{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T16:43:40Z","timestamp":1791305020687,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":110,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,1]],"date-time":"2013-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1383264000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,1]],"date-time":"2013-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1383264000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2013.05.026","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,28]],"date-time":"2013-05-28T14:07:48Z","timestamp":1369750068000},"page":"213-222","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":137,"title":["Apnea of prematurity \u2013 Perfect storm"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"189","author":[{"given":"Juliann M.","family":"Di Fiore","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard J.","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Estelle B.","family":"Gauda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2013.05.026_bib0005","first-page":"323","article-title":"Impaired vascular endothelial growth factor signaling in the pathogenesis of neonatal pulmonary vascular disease","volume":"661","author":"Abman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Advances in Bladder Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2013.05.026_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-199710000-00007","article-title":"Hypoxemic events in spontaneously breathing premature infants: etiologic basis","volume":"42","author":"Adams","year":"1997","journal-title":"Pediatric Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2013.05.026_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semperi.2004.08.003","article-title":"Increased peripheral chemoreceptor activity may be critical in destabilizing breathing in neonates","volume":"28","author":"Al-Matary","year":"2004","journal-title":"Seminars in Perinatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2013.05.026_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1159\/000243923","article-title":"Sighs and their relationship to apnea in the newborn infant","volume":"63","author":"Alvarez","year":"1993","journal-title":"Biology of the Neonate"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2013.05.026_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2011.07.049","article-title":"CO2 inhalation as a treatment for apnea of prematurity: a randomized double-blind controlled trial","volume":"160","author":"Alvaro","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2013.05.026_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1203\/PDR.0b013e31820bcb2a","article-title":"Developmental stage is a major determinant of lung injury in a murine model of bronchopulmonary dysplasia","volume":"69","author":"Backstrom","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatric Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2013.05.026_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.1950120409","article-title":"Optimal electrode locationa for monitoring the ECG and breathing in neonates","volume":"12","author":"Baird","year":"1992","journal-title":"Pediatric Pulmonology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2013.05.026_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2011.03.003","article-title":"Vagal afferents modulate cytokine-mediated respiratory control at the neonatal medulla oblongata","volume":"178","author":"Balan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Respiratory Physiology and Neurobiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2013.05.026_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-199002000-00003","article-title":"Periodic breathing and apnea in preterm infants","volume":"27","author":"Barrington","year":"1990","journal-title":"Pediatric Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2013.05.026_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2011.02548.x","article-title":"Evidence for oxygen use in preterm infants","volume":"101","author":"Bashambu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Paediatrica"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2013.05.026_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2004-0227","article-title":"The effect of chronic or intermittent hypoxia on cognition in childhood: a review of the evidence","volume":"114","author":"Bass","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2013.05.026_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2455","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2010.187211","article-title":"Peripheral chemoreceptors determine the respiratory sensitivity of central chemoreceptors to CO2","volume":"588","author":"Blain","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Physiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2013.05.026_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00058.2009","article-title":"Stabilizing immature breathing patterns of preterm infants using stochastic mechanosensory stimulation","volume":"107","author":"Bloch-Salisbury","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Physiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2013.05.026_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F217","DOI":"10.1136\/fn.87.3.F217","article-title":"Detection of hyperoxaemia in neonates: data from three new pulse oximeters","volume":"87","author":"Bohnhorst","year":"2002","journal-title":"Archives of Disease in Childhood. Fetal and Neonatal Edition"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2013.05.026_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(95)70171-0","article-title":"Mechanisms for episodes of hypoxemia in preterm infants undergoing mechanical ventilation","volume":"127","author":"Bolivar","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2013.05.026_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2010.06.013","article-title":"Caffeine attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced neuroinflammation","volume":"480","author":"Brothers","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuroscience Letters"},{"issue":"57\u201364","key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2013.05.026_bib0085","first-page":"64","article-title":"Correlation between serum caffeine levels and changes in cytokine profile in a cohort of preterm