{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T07:38:42Z","timestamp":1770968322808,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,1]],"date-time":"2016-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1480550400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,1]],"date-time":"2016-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1480550400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,8]],"date-time":"2016-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1473292800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000266","name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EP\/M506345\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/M506345\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000266","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Respiratory Physiology &amp; Neurobiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2016.09.002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,14]],"date-time":"2016-09-14T14:33:33Z","timestamp":1473863613000},"page":"69-78","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"special_numbering":"C","title":["The effects of curvature and constriction on airflow and energy loss in pathological tracheas"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"234","author":[{"given":"A.J.","family":"Bates","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Cetto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D.J.","family":"Doorly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R.C.","family":"Schroter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"N.S.","family":"Tolley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Comerford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2016.09.002_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compfluid.2007.07.021","article-title":"High resolution turbulence modelling of airflow in an idealised human extra-thoracic airway","volume":"37","author":"Ball","year":"2008","journal-title":"Comput. Fluids"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2016.09.002_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00348-015-1966-y","article-title":"Three-dimensional inspiratory flow in the upper and central human airways","volume":"56","author":"Banko","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp. Fluids"},{"issue":"102","key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2016.09.002_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20140880","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2014.0880","article-title":"Dynamics of airflow in a short inhalation","volume":"12","author":"Bates","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. Interface"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2016.09.002_bib0020","article-title":"Power loss mechanisms in pathological tracheas","author":"Bates","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2016.09.002_bib0025","article-title":"Computational fluid dynamics benchmark for airflow in pathological tracheas","author":"Bates","year":"2016","journal-title":"Data in Brief"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2016.09.002_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.fl.15.010183.002333","article-title":"Flow in curved pipes","volume":"15","author":"Berger","year":"1983","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2016.09.002_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01063.2006","article-title":"Tracheal stenosis: a flow dynamics study","volume":"102","author":"Brouns","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2016.09.002_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2015.12.003","article-title":"Large-scale CFD simulations of the transitional and turbulent regime for the large human airways during rapid inhalation","volume":"69","author":"Calmet","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comput. Biol. Med."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2016.09.002_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3247170","article-title":"On intra- and intersubject variabilities of airflow in the human lungs","volume":"21","author":"Choi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Phys. Fluids"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2016.09.002_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022112001003809","article-title":"Flow structures and particle deposition patterns in double-bifurcation airway models. Part 1. Air flow fields","volume":"435","author":"Comer","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Fluid Mech."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2016.09.002_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1002\/fld.3704","article-title":"An algebraic variational multiscale-multigrid method for large-eddy simulation of turbulent pulsatile flows in complex geometries with detailed insight into pulmonary airway flow","volume":"71","author":"Comerford","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Numer. Methods Fluids"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2016.09.002_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2014.41","article-title":"Imaging: Can FFRCT replace old indices of coronary stenosis severity?","volume":"11","author":"Escaned","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2016.09.002_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.13318","article-title":"Tissue-engineered tracheal replacement in a child: a 4-year follow-up study","author":"Hamilton","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2016.09.002_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1007\/s00348-003-0636-7","article-title":"Experimental measurements and computational modeling of the flow field in an idealized human oropharynx","volume":"35","author":"Heenan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Exp. Fluids"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2016.09.002_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1007\/s00348-004-0857-4","article-title":"The flow inside an idealised form of the human extra-thoracic airway","volume":"37","author":"Johnstone","year":"2004","journal-title":"Exp. Fluids"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2016.09.002_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2007.02.006","article-title":"Characteristics of the turbulent laryngeal jet and its effect on airflow in the human intra-thoracic airways","volume":"157","author":"Lin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Respir. Physiol. Neurobiol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2016.09.002_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2006.05.012","article-title":"Effects of mesh style and grid convergence on particle deposition in bifurcating airway models with comparisons to experimental data","volume":"29","author":"Longest","year":"2007","journal-title":"Med. Eng. Phys."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2016.09.002_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00008.2009","article-title":"Pulmonary characteristics in COPD and mechanisms of increased work of breathing","volume":"107","author":"Loring","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2016.09.002_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1691","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-006-9184-7","article-title":"An anatomically based hybrid computational model of the human lung and its application to low frequency oscillatory mechanics","volume":"34","author":"Ma","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2016.09.002_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"021001","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4003130","article-title":"FSI analysis of a healthy and a stenotic human trachea under impedance-based boundary conditions","volume":"133","author":"Malv\u00e8","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biomech. Eng."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2016.09.002_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2273.1995.tb00059.x","article-title":"Resistance, humidity and temperature of the tracheal airway","volume":"20","author":"McRae","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin. Otolaryngol. Allied Sci."