{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T11:33:05Z","timestamp":1777894385508,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767830400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Respiratory Physiology &amp; Neurobiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2026.104543","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T16:57:47Z","timestamp":1767891467000},"page":"104543","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Description of three dysfunctional breathing patterns in post-COVID dyspnea"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"341","author":[{"given":"Ivan","family":"Guerreiro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aur\u00e9lien","family":"Bringard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pascal","family":"Weber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Viva","family":"Leverington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aileen","family":"Kharat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L\u00e9on","family":"Genecand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Taboni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric","family":"Lador","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2026.104543_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-023-02602-3","article-title":"Symptomatic post COVID patients have impaired alveolar capillary membrane function and high VE\/VCO2","volume":"25","author":"Agostoni","year":"2024","journal-title":"Respir. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2026.104543_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101066","article-title":"Exercise performance in patients with post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection compared to patients with unexplained dyspnea","volume":"39","author":"Alba","year":"2021","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2026.104543_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2018.05.002","article-title":"Exercise ventilatory irregularity can be quantified by approximate entropy to detect breathing pattern disorder","volume":"255","author":"Bansal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Respir. Physiol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2026.104543_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1681","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00038914","article-title":"Multidimensional Dyspnea profile: an instrument for clinical and laboratory research","volume":"45","author":"Banzett","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2026.104543_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.100.1.136","article-title":"Normal values and ranges for ventilation and breathing pattern at maximal exercise","volume":"100","author":"Blackie","year":"1991","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2026.104543_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00859.2015","article-title":"Increased ventilatory variability and complexity in patients with hyperventilation disorder","volume":"120","author":"Bokov","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2026.104543_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1183\/16000617.0088-2015","article-title":"Dysfunctional breathing: a review of the literature and proposal for classification","volume":"25","author":"Boulding","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Respiratory Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2026.104543_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0215997","article-title":"Cardiopulmonary exercise testing for identification of patients with hyperventilation syndrome","volume":"14","author":"Brat","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2026.104543_bib9","series-title":"In: B30. Breathe (in the Air): Studies in Pulmonary Function","article-title":"Proportional Tidal Volume Variation During Cardio-pulmonary Exercise Testing to Diagnose Dysfunctional Breathing in Patients With Exertional Dyspnoea","author":"Brutsche","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2026.104543_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.161.1.79","article-title":"Approximate entropy of respiratory patterns in panic disorder","volume":"161","author":"Caldirola","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2026.104543_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.31189\/2165-6193-12.1.12","article-title":"Cardiopulmonary exercise testing for patients with neuromuscular disease and limited mobility","volume":"12","author":"Christle","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clin. Exerc. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2026.104543_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/pzab099","article-title":"Cardiopulmonary exercise testing to assess persistent symptoms at 6 months in people With COVID-19 who survived hospitalization: a pilot study","volume":"101","author":"Debeaumont","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phys. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2026.104543_bib13","first-page":"151","article-title":"Description pr\u00e9liminaire d\u2019une cohorte de 1164 EFX pour COVID long","volume":"17","author":"Debeaumont","year":"2025","journal-title":"Rev. Des. Mal. Respir. Actual. \u00e9S."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2026.104543_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/e21060541","article-title":"Approximate entropy and sample entropy: a comprehensive tutorial","volume":"21","author":"Delgado-Bonal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Entropy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2026.104543_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.36057","article-title":"Use of cardiopulmonary exercise testing to evaluate long COVID-19 symptoms in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"5","author":"Durstenfeld","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2026.104543_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjresp-2021-001126","article-title":"Dysfunctional breathing diagnosed by cardiopulmonary exercise testing in \u201clong COVID\u201d patients with persistent dyspnoea","volume":"9","author":"Fr\u00e9sard","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Open Respir. Res"},{"issue":"1985","key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2026.104543_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1998.85.3.789","article-title":"Irregularities and power law distributions in the breathing pattern in preterm and term infants","volume":"85","author":"Frey","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2026.104543_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjresp-2023-001770","article-title":"Dysfunctional breathing symptoms, functional impact and quality of life in patients with long COVID-19: a prospective case series","volume":"10","author":"Genecand","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMJ Open Respir. Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2026.104543_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.70233","article-title":"Comparing methods to measure the dispersion of breathing parameters during exercise testing: a simulation study based on real-life parameters from patients with dysfunctional breathing","volume":"13","author":"Genecand","year":"2025","journal-title":"Physiol. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2026.104543_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.70556","article-title":"Predictability of breathing parameters during cardiopulmonary exercise testing using entropy measurements","volume":"13","author":"Genecand","year":"2025","journal-title":"Physiol. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2026.104543_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-20654-x","article-title":"An objective method to detect sighs during cardio-pulmonary exercise testing","volume":"15","author":"Genecand","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2026.104543_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1183\/16000617.0355-2020","article-title":"Cardiopulmonary exercise testing in interstitial lung diseases and the value of ventilatory efficiency","volume":"30","author":"Gille","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2026.104543_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.15197","article-title":"Classification and occurrence of an abnormal breathing pattern during cardiopulmonary exercise testing in subjects with persistent symptoms following COVID-19 disease","volume":"10","author":"von Gruenewaldt","year":"2022","journal-title":"Physiol. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2026.104543_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00142.2023","article-title":"Exercise ventilatory response after COVID-19: comparison between ambulatory and hospitalized patients","author":"Guerreiro","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2026.104543_bib25","first-page":"PA4632","article-title":"Description of breathing pattern disorder using sample entropy index in post-COVID19 dyspnoea","volume":"62","author":"Guerreiro","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2026.104543_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-022-01840-9","article-title":"Respiratory muscle dysfunction in long-COVID patients","volume":"50","author":"Hennigs","year":"2022","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2026.104543_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.15934","article-title":"Cardiopulmonary exercise testing in younger patients with persistent dyspnea following acute, outpatient COVID-19 infection","volume":"12","author":"Holley","year":"2024","journal-title":"Physiol. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2026.104543_bib28","article-title":"Cardiopulmonary exercise testing in the assessment of dysfunctional breathing","volume":"11","author":"Ionescu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2026.104543_bib29","first-page":"700","article-title":"Normal standards for an incremental progressive cycle ergometer test","volume":"131","author":"Jones","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am. Rev. Respir. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2026.104543_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-022-01899-4","article-title":"Correlation of respiratory muscle function and cardiopulmonary exercise testing in post-acute COVID-19 syndrome","volume":"51","author":"Leo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2026.104543_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2103101","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.03101-2021","article-title":"Inspiratory muscle training enhances recovery post-COVID-19: a randomised controlled trial","volume":"60","author":"McNarry","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2026.104543_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-0511(96)05239-8","article-title":"Abstracts of papers presented at the 3rd International Society for the Advancement of Respiratory Psychophysiology (ISARP) congress: Nijmegen, The Netherlands, August 26th and 27th, 1996","volume":"46","author":"Molema","year":"1997","journal-title":"Biol. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2026.104543_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.7326\/M20-5926","article-title":"COVID-19 symptoms: longitudinal evolution and persistence in outpatient settings","volume":"174","author":"Nehme","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Intern Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2026.104543_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/phrs.2022.1604501","article-title":"Long COVID through a public health lens: an umbrella review","volume":"43","author":"Nittas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Public Health Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2026.104543_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.11-0787","article-title":"Decline of resting inspiratory capacity in COPD: the impact on breathing pattern, dyspnea, and ventilatory capacity during exercise","volume":"141","author":"O\u2019Donnell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2026.104543_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2024.104285","article-title":"Ventilatory efficiency in long-term dyspnoeic patients following COVID-19 pneumonia","volume":"327","author":"Piamonti","year":"2024","journal-title":"Respir. Physiol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2026.104543_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2297","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.88.6.2297","article-title":"Approximate entropy as a measure of system complexity","volume":"88","author":"Pincus","year":"1991","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2026.104543_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/pzae080","article-title":"Effect of a 4-Week telerehabilitation program for people with Post-COVID syndrome on physical function and symptoms: protocol for a randomized controlled trial","volume":"104","author":"Reeves","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phys. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2026.104543_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202206-1243OC","article-title":"Diaphragm muscle weakness might explain exertional dyspnea 15 months after hospitalization for COVID-19","volume":"207","author":"Regmi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2026.104543_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autneu.2019.102601","article-title":"Breathlessness and dysfunctional breathing in patients with postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS): the impact of a physiotherapy intervention","volume":"223","author":"Reilly","year":"2020","journal-title":"Auton. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2026.104543_bib41","first-page":"00117","article-title":"Chaotic breathing in post-COVID-19 breathlessness: a key feature of dysfunctional breathing can be characterised objectively by approximate entropy","volume":"9","author":"Samaranayake","year":"2023","journal-title":"erjor"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2026.104543_bib42","article-title":"How is dysfunctional breathing characterised in the clinical literature? A scoping review","author":"Sanchez-Bracero","year":"2025","journal-title":"Respir. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2026.104543_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1183\/16000617.0006-2022","article-title":"The effects of COVID-19 on respiratory muscle performance: making the case for respiratory muscle testing and training","volume":"31","author":"Severin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Respiratory Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2026.104543_bib44","series-title":"Wasserman & Whipp\u2019s Principles of Exercise Testing and Interpretation","author":"Sietsema","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2026.104543_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2100996","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00996-2021","article-title":"Cardiopulmonary exercise capacity and limitations 3\u2005months after COVID-19 hospitalisation","volume":"58","author":"Skj\u00f8rten","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2026.104543_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1443","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.2202033","article-title":"Ventilatory efficiency during exercise in healthy subjects","volume":"166","author":"Sun","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2026.104543_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2021.08.022","article-title":"Cardiorespiratory abnormalities in patients recovering from Coronavirus Disease 2019","volume":"34","author":"Szekely","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2026.104543_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1136\/thorax.58.2.110","article-title":"Breathing retraining for dysfunctional breathing in asthma: a randomised controlled trial","volume":"58","author":"Thomas","year":"2003","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2026.104543_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1183\/16000617.0182-2020","article-title":"Minute ventilation\/carbon dioxide production in patients with dysfunctional breathing","volume":"30","author":"Watson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Respiratory Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.resp.2026.104543_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.167.10.952","article-title":"ATS\/ACCP statement on cardiopulmonary exercise testing","volume":"167","author":"Weisman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."}],"container-title":["Respiratory Physiology &amp; Neurobiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1569904826000029?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1569904826000029?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T07:18:40Z","timestamp":1777619920000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1569904826000029"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"references-count":50,"alternative-id":["S1569904826000029"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.resp.2026.104543","relation":{},"ISSN":["1569-9048"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1569-9048","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Description of three dysfunctional breathing patterns in post-COVID dyspnea","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.resp.2026.104543","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"104543"}}