infants","volume":"158","author":"Chavez","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2013.05.026_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2235","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e3181a55273","article-title":"Protective effects of adenosine A2A receptor agonist in ventilator-induced lung injury in rats","volume":"37","author":"Chen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Critical Care Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2013.05.026_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e76","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2010-0939","article-title":"Multicenter crossover study of automated control of inspired oxygen in ventilated preterm infants","volume":"127","author":"Claure","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2013.05.026_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F188","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2008.143198","article-title":"Gastro-oesophageal reflux increases the number of apnoeas in very preterm infants","volume":"94","author":"Corvaglia","year":"2009","journal-title":"Archives of Disease in Childhood. Fetal and Neonatal Edition"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2013.05.026_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2010.04.009","article-title":"The role of CO2 and central chemoreception in the control of breathing in the fetus and the neonate","volume":"173","author":"Darnall","year":"2010","journal-title":"Respiratory Physiology and Neurobiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2013.05.026_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2009.09.069","article-title":"Caffeine for apnea of prematurity trial: benefits may vary in subgroups","volume":"156","author":"Davis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2013.05.026_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1962.42.3.335","article-title":"Chemoreflexes in breathing","volume":"42","author":"Dejours","year":"1962","journal-title":"Physiological Reviews"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2013.05.026_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1038\/jp.2010.27","article-title":"Characterization of cardiorespiratory events following gastroesophageal reflux in preterm infants","volume":"30","author":"Di Fiore","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Perinatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2013.05.026_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2010.01.046","article-title":"A higher incidence of intermittent hypoxemic episodes is associated with severe retinopathy of prematurity","volume":"157","author":"Di Fiore","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2013.05.026_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1038\/pr.2012.132","article-title":"The relationship between patterns of intermittent hypoxia and retinopathy of prematurity in preterm infants","volume":"72","author":"Di Fiore","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatric Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2013.05.026_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2012.05.046","article-title":"Low oxygen saturation target range is associated with increased incidence of intermittent hypoxemia","volume":"161","author":"Di Fiore","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2013.05.026_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1988.64.4.1445","article-title":"Ventilatory response to sustained hypoxia after pretreatment with aminophylline","volume":"64","author":"Easton","year":"1988","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Physiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2013.05.026_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2012.06.003","article-title":"Postnatal maturation of breathing stability and loop gain: the role of carotid chemoreceptor development","volume":"185","author":"Edwards","year":"2013","journal-title":"Respiratory Physiology and Neurobiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2013.05.026_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.100.3.354","article-title":"Apnea frequently persists beyond term gestation in infants delivered at 24 to 28 weeks","volume":"100","author":"Eichenwald","year":"1997","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2013.05.026_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1754.2002.00041.x","article-title":"Hypocarbia in the ventilated preterm infant and its effect on intraventricular haemorrhage and bronchopulmonary dysplasia","volume":"38","author":"Erickson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2013.05.026_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-physiol-040510-130049","article-title":"Understanding the rhythm of breathing: so near, yet so far","volume":"75","author":"Feldman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annual Review of Physiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2013.05.026_bib0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autneu.2009.03.004","article-title":"Neuronal activation in the nucleus of the solitary tract following jejunal lipopolysaccharide in the rat","volume":"148","author":"Gakis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Autonomous Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2013.05.026_bib0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.1995.02170190027005","article-title":"Hypocarbia before surfactant therapy appears to increase bronchopulmonary dysplasia risk in infants with respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"149","author":"Garland","year":"1995","journal-title":"Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2013.05.026_bib0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1007\/978-90-481-2259-2_28","article-title":"Developmental maturation of chemosensitivity to hypoxia of peripheral arterial chemoreceptors \u2013 invited article","volume":"648","author":"Gauda","year":"2009","journal-title":"Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2013.05.026_bib0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2007.02.016","article-title":"Peripheral arterial chemoreceptors and sudden infant death syndrome","volume":"157","author":"Gauda","year":"2007","journal-title":"Respiratory Physiology and Neurobiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2013.05.026_bib0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-5687(00)00128-6","article-title":"Developmental influences on carotid body responses to hypoxia","volume":"121","author":"Gauda","year":"2000","journal-title":"Respiration Physiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2013.05.026_bib0190","series-title":"Avery's Diseases of the Newborn","first-page":"584","author":"Gauda","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2013.05.026_bib0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-198712000-00014","article-title":"Genioglossus response to airway occlusion in apneic versus nonapneic infants","volume":"22","author":"Gauda","year":"1987","journal-title":"Pediatric Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2013.05.026_bib0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2012.08.005","article-title":"Inflammation in the carotid body during development and its contribution to apnea of prematurity","volume":"185","author":"Gauda","year":"2013","journal-title":"Respiratory Physiology and Neurobiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2013.05.026_bib0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/S1071-9091(03)00073-1","article-title":"Physiology of breathing and related pathological processes in infants","volume":"10","author":"Givan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Seminars in Pediatric Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2013.05.026_bib0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1994.74.4.829","article-title":"Carotid body chemoreceptors: from natural stimuli to sensory discharges","volume":"74","author":"Gonzalez","year":"1994","journal-title":"Physiological Reviews"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2013.05.026_bib0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2011.05.008","article-title":"Airway inflammation and central respiratory control: results from in vivo and in vitro neonatal rat","volume":"178","author":"Gresham","year":"2011","journal-title":"Respiratory Physiology and Neurobiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2013.05.026_bib0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1159\/000336505","article-title":"Pathways underlying afferent signaling of bronchopulmonary immune activation to the central nervous system","volume":"98","author":"Hale","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chem. Immunol. Allergy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2013.05.026_bib0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(98)70481-0","article-title":"A possible role for the Hering\u2013Breuer deflation reflex in apnea of prematurity","volume":"132","author":"Hannam","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2013.05.026_bib0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.83.5.717","article-title":"Neonatal pulse oximetry: accuracy and reliability","volume":"83","author":"Hay","year":"1989","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2013.05.026_bib0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jp.7210740","article-title":"Reliability of conventional and new pulse oximetry in neonatal patients","volume":"22","author":"Hay","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Perinatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2013.05.026_bib0240","first-page":"273","article-title":"The effect of gestational age on the incidence and duration of recurrent apnoea in newborn babies","volume":"17","author":"Henderson-Smart","year":"1981","journal-title":"Australian Paediatric Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2013.05.026_bib0245","first-page":"CD000140","article-title":"Methylxanthine treatment for apnoea in preterm infants","author":"Henderson-Smart","year":"2010","journal-title":"CDS Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2013.05.026_bib0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-200201000-00004","article-title":"Perinatal respiratory control and its modulation by adenosine and caffeine in the rat","volume":"51","author":"Herlenius","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pediatric Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2013.05.026_bib0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2004.11.009","article-title":"Developmental biology of the pulmonary circulation","volume":"6","author":"Hislop","year":"2005","journal-title":"Paediatric Respiratory Reviews"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2013.05.026_bib0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-3782(87)90003-X","article-title":"The effects of preterm delivery and mechanical ventilation on human lung growth","volume":"15","author":"Hislop","year":"1987","journal-title":"Early Human Development"},{"issue":"Pt 1","key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2013.05.026_bib0545","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2009.180075","article-title":"Spinal adenosine A2(A) receptor inhibition enhances phrenic long term facilitation following acute intermittent hypoxia","volume":"588","author":"Hoffman","year":"2010","journal-title":"The Journal of Physiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2013.05.026_bib0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2007.00618.x","article-title":"Cardiorespiratory development in extremely preterm infants: vulnerability to infection and persistence of events beyond term-equivalent age","volume":"97","author":"Hofstetter","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Paediatrica"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2013.05.026_bib0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9894","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0611468104","article-title":"The induced prostaglandin E2 pathway is a key regulator of the respiratory response to infection and hypoxia in neonates","volume":"104","author":"Hofstetter","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2013.05.026_bib0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2011.06.017","article-title":"Systemic inflammation impairs respiratory chemoreflexes and plasticity","volume":"178","author":"Huxtable","year":"2011","journal-title":"Respiratory Physiology and Neurobiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2013.05.026_bib0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(98)70058-7","article-title":"Airway closure during mixed apneas in preterm infants: is respiratory effort necessary?","volume":"133","author":"Idiong","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2013.05.026_bib0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L600","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.2000.279.3.L600","article-title":"Inhibition