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2016.09.002_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2205","DOI":"10.1097\/MLG.0b013e3181856051","article-title":"Modeling flow in a compromised pediatric airway breathing air and heliox","volume":"118","author":"Mih\u0103escu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2016.09.002_bib0115","series-title":"Large Eddy Simulation of the Flow in a Pediatric Airway With Subglottic Stenosis","author":"Mih\u0103escu","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2016.09.002_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1960.15.3.359","article-title":"Mechanical efficiency of breathing","volume":"15","author":"Milic-Emili","year":"1960","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2016.09.002_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1552","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2012.07.009","article-title":"A preliminary study of computer assisted evaluation of congenital tracheal stenosis: a new tool for surgical decision-making","volume":"76","author":"Mimouni-Benabu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2016.09.002_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1979","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.06.016","article-title":"Planning human upper airway surgery using computational fluid dynamics","volume":"46","author":"Mylavarapu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2016.09.002_bib0135","first-page":"25","article-title":"Flow simulation using control volumes of arbitrary polyhedral shape","volume":"62","author":"Peric","year":"2004","journal-title":"ERCOFTAC Bull."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2016.09.002_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2009.2021652","article-title":"A framework for geometric analysis of vascular structures: application to cerebral aneurysms","volume":"28","author":"Piccinelli","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging"},{"issue":"6\u20138","key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2016.09.002_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1080\/10618562.2012.668616","article-title":"Recent advances and key challenges in investigations of the flow inside human oro-pharyngeal-laryngeal airway","volume":"26","author":"Pollard","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Fluid Dyn."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2016.09.002_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-925X-13-85","article-title":"Computational fluid dynamics simulation of airflow in the trachea and main bronchi for the subjects with left pulmonary artery sling","volume":"13","author":"Qi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomed. Eng. Online"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2016.09.002_bib0155","series-title":"Int. Forum Allergy Rhinol. vol. 1","first-page":"128","article-title":"Nasal inspiratory flow: at rest and sniffing","author":"Rennie","year":"2011"},{"issue":"1-5","key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2016.09.002_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1002\/nme.2986","article-title":"Computational flow studies in a subject-specific human upper airway using a one-equation turbulence model. influence of the nasal cavity","volume":"87","author":"Saksono","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Numer. Methods Eng."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2016.09.002_bib0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-014-1090-9","article-title":"Fast and accurate pressure-drop prediction in straightened atherosclerotic coronary arteries","volume":"43","author":"Schrauwen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2016.09.002_bib0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1504","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1993.74.4.1504","article-title":"Dynamic imaging of the upper airway during respiration in normal subjects","volume":"74","author":"Schwab","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2016.09.002_bib0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ces.2011.11.022","article-title":"Analysis of flow through an orifice meter: CFD simulation","volume":"71","author":"Shah","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2016.09.002_bib0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1017\/S002211200200366X","article-title":"What happens to pressure when a flow enters a side branch?","volume":"479","author":"Smith","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Fluid Mech."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2016.09.002_bib0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1044\/jshd.4602.138","article-title":"A clinical method for estimating laryngeal airway resistance during vowel production","volume":"46","author":"Smitheran","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Speech Hear. Disord."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2016.09.002_bib0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.2012.96","article-title":"Positional dyspnea and tracheal compression as indications for goiter resection","volume":"147","author":"Stang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2016.09.002_bib0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022112004000606","article-title":"Direct simulations and modelling of basic three-dimensional bifurcating tube flows","volume":"519","author":"Tadjfar","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Fluid Mech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2016.09.002_bib0200","series-title":"Fifth International Conference on Computer Vision, 1995. Proceedings","first-page":"852","article-title":"Curve and surface smoothing without shrinkage","author":"Taubin","year":"1995"},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2016.09.002_bib0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2012.11.083","article-title":"Computational fluid dynamics applied to cardiac computed tomography for noninvasive quantification of fractional flow reserve: scientific basis","volume":"61","author":"Taylor","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2016.09.002_bib0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022112007005848","article-title":"Direct numerical simulation of stenotic flows part 1. Steady flow","volume":"582","author":"Varghese","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Fluid Mech."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2016.09.002_bib0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1080\/10255840500289772","article-title":"Airflow modeling of steady inspiration in two realistic proximal airway trees reconstructed from human thoracic tomodensitometric images","volume":"8","author":"Vial","year":"2005","journal-title":"Comput. Methods Biomech. Biomed. Eng."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2016.09.002_bib0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1973.35.2.236","article-title":"Anaerobic threshold and respiratory gas exchange during exercise","volume":"35","author":"Wasserman","year":"1973","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2016.09.002_bib0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1761","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01233.2007","article-title":"Effects of the laryngeal jet on nano- and microparticle transport and deposition in an approximate model of the upper tracheobronchial airways","volume":"104","author":"Xi","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."}],"container-title":["Respiratory Physiology &amp; Neurobiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1569904816301586?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1569904816301586?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T22:37:40Z","timestamp":1761604660000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1569904816301586"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,12]]},"references-count":45,"alternative-id":["S1569904816301586"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.resp.2016.09.002","relation":{},"ISSN":["1569-9048"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1569-9048","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The effects of curvature and constriction on airflow and energy loss in pathological tracheas","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.resp.2016.09.002","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2016 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}