{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T21:51:31Z","timestamp":1780523491244,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,1]],"date-time":"2020-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1580515200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,1]],"date-time":"2020-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1580515200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Respiratory Physiology &amp; Neurobiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2019.103323","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,3]],"date-time":"2019-11-03T04:56:33Z","timestamp":1572756993000},"page":"103323","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Elevated level of Galectin-1 in bronchoalveolar lavage of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"273","author":[{"given":"David","family":"Bennett","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Bargagli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicola","family":"Bianchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Landi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonella","family":"Fossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annalisa","family":"Fui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Piersante","family":"Sestini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosa Metella","family":"Refini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paola","family":"Rottoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2019.103323_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2562","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.36113","article-title":"Galectin-1 promotes an M2 macrophage response to polydioxanone scaffolds","volume":"105","author":"Abebayehu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2019.103323_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2725","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-19965-z","article-title":"Galectin-1 is required for the regulatory function of B cells","volume":"8","author":"Alhabbab","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2019.103323_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201800555RR","article-title":"Galectin-1 is a new fibrosis protein in type 1 and type 2 diabetes","volume":"33","author":"Al-Obaidi","year":"2019","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2019.103323_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780230510","article-title":"Preliminary criteria for the classification of systemic sclerosis (scleroderma). Subcommittee for scleroderma criteria of the American Rheumatism Association Diagnostic and Therapeutic Criteria Committee","volume":"23","author":"Anon","year":"1980","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2019.103323_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.3109\/10799893.2010.489227","article-title":"Expression analysis of Akt and MAPK signaling pathways in lung tissue of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF)","volume":"30","author":"Antoniou","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Recept. Signal Transduct. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2019.103323_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-012-9754-4","article-title":"Human chitotriosidase: a sensitive biomarker of sarcoidosis","volume":"33","author":"Bargagli","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Immunol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2019.103323_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753-018-00955-2","article-title":"Calgranulin B and KL-6 in Bronchoalveolar lavage of patients with IPF and NSIP","volume":"42","author":"Bennett","year":"2019","journal-title":"Inflammation"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2019.103323_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2011.09.011","article-title":"Galectin-1 research in T cell immunity: past, present and future","volume":"142","author":"Cedeno-Laurent","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Immunol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2019.103323_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2011.09.011","article-title":"Galectin-1 research in T cell immunity: past, present and future","volume":"142","author":"Cedeno-Laurent","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Immunol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2019.103323_bib0050","first-page":"5077","article-title":"Role of galectins in lung cancer","volume":"14","author":"Chang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncol. Lett."},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2019.103323_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4037","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-11-3348","article-title":"Galectin-1 promotes lung cancer progression and chemoresistance by upregulating p38 MAPK, ERK, and cyclooxygenase-2","volume":"18","author":"Chung","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2019.103323_bib0060","unstructured":"ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02257177."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2019.103323_bib0065","unstructured":"ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03832946."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2019.103323_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2190","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02190","article-title":"Endogenous Galectin-1 in t lymphocytes regulates anti-prostate cancer immunity","author":"Corapi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"issue":"40","key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2019.103323_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37169","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M205698200","article-title":"Galectin-1 augments Ras activation and diverts Ras signals to Raf-1 at the expense of phosphoinositide 3-kinase","volume":"277","author":"Elad-Sfadia","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2019.103323_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2004.12.012","article-title":"Galectin-1 is an inductor of pancreatic stellate cell activation","volume":"17","author":"Fitzner","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cell. Signal."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2019.103323_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2174\/1389557519666190304120821","article-title":"Human Galectin-1 and its inhibitors: privileged target for cancer and HIV","author":"Goud","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mini Rev. Med. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2019.103323_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2174\/1389557519666190304120821","article-title":"Human Galectin-1 and its inhibitors: privileged target for cancer and HIV","author":"Goud","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mini Rev. Med. Chem."},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2019.103323_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7982","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0402669101","article-title":"Discovery and characterization of an epithelial-specific galectin in the endometrium that forms crystals in the trophectoderm","volume":"101","author":"Gray","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2019.103323_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s10549-014-2912-z","article-title":"Nicotine promotes apoptosis resistance of breast cancer cells and enrichment of side population cells with cancer stem cell-like properties via a signaling cascade involving galectin-3, \u03b19 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor and STAT3","volume":"145","author":"Guha","year":"2014","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res. Treat."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2019.103323_bib0105","first-page":"149","article-title":"ATS\/ERS\/WASOG statement on sarcoidosis. American Thoracic Society\/European Respiratory Society\/World Association of Sarcoidosis and other Granulomatous Disorders","volume":"16","author":"Hunninghake","year":"1999","journal-title":"Sarcoidosis Vasc. Diffuse Lung Dis."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2019.103323_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.4143\/crt.2006.38.2.92","article-title":"Overexpression of alpha1-protease inhibitor and galectin-1 in radiation-induced early phase of pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"38","author":"Im","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cancer Res. Treat."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2019.103323_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2411","DOI":"10.1111\/crj.12946","article-title":"The serum KL-6 levels in untreated idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis can naturally decline in association with disease progression","volume":"12","author":"Ishii","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Respir. J."