{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]],"date-time":"2026-06-06T00:01:42Z","timestamp":1780704102365,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]],"date-time":"2021-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633046400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]],"date-time":"2021-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633046400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]],"date-time":"2021-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633046400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]],"date-time":"2021-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633046400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]],"date-time":"2021-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633046400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]],"date-time":"2021-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633046400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]],"date-time":"2021-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633046400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2021.103703","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]],"date-time":"2021-06-01T12:32:39Z","timestamp":1622550759000},"page":"103703","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Five repeated maximal efforts of apneas increase the time to exhaustion in subsequent high-intensity exercise"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"292","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8514-0605","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dimitrios I.","family":"Bourdas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nickos D.","family":"Geladas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2021.103703_bib0005","series-title":"ACSM\u2019s Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription","author":"American College of Sports Medicine","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2021.103703_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1460","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00221.2003","article-title":"Spleen volume and blood flow response to repeated breath-hold apneas","volume":"95","author":"Bakovi\u0107","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2021.103703_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1681.2005.04289.x","article-title":"Effect of human splenic contraction on variation in circulating blood cell counts","volume":"32","author":"Bakovi\u0107","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2021.103703_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00759.2005","article-title":"Increased pulmonary vascular resistance and reduced stroke volume in association with CO2 retention and inferior vena cava dilatation","volume":"101","author":"Bakovi\u0107","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2021.103703_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(86)90837-8","article-title":"Statistical methods for assessing agreement between two methods of clinical measurement","volume":"327","author":"Bland","year":"1986","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2021.103703_bib0030","series-title":"14th International Conference on Environmental Ergonomics 2011","first-page":"233","article-title":"Repeated breath holds increase the time to exhaustion at 150% of peak power output","author":"Bourdas","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2021.103703_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.2174\/1874387001408010016","article-title":"Hypercapnic ventilatory response: a comparison between elite and novice skin divers","volume":"8","author":"Bourdas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Open Sport. Med. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2021.103703_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.3357\/AMHP.3932.2015","article-title":"Repeated apneas and hypercapnic ventilatory response before and after apnea training","volume":"86","author":"Bourdas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aerosp. Med. Hum. Perform."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2021.103703_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.3390\/sports8100139","article-title":"Impact of COVID-19 lockdown on physical activity in a sample of Greek adults","volume":"8","author":"Bourdas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sports"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2021.103703_bib0050","article-title":"Evolution of changes in physical activity over lockdown time: physical activity datasets of four independent adult sample groups corresponding to each of the last four of the six COVID-19 lockdown weeks in Greece","volume":"32","author":"Bourdas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Data Br."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2021.103703_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000002236","article-title":"Acute apnea does not improve 3-km cycling time trial performance","author":"Bouten","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2021.103703_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.2000.89.4.1387","article-title":"Effects of prior heavy exercise on phase II pulmonary oxygen uptake kinetics during heavy exercise","volume":"89","author":"Burnley","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2021.103703_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1113\/eph8602122","article-title":"Effects of prior exercise and recovery duration on oxygen uptake kinetics during heavy exercise in humans","volume":"86","author":"Burnley","year":"2001","journal-title":"Exp. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2021.103703_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01280.2003","article-title":"Effects of prior heavy-intensity exercise on pulmonary O2 uptake and muscle deoxygenation kinetics in young and older adult humans","volume":"97","author":"DeLorey","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2021.103703_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-5687(99)00083-3","article-title":"The energetics of anaerobic muscle metabolism: a reappraisal of older and recent concepts","volume":"118","author":"Di Prampero","year":"1999","journal-title":"Respir. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2021.103703_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2318","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1993.74.5.2318","article-title":"Energetics of best performances in middle-distance running","volume":"74","author":"Di Prampero","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2021.103703_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1972.33.2.175","article-title":"Response to exercise after blood loss and reinfusion","volume":"33","author":"Ekblom","year":"1972","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2021.103703_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1159\/000490354","article-title":"Implications of placebo and nocebo effects for clinical practice: expert consensus","volume":"87","author":"Evers","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychother. Psychosom."