"39","author":"Moulton","year":"1970","journal-title":"Clin. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.2340\/16501977-0162","article-title":"Time-courses of lung function and respiratory muscle pressure generating capacity after spinal cord injury; a prospective cohort study","volume":"40","author":"Mueller","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9993(99)90027-8","article-title":"Salbutamol effect in spinal cord injured individuals undergoing functional electrical stimulation training","volume":"80","author":"Murphy","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0b013e31802f0247","article-title":"Cardiovascular disease in spinal cord injury: an overview of prevalence, risk, evaluation, and management","volume":"86","author":"Myers","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1322","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.153.4.8616561","article-title":"The tension-time index of the diaphragm revisited in quadriplegic patients with diaphragm pacing","volume":"153","author":"Nava","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1829","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.283.14.1829","article-title":"Association of sleep-disordered breathing, sleep apnea, and hypertension in a large community-based study. Sleep Heart Health Study","volume":"283","author":"Nieto","year":"2000","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1660","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.96.09081660","article-title":"Thoracoscopic sympathicolysis for essential hyperhidrosis: effects on pulmonary function","volume":"9","author":"Noppen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/147.1.54","article-title":"Steady-state ventilatory responses to expiratory resistive loading in quadriplegics","volume":"147","author":"O\u2019Donnell","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am. Rev. Respir. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib156","first-page":"101","article-title":"Alterations of pulmonary function in spinal cord injured patients","volume":"13","author":"Ohry","year":"1975","journal-title":"Paraplegia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3100775","article-title":"Delayed diaphragm recovery in 12 patients after high cervical spinal cord injury. A retrospective review of the diaphragm status of 107 patients ventilated after acute spinal cord injury","volume":"37","author":"Oo","year":"1999","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00501920","article-title":"Catecholamine- and acetylcholinesterase-containing nerves in human lower respiratory tract","volume":"76","author":"Partanen","year":"1982","journal-title":"Histochemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1183\/0903.1936.98.12051219","article-title":"Assessing the effect of deep inhalation on airway calibre: a novel approach to lung function in bronchial asthma and COPD","volume":"12","author":"Pellegrino","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.93.03080891","article-title":"Ventilatory responses to chemosensory stimuli in quadriplegic subjects","volume":"3","author":"Pokorski","year":"1990","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2004.03.001","article-title":"The airway cholinergic system: physiology and pharmacology","volume":"17","author":"Racke","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pulm. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2008.06.011","article-title":"Airflow obstruction reversibility in spinal cord injury: evidence for functional sympathetic innervation","volume":"89","author":"Radulovic","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib163","first-page":"202","article-title":"Neuromuscular structure and function in the airways","volume":"38","author":"Richardson","year":"1979","journal-title":"Fed. Proc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib164","first-page":"454","article-title":"Pulmonary function testing in spinal cord injury: correlation with vital capacity","volume":"33","author":"Roth","year":"1995","journal-title":"Paraplegia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2215","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1988.64.5.2215","article-title":"Assessment of maximal expiratory pressure in healthy adults","volume":"64","author":"Rubinstein","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3100563","article-title":"Sleep apnoea related hypoxia is associated with cognitive disturbances in patients with tetraplegia","volume":"36","author":"Sajkov","year":"1998","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/139.3.615","article-title":"Respiratory mechanics in acute quadriplegia. Lung and chest wall compliance and dimensional changes during respiratory maneuvers","volume":"139","author":"Scanlon","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am. Rev. Respir. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.127.1.149","article-title":"Assessment of airway caliber and bronchodilator responsiveness in subjects with spinal cord injury","volume":"127","author":"Schilero","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-1838(97)00127-6","article-title":"Free plasma catecholamines in spinal cord injured persons with different injury levels at rest and during exercise","volume":"68","author":"Schmid","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Auton. Nerv. Syst."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.163.1.2001008","article-title":"Sleep-disordered breathing and cardiovascular disease: cross-sectional results of the Sleep Heart Health Study","volume":"163","author":"Shahar","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.55.11.1032","article-title":"Prevalence of sleep apnoea in patients over 40 years of age with spinal cord lesions","volume":"55","author":"Short","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib172","first-page":"1","article-title":"Cough following transection of spinal cord at C-6","volume":"45","author":"Siebens","year":"1964","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9993(95)80043-3","article-title":"Increased muscle strength in paralyzed patients after spinal cord injury: effect of beta-2 adrenergic agonist","volume":"76","author":"Signorile","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib174","first-page":"204","article-title":"The oxygen cost of breathing in tetraplegic patients","volume":"1","author":"Silver","year":"1963","journal-title":"Paraplegia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1679","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.122.5.1679","article-title":"Can continuous positive airway pressure therapy improve the general health status of patients with obstructive sleep apnea? A clinical effectiveness study","volume":"122","author":"Sin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.110.4.911","article-title":"Airway hyperresponsiveness to methacholine in subjects with spinal cord injury","volume":"110","author":"Singas","year":"1996","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3100812","article-title":"Inhibition of airway hyperreactivity by oxybutynin chloride in subjects with cervical spinal cord injury","volume":"37","author":"Singas","year":"1999","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2393","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI118296","article-title":"Airway hyperresponsiveness in asthma: a problem of limited smooth muscle relaxation with