{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T21:08:41Z","timestamp":1789247321087,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":159,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100023674","name":"Deanship of Scientific Research, King Khalid University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RGP.02\/304\/46"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGP.02\/304\/46"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100023674","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.fr","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Current Research in Translational Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T15:56:39Z","timestamp":1788364599000},"page":"103606","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Clinical translation of mRNA-based cancer vaccines for solid tumors"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"74","author":[{"given":"Zahraa","family":"AlKhafaje","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Malathi","family":"H","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aniruddh","family":"Dash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Precilla Selvakumari","family":"J","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gurjant","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aashna","family":"Sinha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muath","family":"Suliman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aseel","family":"Smerat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.2174\/1568009623666230222124424","article-title":"mRNA vaccine - a new cancer treatment strategy","volume":"23","author":"Tan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr Cancer Drug Targets"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4335","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S499403","article-title":"The benefits and safety of monoclonal antibodies: implications for cancer immunotherapy","volume":"18","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Inflamm Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2025.105096","article-title":"Effects of advance care planning for patients with advanced cancer: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies","volume":"168","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Nurs Stud"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/wvn.70048","article-title":"The efficacy of decision aids on enhancing early cancer screening: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"22","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Worldviews Evid Based Nurs"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1111\/jvh.13886","article-title":"CHB patients with rtA181T-mutated HBV infection are associated with higher risk hepatocellular carcinoma due to increases in mutation rates of tumour suppressor genes","volume":"30","author":"Ning","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Viral Hepat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2022.113993","article-title":"Disorders of cancer metabolism: the therapeutic potential of cannabinoids","volume":"157","author":"Sun","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1689103","article-title":"Identification and validation of prognostic genes and prognostic models associated with cutaneous melanoma and integrative stress response","volume":"16","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"7963","key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06063-y","article-title":"Personalized RNA neoantigen vaccines stimulate T cells in pancreatic cancer","volume":"618","author":"Rojas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202401287","article-title":"A Universal strategy of anti-tumor mRNA vaccine by harnessing \"Off-the-Shelf\" immunity","volume":"12","author":"Fu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv Sci"},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2025.07.014","article-title":"Dapk2 dysfunction leads to Mic60 lactylation and mitochondrial metabolic reprogramming, promoting lung cancer EGFR-TKI resistance and metastasis","volume":"60","author":"Zheng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Dev Cell"},{"issue":"8054","key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-08507-5","article-title":"A neoantigen vaccine generates antitumour immunity in renal cell carcinoma","volume":"639","author":"Braun","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.13793","article-title":"Immunotherapy and the ovarian cancer microenvironment: exploring potential strategies for enhanced treatment efficacy","volume":"173","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0013","article-title":"Modular hydrogel vaccine for programmable and coordinate elicitation of cancer immunotherapy","volume":"10","author":"Ji","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv Sci"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1038\/s41568-023-00586-2","article-title":"mRNA-based cancer therapeutics","volume":"23","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cancer"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2023.102103","article-title":"Joint masking and self-supervised strategies for inferring small molecule-miRNA associations","volume":"35","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol Ther Nucleic Acids"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2025.117844","article-title":"New insights into gold nanoparticles in virology: a review of their applications in the prevention, detection, and treatment of viral