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2021.103703_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1007\/s004210000377","article-title":"Extreme human breath-hold diving","volume":"84","author":"Ferretti","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2021.103703_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1996.80.1.99","article-title":"Effects of prior exercise on pulmonary gas-exchange kinetics during high-intensity exercise in humans","volume":"80","author":"Gerbino","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2021.103703_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01028.2004","article-title":"Prior heavy-intensity exercise speeds VO2 kinetics during moderate-intensity exercise in young adults","volume":"98","author":"Gurd","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2021.103703_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1990.69.3.932","article-title":"Splenic contraction during breath-hold diving in the Korean ama","volume":"69","author":"Hurford","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2021.103703_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN19780152","article-title":"Generalized equations for predicting body density of men","volume":"40","author":"Jackson","year":"1978","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2021.103703_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200333130-00002","article-title":"Effects of prior exercise on metabolic and gas exchange responses to exercise","volume":"33","author":"Jones","year":"2003","journal-title":"Sport. Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2021.103703_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/S1569-9048(02)00133-7","article-title":"Reduced oxidative stress and blood lactic acidosis in trained breath-hold human divers","volume":"133","author":"Joulia","year":"2002","journal-title":"Respir. Physiol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2021.103703_bib0130","article-title":"Priming exercise increases Wingate cycling peak power output","author":"Ktenidis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Sport Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2021.103703_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1139\/h2012-096","article-title":"Effects of prior short multiple-sprint exercises with different intersprint recoveries on the slow component of oxygen uptake during high-intensity exercise","volume":"37","author":"Lanzi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2021.103703_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00357616","article-title":"A comparison of blood gases and acid-base measurements in arterial, arterialized venous, and venous blood during short-term maximal exercise","volume":"61","author":"Linderman","year":"1990","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. Occup. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2021.103703_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2019.1632937","article-title":"Advancing the understanding of placebo effects in psychological outcomes of exercise: lessons learned and future directions","volume":"20","author":"Lindheimer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Sport Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2021.103703_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-199611000-00013","article-title":"Improved_athletic_performance_in_highly_trained","volume":"28","author":"Lindsay","year":"1996","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sport. Exerc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2021.103703_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1462","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00173.2005","article-title":"Effects of prior heavy-intensity exercise during single-leg knee extension on V\u0307O2 kinetics and limb blood flow","volume":"99","author":"Paterson","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2021.103703_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-007-0556-y","article-title":"Total haemoglobin mass and spleen contraction: a study on competitive apnea divers, non-diving athletes and untrained control subjects","volume":"101","author":"Prommer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2021.103703_bib0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1139\/h05-120","article-title":"Increase of hemoglobin concentration after maximal apneas in divers, skiers, and untrained humans","volume":"30","author":"Richardson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Can. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2021.103703_bib0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000002711","article-title":"Effects of pre-race apneas on 400-m freestyle swimming performance","volume":"34","author":"Robertson","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2021.103703_bib0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2040-4603.2011.tb00314.x","article-title":"Exercise: kinetic considerations for gas exchange","volume":"1","author":"Rossiter","year":"2011","journal-title":"Compr. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2021.103703_bib0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.2001.0291k.x","article-title":"Effects of prior exercise on oxygen uptake and phosphocreatine kinetics during high-intensity knee-extension exercise in humans","volume":"537","author":"Rossiter","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"issue":"June","key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2021.103703_bib0185","first-page":"1","article-title":"Size matters: spleen and lung volumes predict performance in human apneic divers","volume":"3","author":"Schagatay","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2021.103703_bib0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-014-3003-x","article-title":"Repeated apnea-induced contraction of the spleen in cyclists does not enhance performance in a subsequent time-trial","volume":"115","author":"Sperlich","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2021.103703_bib0195","article-title":"The Role of CO2 on respiration and metabolism during hypercapnic and normocapnic recovery from exercise","author":"Tsakiris","year":"2020","journal-title":"Res. Q. Exerc. Sport"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2021.103703_bib0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/8.2.276","article-title":"Role of the spleen in the peripheral vascular response to severe exercise in untethered dogs","volume":"8","author":"Vatner","year":"1974","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2021.103703_bib0205","first-page":"31","article-title":"The 2018 physical activity readiness questionnaire for everyone (PAR-Q+) and electronic physical activity readiness medical examination (ePARmed-X+)","volume":"11","author":"Warburton","year":"2018","journal-title":"Heal. Fit. J. Canada"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2021.103703_bib0210","first-page":"373","article-title":"Declaration of Helsinki, ethical principles for scientific requirements and research protocols","volume":"79","author":"World Medical Association","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2021.103703_bib0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2006.07.002","article-title":"Arterial versus capillary blood gases: a meta-analysis","volume":"155","author":"Zavorsky","year":"2007","journal-title":"Respir. Physiol. Neurobiol."}],"container-title":["Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1569904821000884?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1569904821000884?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T22:46:11Z","timestamp":1761605171000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1569904821000884"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"references-count":43,"alternative-id":["S1569904821000884"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.resp.2021.103703","relation":{},"ISSN":["1569-9048"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1569-9048","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Five repeated maximal efforts of apneas increase the time to exhaustion in subsequent high-intensity exercise","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.resp.2021.103703","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"103703"}}