of angiogenesis decreases alveolarization in the developing rat lung","volume":"279","author":"Jakkula","year":"2000","journal-title":"American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2013.05.026_bib0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F347","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2006.094078","article-title":"Sleeping position, oxygen saturation and lung volume in convalescent, prematurely born infants","volume":"92","author":"Kassim","year":"2007","journal-title":"Archives of Disease in Childhood. Fetal and Neonatal Edition"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2013.05.026_bib0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00574.2003","article-title":"Measurement of the CO2 apneic threshold in newborn infants: possible relevance for periodic breathing and apnea","volume":"98","author":"Khan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Physiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2013.05.026_bib0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1016\/S0095-5108(18)30205-7","article-title":"The effects of mechanical forces on fetal lung growth","volume":"23","author":"Kitterman","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clinics in Perinatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2013.05.026_bib0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R1185","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00723.2004","article-title":"Adenosine A2A-receptor blockade abolishes the roll-off respiratory response to hypoxia in awake lambs","volume":"288","author":"Koos","year":"2005","journal-title":"American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2013.05.026_bib0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2040-4603.2012.tb00399.x","article-title":"Peripheral chemoreceptors: function and plasticity of the carotid body","volume":"2","author":"Kumar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Comprehensive Physiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2013.05.026_bib0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L555","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00408.2001","article-title":"Treatment of newborn rats with a VEGF receptor inhibitor causes pulmonary hypertension and abnormal lung structure","volume":"283","author":"Le Cras","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol Lung Cell Mol. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2013.05.026_bib0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2010.12.040","article-title":"Chronic or high dose acute caffeine treatment protects mice against oleic acid-induced acute lung injury via an adenosine A2A receptor-independent mechanism","volume":"654","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"European Journal of Pharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2013.05.026_bib0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1981.51.4.830","article-title":"Importance of inspiratory muscle tone in maintenance of FRC in the newborn","volume":"51","author":"Lopes","year":"1981","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Physiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2013.05.026_bib0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(98)70391-9","article-title":"Persistance of the biphasic ventilatory response to hypoxia in preterm infants","volume":"132","author":"Martin","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2013.05.026_bib0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1159\/000329922","article-title":"Intermittent hypoxic episodes in preterm infants: do they matter?","volume":"100","author":"Martin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neonatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2013.05.026_bib0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00459.2005","article-title":"Adenosine A2A receptors mediate GABAergic inhibition of respiration in immature rats","volume":"100","author":"Mayer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Physiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2013.05.026_bib0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.1950150303","article-title":"Episodes of spontaneous desaturations in infants with chronic lung disease at two different levels of oxygenation","volume":"15","author":"McEvoy","year":"1993","journal-title":"Pediatric Pulmonology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2013.05.026_bib0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2009.02.024","article-title":"PaCO2 and neurodevelopment in extremely low birth weight infants","volume":"155","author":"McKee","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2013.05.026_bib0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.23.4.676","article-title":"Severe apnea and irregular respiratory rhythms among premature infants; a clinical and laboratory study","volume":"23","author":"Miller","year":"1959","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2013.05.026_bib0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2496","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1988.64.6.2496","article-title":"Airway obstruction during periodic breathing in premature infants","volume":"64","author":"Miller","year":"1988","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Physiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2013.05.026_bib0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.55.1.22","article-title":"Upper airways obstruction and apnoea in preterm babies","volume":"55","author":"Milner","year":"1980","journal-title":"Archives of Disease in Childhood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2013.05.026_bib0550","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F295","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2005.082008","article-title":"Are carbon dioxide detectors useful in neonates?","volume":"91","author":"Molloy","year":"2006","journal-title":"Archives of Disease in Childhood. Fetal and Neonatal Edition"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2013.05.026_bib0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1821","DOI":"10.1088\/0967-3334\/32\/11\/S08","article-title":"Cardiovascular oscillations at the bedside: early diagnosis of neonatal sepsis using heart rate characteristics monitoring","volume":"32","author":"Moorman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Physiological