infections","volume":"183","author":"Teimouri","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/iid3.70437","article-title":"Nanotechnology meets immunotherapy: crosstalks against cancer","volume":"14","author":"Javanmehr","year":"2026","journal-title":"Immun Inflamm Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0018","article-title":"A deep dive into the immunological and hematological responses to COVID-19 vaccines; implications for clinical practice","volume":"11","author":"Farhan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Immunopathologia Persa"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2023.114973","article-title":"Advances in mRNA therapeutics for cancer immunotherapy: from modification to delivery","volume":"199","author":"Han","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv Drug Deliv Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1186\/s13036-019-0189-9","article-title":"Intestinal probiotics E. coli Nissle 1917 as a targeted vehicle for delivery of p53 and Tum-5 to solid tumors for cancer therapy","volume":"13","author":"He","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Biol Eng"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.78535","article-title":"The emerging role of super-enhancers as therapeutic targets in the digestive system tumors","volume":"19","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Biol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2023.114993","article-title":"mRNA: a promising platform for cancer immunotherapy","volume":"199","author":"Kong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv Drug Deliv Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1751463","article-title":"Experimental study on synergistic pulses improving the tumor microenvironment and assisting immunotherapy","volume":"17","author":"Dong","year":"2026","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/ctm2.1384","article-title":"mRNA vaccine in cancer therapy: current advance and future outlook","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Transl Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.115361","article-title":"mRNA vaccine in gastrointestinal tumors: immunomodulatory effects and immunotherapy","volume":"166","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0026","article-title":"Thymosin \u03b11 reverses oncolytic adenovirus-induced M2 polarization of macrophages to improve antitumor immunity and therapeutic efficacy","volume":"5","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Rep Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.29309","article-title":"mRNA-HPV vaccine encoding E6 and E7 improves therapeutic potential for HPV-mediated cancers via subcutaneous immunization","volume":"95","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2379","DOI":"10.1038\/d41591-023-00072-0","article-title":"Personalized anti-cancer vaccine combining mRNA and immunotherapy tested in melanoma trial","volume":"29","author":"Carvalho","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2024.2307187","article-title":"Recent progress in mRNA cancer vaccines","volume":"20","author":"Yao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hum Vaccin Immunother"},{"issue":"Pt 2","key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0030","article-title":"The interplay between post-transcriptional RNA regulation and Wnt\/\u03b2-Catenin signaling in cancer: a review","volume":"328","author":"Sun","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines13010014","article-title":"Regulating immune responses induced by PEGylated messenger RNA-lipid nanoparticle vaccine","volume":"13","author":"Jo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"issue":"33","key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7314","DOI":"10.2174\/0109298673309489240816063313","article-title":"The investigation of Nf\u03bab inhibitors to block cell proliferation in OSCC cells lines","volume":"32","author":"Cheng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr Med Chem"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202318515","article-title":"Development of mannosylated lipid nanoparticles for mRNA cancer vaccine with high antigen presentation efficiency and immunomodulatory capability","volume":"63","author":"Lei","year":"2024","journal-title":"Angew Chem Int Ed Engl"},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202309770","article-title":"All-trans-retinoic acid-adjuvanted mRNA vaccine induces mucosal anti-tumor immune responses for treating colorectal cancer","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-025-04198-7","article-title":"piR-16404 drives ferroptotic liver injury via CASTOR1\/mTORC1\/GPX4 dysregulation in HepG2 cells and mice: a novel toxicity mechanism of N, N-dimethylformamide","volume":"100","author":"Ma","year":"2026","journal-title":"Arch Toxicol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2024.04.003","article-title":"RNA aggregates harness the danger response for potent cancer immunotherapy","volume":"187","author":"Mendez-Gomez","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/psp4.70188","article-title":"Immunostimulatory and immunodynamic modeling analysis to determine a plausible starting dose of mRNA-4359 for use in first-in-human trials","volume":"15","author":"Greene","year":"2026","journal-title":"CPT Pharmacometrics Syst Pharmacol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2024.05.005","article-title":"RNA vaccines for cancer: principles to practice","volume":"42","author":"Guasp","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"issue":"33","key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202404830","article-title":"pH-responsive \u03b2-glucans-complexed mRNA in LNPs as an oral vaccine for enhancing cancer immunotherapy","volume":"36","author":"Luo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv Mater"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/2162402X.2024.2373526","article-title":"Novel mRNA adjuvant ImmunER enhances prostate cancer tumor-associated antigen mRNA therapy via augmenting T cell activity","volume":"13","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Oncoimmunology"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/ctm2.70020","article-title":"NY-ESO-1 antigen: a promising frontier in cancer immunotherapy","volume":"14","author":"Alsalloum","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Transl Med"},{"issue":"8056","key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-08508-4","article-title":"RNA neoantigen vaccines prime long-lived CD8(+) T cells in pancreatic cancer","volume":"639","author":"Sethna","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2021.120586","article-title":"mRNA-lipid nanoparticle COVID-19 vaccines: structure and stability","volume":"601","author":"Schoenmaker","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Pharm"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3772","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2024.09.019","article-title":"Synergistic integration of mRNA-LNP with CAR-engineered immune cells: pioneering progress in immunotherapy","volume":"32","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol Ther"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5976","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI134915","article-title":"mRNA vaccine-induced neoantigen-specific T cell immunity in patients with gastrointestinal cancer","volume":"130","author":"Cafri","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1038\/mt.2010.289","article-title":"Intradermal vaccinations with RNA coding for TAA generate CD8+ and CD4+ immune responses and induce clinical benefit in vaccinated patients","volume":"19","author":"Rittig","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol Ther"},{"issue":"7963","key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06063-y","article-title":"Personalized RNA neoantigen vaccines stimulate T cells in pancreatic cancer","volume":"618","author":"Rojas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1038\/s41435-024-00305-3","article-title":"Neoantigen-specific mRNA\/DC vaccines for effective anticancer immunotherapy","volume":"25","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Genes Immun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2025.08.005","article-title":"Macroporous hydrogel-based mRNA cancer vaccine for in situ recruitment and modulation of dendritic cells","volume":"204","author":"Zhou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acta Biomater"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-025-01661-x","article-title":"WT1-mRNA dendritic cell vaccination of patients with glioblastoma multiforme, malignant pleural mesothelioma, metastatic breast cancer, and other solid tumors: type 1 T-lymphocyte responses are associated with clinical outcome","volume":"18","author":"Berneman","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Hematol Oncol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1312","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdy089","article-title":"Combined immunotherapy encompassing intratumoral poly-ICLC, dendritic-cell vaccination and radiotherapy in advanced cancer patients","volume":"29","author":"Rodr\u00edguez-Ruiz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0307204","article-title":"Integration of the PD-L1 inhibitor atezolizumab and WT1\/DC vaccination into standard-of-care first-line treatment for patients with epithelioid malignant pleural mesothelioma-Protocol of the Immuno-MESODEC study","volume":"19","author":"Van den Bossche","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3553","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201141383","article-title":"Enhancement of anti-tumor immunity through local modulation of CTLA-4 and GITR by dendritic cells","volume":"41","author":"Pruitt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-013-1453-3","article-title":"Therapeutic vaccination against autologous cancer stem cells with mRNA-transfected dendritic cells in patients with glioblastoma","volume":"62","author":"Vik-Mo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol Immunother"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-019-02315-x","article-title":"A phase I\/IIa study of the mRNA-based cancer immunotherapy CV9201 in patients with stage IIIB\/IV non-small cell lung cancer","volume":"68","author":"Sebastian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol Immunother"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-022-01478-7","article-title":"Recent advances in mRNA-LNP therapeutics: immunological and pharmacological aspects","volume":"20","author":"Kiaie","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Nanobiotechnol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2407-14-748","article-title":"Phase Ib study evaluating a self-adjuvanted mRNA cancer vaccine (RNActive\u00ae) combined with local radiation as consolidation and maintenance treatment for patients with stage IV non-small cell lung cancer","volume":"14","author":"Sebastian","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2263","DOI":"10.4161\/hv.25181","article-title":"A novel, disruptive vaccination technology: self-adjuvanted