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2019.103323_bib0120","first-page":"103","article-title":"Galectin-1 gene silencing inhibits the activation and proliferation but induces the apoptosis of hepatic stellate cells from mice with liver fibrosis","volume":"43","author":"Jiang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2019.103323_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17010","DOI":"10.1038\/cddiscovery.2017.10","article-title":"Galectin-1 inhibition attenuates profibrotic signaling in hypoxia-induced pulmonary fibrosis","author":"Kathiriya","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2019.103323_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1007\/s00408-015-9775-x","article-title":"Increased Galectin-9 concentration and number of CD4+Foxp3high+cells in Bronchoalveolar Lavage fluid of patients with cryptogenic organizing pneumonia","volume":"193","author":"Katoh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lung"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2019.103323_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201106-0965OC","article-title":"Regulation of transforming growth factor-\u03b21-driven lung fibrosis by galectin-3","volume":"185","author":"Mackinnon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2019.103323_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18938","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M209673200","article-title":"Stimulation of proliferation of rat hepatic stellate cells by galectin-1 and galectin-3 through different intracellular signaling pathways","volume":"278","author":"Maeda","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2019.103323_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18938","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M209673200","article-title":"Stimulation of proliferation of rat hepatic stellate cells by galectin-1 and galectin-3 through different intracellular signaling pathways","volume":"278","author":"Maeda","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2019.103323_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3434","DOI":"10.1002\/1522-2683(200210)23:19<3434::AID-ELPS3434>3.0.CO;2-R","article-title":"Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid protein composition in patients with sarcoidosis and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a two-dimensional electrophoretic study","volume":"23","author":"Magi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Electrophoresis"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2019.103323_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1007\/s00408-012-9446-0","article-title":"A possible role of galectin-9 in the pulmonary fibrosis of patients with interstitial pneumonia","volume":"191","author":"Matsumoto","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lung"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2019.103323_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.2332\/allergolint.O-06-449","article-title":"Role of galectin-3 in human pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"56","author":"Nishi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Allergol. Int."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2019.103323_bib0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1159\/000440888","article-title":"Decreased VEGF level is associated with elevated ferritin concentration in Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid of children with interstitial lung diseases","volume":"90","author":"Papp","year":"2015","journal-title":"Respiration"},{"issue":"51","key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2019.103323_bib0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7486","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1204950","article-title":"Galectin-1 binds oncogenic H-Ras to mediate Ras membrane anchorage and cell transformation","volume":"20","author":"Paz","year":"2001","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2019.103323_bib0175","first-page":"227","article-title":"NMDA receptor activation inhibits the protective effect of BM-MSCs on bleomycin-induced lung epithelial cell damage by inhibiting ERK signaling and the paracrine factor HGF","volume":"44","author":"Peng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"issue":"6558","key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2019.103323_bib0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1038\/378736a0","article-title":"Apoptosis of T cells mediated by galectin-1","volume":"378","author":"Perillo","year":"1995","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2019.103323_bib0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trim.2019.101245","article-title":"Peripheral CD19+CD24(high)CD38(high) B-regulatory cells in lung transplant recipients","author":"Piloni","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transpl. Immunol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2019.103323_bib0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L881","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00135.2016","article-title":"Susceptibility for cigarette smoke-induced DAMP release and DAMP-induced inflammation in COPD","volume":"311","author":"Pouwels","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell Mol. Physiol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2019.103323_bib0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-019-0240-4","article-title":"Blocking TBK1 alleviated radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis and epithelial-mesenchymal transition through Akt-Erk inactivation","volume":"51","author":"Qu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2019.103323_bib0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3083.2007.01986.x","article-title":"An emerging role for galectins in tuning the immune response: lessons from experimental models of inflammatory disease, autoimmunity and cancer","volume":"66","author":"Rabinovich","year":"2007","journal-title":"Scand. J. Immunol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2019.103323_bib0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e44","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201807-1255ST","article-title":"Diagnosis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. An official ATS\/ERS\/JRS\/ALAT clinical practice guideline","volume":"198","author":"Raghu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2019.103323_bib0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1423","DOI":"10.1002\/pmic.200301007","article-title":"Cytokine profile and proteome analysis in bronchoalveolar lavage of patients with sarcoidosis, pulmonary fibrosis associated with systemic sclerosis and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"5","author":"Rottoli","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proteomics"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2019.103323_bib0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1007\/s12576-016-0478-8","article-title":"Stress-induced galectin-1 influences immune tolerance in the spleen and thymus by modulating CD45 immunoreactive lymphocytes","volume":"67","author":"Sasaguri","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Physiol. Sci."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2019.103323_bib0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1038\/labinvest.3780131","article-title":"Galectin-1 and galectin-3 in chronic pancreatitis","volume":"80","author":"Wang","year":"2000","journal-title":"Lab. Invest."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2019.103323_bib0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1038\/labinvest.3780131","article-title":"Galectin-1 and galectin-3 in chronic pancreatitis","volume":"80","author":"Wang","year":"2000","journal-title":"Lab. Invest."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2019.103323_bib0230","first-page":"121","article-title":"A haplotype of cyclooxygenase-2 gene is associated with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"27","author":"Xaubet","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sarcoidosis Vasc. Diffuse Lung Dis."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2019.103323_bib0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2089","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1203476","article-title":"Plasma B lymphocyte stimulator and B cell differentiation in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis patients","volume":"191","author":"Xue","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2019.103323_bib0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3479","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.154.7.3479","article-title":"A human lectin, galectin-3 (epsilon bp\/Mac-2), stimulates superoxide production by neutrophils","volume":"154","author":"Yamaoka","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2019.103323_bib0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-018-0864-2","article-title":"Macrophages: friend or foe in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis?","volume":"19","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Respir. Res."}],"container-title":["Respiratory Physiology &amp; Neurobiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1569904819302794?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1569904819302794?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T22:43:30Z","timestamp":1761605010000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1569904819302794"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,2]]},"references-count":49,"alternative-id":["S1569904819302794"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.resp.2019.103323","relation":{},"ISSN":["1569-9048"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1569-9048","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Elevated level of Galectin-1 in bronchoalveolar lavage of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.resp.2019.103323","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"103323"}}