Measurement"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2013.05.026_bib0555","first-page":"23","article-title":"Pulmonary hypertension in bronchopulmonary dysplasia","volume":"27","author":"Mourani","year":"2009","journal-title":"Progress in Cardiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2013.05.026_bib0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F64","DOI":"10.1136\/fn.79.1.F64","article-title":"Arterial oxygen saturation profiles in healthy preterm infants","volume":"79","author":"Ng","year":"1998","journal-title":"Archives of Disease in Childhood. Fetal and Neonatal Edition"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2013.05.026_bib0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0b013e3181fa06d7","article-title":"Temporal association of polysomnographic cardiorespiratory events with GER detected by MII-pH probe in the premature infant at term","volume":"52","author":"Nunez","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2013.05.026_bib0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.107.3.469","article-title":"Hypocarbia in preterm infants with periventricular leukomalacia: the relation between hypocarbia and mechanical ventilation","volume":"107","author":"Okumura","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2013.05.026_bib0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1203\/01.PDR.0000076665.62641.A2","article-title":"IL-1 beta depresses respiration and anoxic survival via a prostaglandin-dependent pathway in neonatal rats","volume":"54","author":"Olsson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pediatric Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2013.05.026_bib0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1097\/01.PCC.0000235248.70482.14","article-title":"Near-infrared spectroscopy in the detection of regional tissue oxygenation during hypoxic events in preterm infants undergoing critical care","volume":"7","author":"Petrova","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatric Critical Care Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2013.05.026_bib0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1159\/000097446","article-title":"Factors influencing apnea and bradycardia of prematurity \u2013 implications for neurodevelopment","volume":"91","author":"Pillekamp","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neonatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2013.05.026_bib0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2009.11.016","article-title":"Apnea of prematurity: what can observational studies tell us about pathophysiology?","volume":"11","author":"Poets","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sleep Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2013.05.026_bib0415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.155.2.9032208","article-title":"Determinants of lung volume in spontaneously breathing preterm infants","volume":"155","author":"Poets","year":"1997","journal-title":"American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2013.05.026_bib0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.66.5.574","article-title":"Oxygen saturation and breathing patterns in infancy. 2: preterm infants at discharge from special care","volume":"66","author":"Poets","year":"1991","journal-title":"Archives of Disease in Childhood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2013.05.026_bib0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L524","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.2001.281.3.L524","article-title":"Intermittent hypoxia: cell to system","volume":"281","author":"Prabhakar","year":"2001","journal-title":"American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2013.05.026_bib0430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2006.12.009","article-title":"Altered carotid body function by intermittent hypoxia in neonates and adults: relevance to recurrent apneas","volume":"157","author":"Prabhakar","year":"2006","journal-title":"Respiratory Physiology and Neurobiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2013.05.026_bib0435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R1664","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00851.2005","article-title":"Early postnatal chronic intermittent hypoxia modifies hypoxic respiratory responses and long-term phrenic facilitation in adult rats","volume":"290","author":"Reeves","year":"2006","journal-title":"American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2013.05.026_bib0440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200711-1631OC","article-title":"Blunted hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction in experimental neonatal chronic lung disease","volume":"178","author":"Rey-Parra","year":"2008","journal-title":"American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2013.05.026_bib0445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.50.2.219","article-title":"Periodic breathing and apnea in preterm infants. II. Hypoxia as a primary event","volume":"50","author":"Rigatto","year":"1972","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2013.05.026_bib0450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F133","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2008.141374","article-title":"Sleeping position, oxygenation and lung function in prematurely born infants studied post term","volume":"94","author":"Saiki","year":"2009","journal-title":"Archives of Disease in Childhood. Fetal and Neonatal Edition"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2013.05.026_bib0455","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.2001.91.2.589","article-title":"Mechanical stretch promotes alveolar epithelial type II cell differentiation","volume":"91","author":"Sanchez-Esteban","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Physiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2013.05.026_bib0460","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1893","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa073679","article-title":"Long-term effects of caffeine therapy for apnea of prematurity","volume":"357","author":"Schmidt","year":"2007","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2013.05.026_bib0465","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2234","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/15.10.2234","article-title":"Chorioamnionitis decreased incidence of respiratory distress syndrome by elevating fetal interleukin-6 serum