{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T10:37:09Z","timestamp":1784975829084,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,1]],"date-time":"2020-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1596240000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,1]],"date-time":"2020-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1596240000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"onvergent Science Inc."}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Respiratory Physiology &amp; Neurobiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2020.103468","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,4]],"date-time":"2020-06-04T11:54:37Z","timestamp":1591271677000},"page":"103468","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Investigation of airflow field in the upper airway under unsteady respiration pattern using large eddy simulation method"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"279","author":[{"given":"Xinguang","family":"Cui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenwang","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haiwen","family":"Ge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"July","key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2020.103468_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaerosci.2017.09.005","article-title":"Three-dimensional unsteady large eddy simulation of the vortex structures and the mono-disperse particle dispersion in the idealized human upper respiratory system","volume":"114","author":"Cui","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Aerosol Sci."},{"issue":"March","key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2020.103468_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2018.03.002","article-title":"Large eddy simulation of the flow pattern in an idealized mouth\u2013throat under unsteady inspiration flow conditions","volume":"252\u2013253","author":"Cui","year":"2018","journal-title":"Respir. Physiol. Neurobiol."},{"issue":"November 2017","key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2020.103468_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2017.11.001","article-title":"Numerical study of the airflow structures in an idealized mouth\u2013throat under light and heavy breathing intensities using large eddy simulation","volume":"248","author":"Cui","year":"2018","journal-title":"Respir. Physiol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2020.103468_bib0020","series-title":"CFD study of the flow field and particle dispersion and deposition in the upper human respiratory system","author":"Cui","year":"2012"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2020.103468_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2768","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2011.08.019","article-title":"Large eddy simulation of the unsteady flow-field in an idealized human mouth\u2013throat configuration","volume":"44","author":"Cui","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2020.103468_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1615\/AtomizSpr.2018025127","article-title":"Large Eddy simulation of polydisperse particle deposition in an idealized mouth\u2013throat","volume":"28","author":"Cui","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atomiz. Sprays"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2020.103468_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaerosci.2006.09.008","article-title":"Large eddy simulation of inhaled particle deposition within the human upper respiratory tract","volume":"38","author":"Fan","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Aerosol Sci."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2020.103468_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1615\/AtomizSpr.2017020782","article-title":"Numerical simulation of the dispersion and deposition of a spray carried by a pulsating airflow in a patient-specific human nasal cavity","volume":"27","author":"Farnoud","year":"2017","journal-title":"Atomiz. Sprays"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2020.103468_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1177\/1468087417746475","article-title":"A comparison of computational fluid dynamics predicted initial liquid penetration using rate of injection profiles generated using two different measurement techniques","volume":"20","author":"Ge","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Engine Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2020.103468_bib0050","series-title":"Effects of numerical models on prediction of cylinder pressure ringing in a di diesel engine","author":"Ge","year":"2018"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2020.103468_bib0055","first-page":"1760","article-title":"A dynamic subgrid-scale eddy viscosity model","volume":"3","author":"Germano","year":"1998","journal-title":"Phys. Fluids"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2020.103468_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euromechflu.2012.05.003","article-title":"Fluids moving boundary simulation of airflow and micro-particle deposition in the human extra-thoracic airway under steady inspiration. part i: Airflow","volume":"37","author":"Huang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Mech. B\/Fluids"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2020.103468_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/s42757-019-0046-6","article-title":"From indoor exposure to inhaled particle deposition: A multiphase journey of inhaled particles","volume":"2","author":"Inthavong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Comput. Multiphase Flow"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2020.103468_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9991(91)90191-M","article-title":"Solution of the implicitly discretised fluid flow equations by operator-splitting","volume":"93","author":"Issa","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Comput. Phys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2020.103468_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaerosci.2008.06.002","article-title":"Large eddy and detached eddy simulations of fluid flow and particle deposition in a human mouth\u2013throat","volume":"39","author":"Jayaraju","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Aerosol Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2020.103468_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-9322(02)00131-3","article-title":"Laminar-to-turbulent fluid-particle flows in a human airway model","volume":"29","author":"Kleinstreuer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Multiphase Flow"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2020.103468_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-fluid-121108-145453","article-title":"Airflow and particle transport in the human respiratory system","volume":"42","author":"Kleinstreuer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech."},{"issue":"October","key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2020.103468_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2016.10.020","article-title":"Computationally efficient analysis of particle transport and deposition in a human whole-lung-airway model. part I: Theory and model validation","volume":"79","author":"Kolanjiyil","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comput. Biol. Med."},{"issue":"October 2016","key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2020.103468_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2016.10.025","article-title":"Computationally e ffi cient analysis of particle transport and deposition in a human whole-lung-airway model. Part II: Dry powder inhaler application","volume":"84","author":"Kolanjiyil","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comput. Biol. Med."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2020.103468_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2015.11.029","article-title":"Particle deposition in a realistic geometry of the human conducting airways: Effects of inlet velocity profile, inhalation flowrate and electrostatic charge","volume":"49","author":"Koullapis","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2020.103468_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2007.02.006","article-title":"Characteristics of the turbulent laryngeal jet and its effect on airflow in the human intra-thoracic airways","volume":"157","author":"Lin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Respir. Physiol. Neurobiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2020.103468_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1080\/17425247.2019.1551875","article-title":"Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery Use of computational fluid dynamics deposition modeling in respiratory drug delivery","volume":"16","author":"Longest","year":"2019","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Drug Del."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2020.103468_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1979","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.06.016","article-title":"Planning human upper airway surgery using computational fluid dynamics","volume":"46","author":"Mylavarapu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2020.103468_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compfluid.2007.07.021","article-title":"High resolution turbulence modelling of airflow in an idealised human extra-thoracic airway","volume":"37","author":"Pollard","year":"2008","journal-title":"Comput. Fluids"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2020.103468_bib0125","series-title":"Development of large eddy simulation turbulence models","author":"Pomraning","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2020.103468_bib0130","series-title":"Modeling turbulent combustion using a rans model, detailed chemistry, and adaptive mesh refinement","author":"Pomraning","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2020.103468_bib0135","series-title":"Turbulent Flows","author":"Pope","year":"2000"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2020.103468_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1525","DOI":"10.2514\/3.8284","article-title":"Numerical study of the turbulent flow past an airfoil with trailing edge separation","volume":"21","author":"Rhie","year":"1983","journal-title":"AIAA J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2020.103468_bib0145","series-title":"Converge 2.4 manual","author":"Richards","year":"2017"},{"issue":"Part B","key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2020.103468_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheatfluidflow.2016.07.013","article-title":"Direct numerical simulation of particle laden flow in a human airway bifurcation model","volume":"61","author":"Stylianou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Heat Fluid Flow"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2020.103468_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-77674-8_12","article-title":"Large-eddy simulation of turbulent flow over and around a cube in a plate channel","author":"Werner","year":"1993","journal-title":"Turbulent shear flows 8"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2020.103468_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2003.11.034","article-title":"Airflow structures and nano-particle deposition in a human upper airway model","volume":"198","author":"Zhang","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Comput. Phys."}],"container-title":["Respiratory Physiology &amp; Neurobiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1569904820301269?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1569904820301269?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T22:44:15Z","timestamp":1761605055000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1569904820301269"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]},"references-count":32,"alternative-id":["S1569904820301269"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.resp.2020.103468","relation":{},"ISSN":["1569-9048"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1569-9048","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Investigation of airflow field in the upper airway under unsteady respiration pattern using large eddy simulation method","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.resp.2020.103468","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"103468"}}