RNActive(\u00ae) vaccines","volume":"9","author":"Kallen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hum Vaccin Immunother"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.32604\/or.2024.043987","article-title":"mRNA vaccines: a new era in vaccine development","volume":"32","author":"Chandra","year":"2024","journal-title":"Oncol Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1186\/s40425-015-0068-y","article-title":"Self-adjuvanted mRNA vaccination in advanced prostate cancer patients: a first-in-man phase I\/IIa study","volume":"3","author":"K\u00fcbler","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1619","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-01937-6","article-title":"Individualized, heterologous chimpanzee adenovirus and self-amplifying mRNA neoantigen vaccine for advanced metastatic solid tumors: phase 1 trial interim results","volume":"28","author":"Palmer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1089\/bfm.2022.0019","article-title":"Comparative profiles of SARS-CoV-2 spike-specific human milk antibodies elicited by mRNA- and adenovirus-based COVID-19 vaccines","volume":"17","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Breastfeed Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1097\/COH.0000000000000763","article-title":"New vector and vaccine platforms: mRNA, DNA, viral vectors","volume":"17","author":"Hanke","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr Opin HIV AIDS"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-02851-9","article-title":"A shared neoantigen vaccine combined with immune checkpoint blockade for advanced metastatic solid tumors: phase 1 trial interim results","volume":"30","author":"Rappaport","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1097\/CJI.0b013e31821dcb31","article-title":"Therapeutic vaccination with an autologous mRNA electroporated dendritic cell vaccine in patients with advanced melanoma","volume":"34","author":"Wilgenhof","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Immunother"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1898","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-16-2057","article-title":"Long-term survival in glioblastoma with cytomegalovirus pp65-targeted vaccination","volume":"23","author":"Batich","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0067","first-page":"5495","article-title":"Wilms' tumor gene 1 (WT1)\u2013loaded dendritic cell immunotherapy in patients with uterine tumors: a phase I\/II clinical trial","volume":"33","author":"Coosemans","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anticancer Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-006-0222-y","article-title":"T cell responses in melanoma patients after vaccination with tumor-mRNA transfected dendritic cells","volume":"56","author":"Kyte","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol Immunother"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-200204000-00013","article-title":"Induction of tumor-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes in cancer patients by autologous tumor RNA-transfected dendritic cells","volume":"235","author":"Nair","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3061","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.30696","article-title":"Immune responses and long-term disease recurrence status after telomerase-based dendritic cell immunotherapy in patients with acute myeloid leukemia","volume":"123","author":"Khoury","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0071","first-page":"5091","article-title":"Immunogenicity of dendritic cells pulsed with CEA peptide or transfected with CEA mRNA for vaccination of colorectal cancer patients","volume":"30","author":"Lesterhuis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anticancer Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0072","unstructured":"An exploratory clinical study of safety and efficacy of neoantigen mRNA vaccines in the treatment of patients with resectable pancreatic cancer [Internet]. 2024. Available from: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT06326736."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0073","unstructured":"Phase I clinical study of HBx-based mRNA Vaccine (WGc-0201 Injection) Plus Tislelizumab in Hepahepatocellular Carcinoma With High Risk of Recurrence and Metastasis After Radical Therapy [Internet]. 2025. Available from: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT07077369."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-020-02496-w","article-title":"Tumor-associated antigen-based personalized dendritic cell vaccine in solid tumor patients","volume":"69","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol Immunother"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2686","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdt245","article-title":"A phase IB study on intravenous synthetic mRNA electroporated dendritic cell immunotherapy in pretreated advanced melanoma patients","volume":"24","author":"Wilgenhof","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0076","unstructured":"Ovarian cancer treatment with a liposome formulated mRNA Vaccine in Combination With (Neo-)Adjuvant Chemotherapy [Internet]. 2019. Available from: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT04163094."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0077","unstructured":"Safety and Efficacy Study of NWRD09 in HPV-16 Related Intraepithelial Neoplasia and Cervical Cancer Patients [Internet]. 2025. Available from: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT07092007."