{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T02:38:44Z","timestamp":1790735924979,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]],"date-time":"2021-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612137600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]],"date-time":"2021-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612137600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2020.103585","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,13]],"date-time":"2020-11-13T12:05:04Z","timestamp":1605269104000},"page":"103585","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Diaphragmatic thickening fraction as a potential predictor of response to continuous positive airway pressure ventilation in Covid-19 pneumonia: A single-center pilot study"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"284","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5588-2608","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Corradi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3745-8368","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luigi","family":"Vetrugno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7136-0343","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniele","family":"Orso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5489-2898","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tiziana","family":"Bove","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4073-4001","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annia","family":"Schreiber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2797-4847","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enrico","family":"Boero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregorio","family":"Santori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9772-1944","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Isirdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2261-1980","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Greta","family":"Barbieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Forfori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2020.103585_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1109\/TAC.1974.1100705","article-title":"A new look at the statistical model identification","volume":"19","author":"Akaike","year":"1974","journal-title":"IEEE T Automat Contr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2020.103585_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01935-2020","article-title":"Helmet CPAP treatment in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia: a multicenter, cohort study","author":"Aliberti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2020.103585_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2017.08.016","article-title":"Outcomes and predictors of failure of non-invasive ventilation in patients with community acquired pneumonia in the ED","volume":"36","author":"Al-Rajhi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2020.103585_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2012","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2004500","article-title":"Covid-19 in critically ill patients in the Seattle region - case series","volume":"382","author":"Bhatraju","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2020.103585_bib0025","article-title":"Continuous positive airway pressure in Covid-19 patients with moderate-to-severe respiratory failure","author":"Brusasco","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2020.103585_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.06803","article-title":"Diaphragmatic ultrasound assessment in subjects with acute hypercapnic respiratory failure admitted to the emergency department","volume":"64","author":"Cammarota","year":"2019","journal-title":"Respir. Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2020.103585_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3859","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2014.277962","article-title":"Time course analysis of mechanical ventilation-induced diaphragm contractile muscle dysfunction in the rat","volume":"592","author":"Corpeno","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Physiol. (Lond.)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2020.103585_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201209-1668OC","article-title":"Diaphragm dysfunction on admission to the intensive care unit. Prevalence, risk factors, and prognostic impact-a prospective study","volume":"188","author":"Demoule","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2020.103585_bib0045","first-page":"8672939","article-title":"Is Mitochondrial Oxidative Stress the Key Contributor to Diaphragm Atrophy and Dysfunction in Critically Ill Patients?","volume":"2020","author":"Duan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit. Care Res. Pract."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2020.103585_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/s13089-019-0137-4","article-title":"Comparisons of two diaphragm ultrasound-teaching programs: a multicenter randomized controlled educational study","volume":"11","author":"Garofalo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ultrasound J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2020.103585_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.5394","article-title":"Baseline characteristics and outcomes of 1591 patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 admitted to ICUs of the Lombardy region, Italy","author":"Grasselli","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2020.103585_bib0060","article-title":"Lung, heart, vascular, and diaphragm ultrasound examination of COVID-19 patients: a comprehensive approach","author":"Guarracino","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cardiothorac. Vasc. Anesth."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2020.103585_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1177\/1479972309354689","article-title":"Exercise limitation in interstitial lung disease - mechanisms, significance and therapeutic options","volume":"7","author":"Holland","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chron. Respir. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2020.103585_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.49.5.500","article-title":"Ultrasound assessment of normal hemidiaphragmatic movement: relation to inspiratory volume","volume":"49","author":"Houston","year":"1994","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2020.103585_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1496","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.130.5.1496","article-title":"Impact of impaired inspiratory muscle strength on dyspnea and walking capacity in sarcoidosis","volume":"130","author":"Kabitz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2020.103585_bib0080","article-title":"Does it make difference to measure diaphragm function with M mode (MM) or B mode (BM)?","author":"Kal\u0131n","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Monit. Comput."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2020.103585_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1586","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201709-1804OC","article-title":"Reclassifying acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"197","author":"Maiolo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2020.103585_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-018-2033-x","article-title":"Ultrasound-assessed diaphragmatic impairment is a predictor of outcomes in patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease undergoing noninvasive ventilation","volume":"22","author":"Marchioni","year":"2018","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2020.103585_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2575","DOI":"10.2147\/COPD.S219125","article-title":"Respiratory mechanics and diaphragmatic dysfunction in COPD patients who failed non-invasive mechanical ventilation","volume":"14","author":"Marchioni","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Chron. Obstruct. Pulmon. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2020.103585_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.02482-2019","article-title":"ICU outcomes can be predicted by non invasive muscle evaluation: a meta-analysis","author":"Medrinal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2020.103585_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01692-2020","article-title":"Continuous positive airway pressure to avoid intubation in SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia: a two-period retrospective case-control study","author":"Oranger","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2020.103585_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pulmoe.2018.10.008","article-title":"Diaphragmatic dysfunction","volume":"25","author":"Ricoy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pulmonology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2020.103585_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-12-77","article-title":"pROC: an open-source package for R and S+ to analyze and compare ROC curves","volume":"12","author":"Robin","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Bioinformatics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2020.103585_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-016-1479-y","article-title":"Can diaphragmatic ultrasonography performed during the T-tube trial predict weaning failure? The role of diaphragmatic rapid shallow breathing index","volume":"20","author":"Spadaro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2020.103585_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1088\/0967-3334\/18\/4\/008","article-title":"A non-invasive system to evaluate diaphragmatic strength in ventilated patients","volume":"18","author":"Spicer","year":"1997","journal-title":"Physiol. Meas."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2020.103585_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1604","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1990.00040031604007","article-title":"Dyspnea. Pathophysiologic basis, clinical presentation, and management","volume":"150","author":"Tobin","year":"1990","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2020.103585_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1186\/s13613-020-00692-6","article-title":"Caution about early intubation and mechanical ventilation in COVID-19","volume":"10","author":"Tobin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Intensive Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2020.103585_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-019-05892-8","article-title":"Respiratory muscle ultrasonography: methodology, basic and advanced principles and clinical applications in ICU and ED patients-a narrative review","volume":"46","author":"Tuinman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2020.103585_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.50.11.1157","article-title":"In vivo assessment of diaphragm contraction by ultrasound in normal subjects","volume":"50","author":"Ueki","year":"1995","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2020.103585_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-015-0894-9","article-title":"Diaphragm ultrasound as indicator of respiratory effort in critically ill patients undergoing assisted mechanical ventilation: a pilot clinical study","volume":"19","author":"Umbrello","year":"2015","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2020.103585_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2525","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2019.01.003","article-title":"Ultrasound imaging for diaphragm dysfunction: a narrative literature review","volume":"33","author":"Vetrugno","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cardiothorac. Vasc. Anesth."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2020.103585_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1111\/echo.14664","article-title":"Our Italian experience using lung ultrasound for identification, grading and serial follow-up of severity of lung involvement for management of patients with COVID-19","volume":"37","author":"Vetrugno","year":"2020","journal-title":"Echocardiography"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2020.103585_bib0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2014.04.012","article-title":"Diagnostic value of chest ultrasound after cardiac surgery: a comparison with chest X-ray and auscultation","volume":"28","author":"Vezzani","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Cardiothorac. Vasc. Anesth."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2020.103585_bib0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00632-2020","article-title":"Early consensus management for non-ICU ARF SARS-CoV-2 emergency in Italy: from ward to trenches","author":"Vitacca","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2020.103585_bib0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-012-2547-7","article-title":"Diaphragm ultrasonography to estimate the work of breathing during non-invasive ventilation","volume":"38","author":"Vivier","year":"2012","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2020.103585_bib0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1560","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1989.67.4.1560","article-title":"Diaphragmatic thickness-lung volume relationship in vivo","volume":"67","author":"Wait","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2020.103585_bib0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1186\/s40560-019-0409-x","article-title":"Influence of lung aeration on diaphragmatic contractility during a spontaneous breathing trial: an ultrasound study","volume":"7","author":"Xia","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Intensive Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2020.103585_bib0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1993.75.3.1371","article-title":"Effect of global inspiratory muscle fatigue on ventilatory and respiratory muscle responses to CO2","volume":"75","author":"Yan","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2020.103585_bib0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30079-5","article-title":"Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a single-centered, retrospective, observational study","volume":"8","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."}],"container-title":["Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1569904820302445?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1569904820302445?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T22:45:22Z","timestamp":1761605122000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1569904820302445"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]},"references-count":39,"alternative-id":["S1569904820302445"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.resp.2020.103585","relation":{},"ISSN":["1569-9048"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1569-9048","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Diaphragmatic thickening fraction as a potential predictor of response to continuous positive airway pressure ventilation in Covid-19 pneumonia: A single-center pilot study","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.resp.2020.103585","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"103585"}}