inspiration","volume":"96","author":"Skloot","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.2001.11753586","article-title":"Atelectasis and mucus plugging in spinal cord injury: case report and therapeutic approaches","volume":"24","author":"Slonimski","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Spinal Cord Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib180","first-page":"404","article-title":"Pulmonary obstruction in individuals with cervical spinal cord lesions unmasked by bronchodilator administration","volume":"31","author":"Spungen","year":"1993","journal-title":"Paraplegia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3100489","article-title":"Self-reported prevalence of pulmonary symptoms in subjects with spinal cord injury","volume":"35","author":"Spungen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.2002.11753597","article-title":"Relationship of respiratory symptoms with smoking status and pulmonary function in chronic spinal cord injury","volume":"25","author":"Spungen","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Spinal Cord Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2398","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00729.2002","article-title":"Factors influencing body composition in persons with spinal cord injury: a cross-sectional study","volume":"95","author":"Spungen","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.152.3.7663792","article-title":"1994 Update. American Thoracic Society","volume":"152","author":"Standardization of Spirometry","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1109\/86.830946","article-title":"Functional electrical stimulation of abdominal muscles to augment tidal volume in spinal cord injury","volume":"8","author":"Stanic","year":"2000","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Rehabil. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.162.4.9910034","article-title":"Usefulness of sniff nasal pressure in patients with neuromuscular or skeletal disorders","volume":"162","author":"Stefanutti","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2008.02.018","article-title":"Determinants of lung volumes in chronic spinal cord injury","volume":"89","author":"Stepp","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/S0004-9514(14)60358-5","article-title":"Respiratory muscle training for tetraplegic patients: a literature review","volume":"45","author":"Stiller","year":"1999","journal-title":"Aust. J. Physiother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3101301","article-title":"Characteristics of sleep apnea syndrome in tetraplegic patients","volume":"40","author":"Stockhammer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200709-1332OC","article-title":"Longitudinal change in FEV1 and FVC in chronic spinal cord injury","volume":"177","author":"Stolzmann","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib191","first-page":"621","article-title":"The effect of respiratory muscle dysfunction on pulmonary function. Studies in patients with spinal cord injuries","volume":"88","author":"Stone","year":"1963","journal-title":"Am. Rev. Respir. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.128.1.184","article-title":"Effects of partial isothermic immersion on the spirometry parameters of tetraplegic patients","volume":"128","author":"Thomaz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01709831","article-title":"Breathing pattern analysis","volume":"18","author":"Tobin","year":"1992","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3101136","article-title":"Vital capacity in tetraplegics twenty years and beyond","volume":"39","author":"Tow","year":"2001","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1054\/jocn.2000.0729","article-title":"Thoracoscopic sympathectomy for palmar hyperhidrosis: effects on pulmonary function","volume":"8","author":"Tseng","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.112.1.113","article-title":"Maximal expiratory pressures in spinal cord injury using two mouthpieces","volume":"112","author":"Tully","year":"1997","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.2006.11753878","article-title":"Effects of theophylline on pulmonary function in patients with traumatic tetraplegia","volume":"29","author":"Tzelepis","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Spinal Cord Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1986.60.2.618","article-title":"Upper and lower rib cage deformation during breathing in quadriplegics","volume":"60","author":"Urmey","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1886","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2006.02.029","article-title":"Respiratory muscle training in persons with spinal cord injury: a systematic review","volume":"100","author":"Van Houtte","year":"2006","journal-title":"Respir. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.2340\/16501977-0140","article-title":"Patients with acute spinal cord injury benefit from normocapnic hyperpnoea training","volume":"40","author":"Van Houtte","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.150.2.8049845","article-title":"Assessment of reversibility of airflow obstruction","volume":"150","author":"Van Noord","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2702","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.128.4.2702","article-title":"Video-assisted sympathectomy for essential hyperhidrosis: effects on cardiopulmonary function","volume":"128","author":"Vigil","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib203","article-title":"Abdominal binder use in people with spinal cord injuries: a systematic review and meta-analysis","author":"Wadsworth","year":"2008","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1569","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/141.6.1569","article-title":"The role of vascular tone in the control of upper airway collapsibility","volume":"141","author":"Wasicko","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am. Rev. Respir. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.1999.11719583","article-title":"Breathlessness and exercise in spinal cord injury","volume":"22","author":"Wien","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Spinal Cord Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002_bib206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1230","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199304293281704","article-title":"The occurrence of sleep-disordered breathing among middle-aged adults","volume":"328","author":"Young","year":"1993","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."}],"container-title":["Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1569904809000883?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1569904809000883?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T22:16:47Z","timestamp":1761603407000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1569904809000883"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,5]]},"references-count":206,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,5]]}},"alternative-id":["S1569904809000883"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002","relation":{},"ISSN":["1569-9048"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1569-9048","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Pulmonary function and spinal cord injury","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.resp.2009.04.002","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}