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-019-02466-x","article-title":"Autologous monocyte-derived DC vaccination combined with cisplatin in stage III and IV melanoma patients: a prospective, randomized phase 2 trial","volume":"69","author":"Boudewijns","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol Immunother"},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5297","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-20-1082","article-title":"Once, twice, three times a finding: reproducibility of dendritic cell vaccine trials targeting cytomegalovirus in glioblastoma","volume":"26","author":"Batich","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0080","unstructured":"A dose-escalation and dose-expansion study evaluating the safety and efficacy of personalized neoantigen vaccine in advanced gastric cancer, esophageal cancer and Liver Cancer [Internet]. 2021. Available from: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT05192460."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0081","unstructured":"A Phase 1, Open-Label, Multicenter Study to Assess the Safety and Tolerability of mRNA-5671\/V941 as a Monotherapy and in Combination With Pembrolizumab in Participants With KRAS Mutant Advanced or Metastatic Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer, Colorectal Cancer or Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma [Internet]. 2019. Available from: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT03948763."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0082","unstructured":"An Exploratory Study to Evaluate Safety and Efficacy of the Neoantigen Personalized mRNA Vaccine AK154 Monotherapy or in Combination With AK104 or AK112,and the Sequential mFOLFIRINOX Regimen as Adjuvant Therapy in Surgically Resectable Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma [Internet]. 2025. Available from: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT06913218."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0083","unstructured":"A Prospective, Single Arm Clinicial Trial Evaluating PD-1 mRNA LNP Vaccine for the Treatment of Advanced Primary Hepatocellular Carcinoma Failing Standard Therapy [Internet]. 2025. Available from: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT07053072."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0084","unstructured":"BRAVO: Newly-Diagnosed Brain Stem Gliomas Treated With Adoptive Cellular Therapy During Recovery From Focal Radiotherapy Alone or Focal Radiotherapy and Dose-intensified Temozolomide (Phase I) [Internet]. 2018. Available from: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT03396575."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0085","unstructured":"Pilot Study of Intradermal Vaccination of Melanoma Patients With a Fixed Combination of mRNAs Compared to an Individualized Selection After Analysis of Antigen Expression in Tumor Tissue [Internet]. 2005. Available from: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT00204516."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0086","unstructured":"In Vivo Responses of DC Vaccines Presenting HLA Class I and II Restricted Tumor Epitopes Either by Peptide-pulsing or mRNA Transfection in Melanoma Patients [Internet]. 2005. Available from: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT00243529."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0087","unstructured":"Anti-Tumor Immunotherapy Targeted Against Cytomegalovirus in Patients With Newly-Diagnosed Glioblastoma Multiforme During Recovery From Therapeutic Temozolomide-induced Lymphopenia [Internet]. 2008. Available from: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT00639639."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0088","unstructured":"Phase I\/II Trial of Vaccine Therapy With Tumor Stem Cell Derived mRNA- Transfected Dendritic Cells in Patients Receiving Standard Therapy for Glioblastoma [Internet]. 2009. Available from: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT00846456."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0089","unstructured":"TLR Ligand Matured Dendritic Cell Vaccination in Melanoma Patients: the Key Towards a More Potent Immune Induction? [Internet]. 2009. Available from: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT00940004."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0090","unstructured":"Phase I\/II Trial for Vaccine Therapy With Dendritic Cells - Transfected With hTERT-, Survivin- and Tumor Cell Derived mRNA + ex Vivo T Cell Expansion and Reinfusion in Patients With Metastatic Malignant Melanoma [Internet]. 2009. Available from: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT00961844."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0091","unstructured":"Evaluation of Dendritic Cells Transfected With Survivin, hTERT and p53 mRNA as a Treatment for Patients With Metastatic Breast Cancer or Malignant Melanoma [Internet]. 2009. Available from: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT00978913."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0092","unstructured":"2010. Available from: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT01066390."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0093","unstructured":"Phase II Study of Active Immunotherapy With Mature, Human Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase Messenger RNA -Transfected, Autologous Dendritic Cells (DC) Administered In A Prime-Boost Format to Subjects With Metastatic Prostate Cancer [Internet]. 2010. Available from: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT01153113."