concentration","volume":"15","author":"Shimoya","year":"2000","journal-title":"Human Reproduction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2013.05.026_bib0470","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1680","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1101319","article-title":"Increased 36-week survival with high oxygen saturation target in extremely preterm infants","volume":"364","author":"Stenson","year":"2011","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2013.05.026_bib0475","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1615\/CritRevBiomedEng.v40.i4.30","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of chronic intermittent hypoxia and hypertension","volume":"40","author":"Sunderram","year":"2012","journal-title":"Critical Reviews in Biomedical Engineering"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2013.05.026_bib0480","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1959","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0911781","article-title":"Target ranges of oxygen saturation in extremely preterm infants","volume":"362","author":"SUPPORT Study Group of the Eunice Kennedy Shriver NICHD Neonatal Research Network","year":"2010","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2013.05.026_bib0485","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-9941.45206","article-title":"Cerebral oxygenation monitoring using near infrared spectroscopy during one-lung ventilation in adults","volume":"4","author":"Tobias","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Minimal Access Surgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2013.05.026_bib0490","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.21558","article-title":"End-tidal carbon dioxide monitoring in very low birth weight infants: correlation and agreement with arterial carbon dioxide","volume":"47","author":"Trevisanuto","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatric Pulmonology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2013.05.026_bib0495","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F265","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2012-302543","article-title":"Averaging time, desaturation level, duration and extent","volume":"98","author":"Vagedes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Archives of Disease in Childhood. Fetal and Neonatal Edition"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2013.05.026_bib0500","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1658","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1987.63.4.1658","article-title":"Biphasic ventilatory response of adult cats to sustained hypoxia has central origin","volume":"63","author":"Vizek","year":"1987","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Physiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2013.05.026_bib0505","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2818","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1989.66.6.2818","article-title":"Mixed and obstructive apneas are related to ventilatory oscillations in premature infants","volume":"66","author":"Waggener","year":"1989","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Physiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2013.05.026_bib0510","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ph.46.030184.003351","article-title":"Peripheral and central chemoreceptors in the fetus and newborn","volume":"46","author":"Walker","year":"1984","journal-title":"Annual Review of Physiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2013.05.026_bib0515","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.97.2.210","article-title":"Chorioamnionitis and early lung inflammation in infants in whom bronchopulmonary dysplasia develops","volume":"97","author":"Watterberg","year":"1996","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2013.05.026_bib0520","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1992.72.1.116","article-title":"Effects of inhaled oxygen (up to 40%) on periodic breathing and apnea in preterm infants","volume":"72","author":"Weintraub","year":"1992","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Physiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2013.05.026_bib0525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00155.2006","article-title":"Reflexes from the lungs and airways: historical perspective","volume":"101","author":"Widdicombe","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Physiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2013.05.026_bib0530","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1203\/PDR.0b013e3180db29e5","article-title":"Postnatal development of periodic breathing cycle duration in term and preterm infants","volume":"62","author":"Wilkinson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatric Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2013.05.026_bib0535","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clp.2005.12.001","article-title":"The role of carbon dioxide detectors for confirmation of endotracheal tube position","volume":"33","author":"Wyllie","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clinics in Perinatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2013.05.026_bib0540","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1995.79.2.405","article-title":"Microdialyzed adenosine in nucleus tractus solitarii and ventilatory response to hypoxia in piglets","volume":"79","author":"Yan","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Physiology"}],"container-title":["Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1569904813001766?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1569904813001766?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T22:34:46Z","timestamp":1761604486000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1569904813001766"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,11]]},"references-count":110,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,11]]}},"alternative-id":["S1569904813001766"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.resp.2013.05.026","relation":{},"ISSN":["1569-9048"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1569-9048","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Apnea of prematurity \u2013 Perfect storm","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.resp.2013.05.026","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2013 Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}