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0094","unstructured":"Phase I\/II Trial of Vaccine Therapy With mRNA- Transfected Dendritic Cells in Patients With Androgen Resistant Metastatic Prostate Cancer [Internet]. 2011. Available from: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT01278914."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0095","unstructured":"Phase I\/II Trial of Vaccine Therapy With mRNA- Transfected Dendritic Cells in Patients With Advanced Malignant Melanoma [Internet]. 2011. Available from: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT01278940."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0096","unstructured":"Dendritic Cell Vaccination in Combination With Docetaxel for Patients With Cancer Prostate - a Randomized Phase II Study [Internet]. 2011. Available from: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT01446731."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0097","unstructured":"Immune Responses to Autologous Langerhans-type Dendritic Cells Electroporated With mRNA Encoding a Tumor-associated Antigen in Patients With Malignancy: A Single-arm Phase I Trial in Melanoma [Internet]. 2011. Available from: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT01456104."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0098","unstructured":"An Open Label Randomised Phase II Trial of RNActive\u00ae Cancer Vaccine (CV9104) in High Risk and Intermediate Risk Patients With Prostate Cancer [Internet]. 2014. Available from: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT02140138."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0099","unstructured":"Immunochemotherapy: Do Platin-based Chemotherapeutics Enhance Dendritic Cell Vaccine Efficacy in Melanoma Patients? [Internet]. 2013. Available from: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT02285413."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0100","unstructured":"Evaluation of Overcoming Limited Migration and Enhancing Cytomegalovirus-specific Dendritic Cell Vaccines With Adjuvant TEtanus Pre-conditioning in Patients With Newly-diagnosed Glioblastoma [Internet]. 2014. Available from: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT02366728."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0101","unstructured":"ATTAC-II: A Phase II Randomized, Blinded, and Placebo-controlled Trial of CMV RNA-Pulsed Dendritic Cells With Tetanus-Diphtheria Toxoid Vaccine in Patients With Newly-Diagnosed Glioblastoma [Internet]. 2015. Available from: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT02465268."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0102","unstructured":"Vaccination With PD-L1\/L2-silenced Minor Histocompatibility Antigen-loaded Donor DC Vaccines to Boost Graft-versus-tumor Immunity After Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation (a Phase I\/II Study) [Internet]. 2015. Available from: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT02528682."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0103","unstructured":"AVeRT: Anti-PD-1 Monoclonal Antibody (Nivolumab) in Combination With DC Vaccines for the Treatment of Recurrent Grade III and Grade IV Brain Tumors [Internet]. 2015. Available from: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT02529072."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0104","unstructured":"Personalized Cellular Vaccine Therapy in Treating Patients With Recurrent Glioblastoma (PerCellVac2) [Internet]. 2016. Available from: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT02808364."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0105","unstructured":"Personalized Cellular Vaccine Therapy in Treating Patients With Brain Metastases From Solid Tumors [Internet]. 2016. Available from: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT02808416."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0106","unstructured":"A Phase 1\/2 Study of Combination Immunotherapy and mRNA Vaccine in Subjects With Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) [Internet]. 2017. Available from: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT03164772."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0107","unstructured":"Clinical Study of Personalized mRNA Tumor Vaccine Encoding Neoantigen in Patients With Advanced Esophageal Squamous Carcinoma, Gastric Adenocarcinoma, Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma and Colorectal Adenocarcinoma [Internet]. 2018. Available from: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT03468244."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0108","unstructured":"DC Migration Study to Evaluate TReg Depletion In GBM Patients With and Without Varlilumab [Internet]. 2018. Available from: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT03688178."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0109","unstructured":"Clinical Trial on the Safety and Efficacy of Neoantigen Antigen mRNA Tumor Vaccine in the Treatment of Advanced Esophageal Cancer and Non-small Cell Lung Cancer [Internet]. 2019. Available from: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT03908671."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0110","unstructured":"I-ATTAC: Improved Anti-Tumor Immunotherapy Targeted Against Cytomegalovirus in Patients With Newly-Diagnosed WHO Grade IV Unmethylated Glioma [Internet]. 2019. Available from: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT03927222."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0111","unstructured":"First-in-human, Dose Titration and Expansion Trial to Evaluate Safety, Immunogenicity and Preliminary Efficacy of W_pro1 (BNT112) Monotherapy and in Combination With Cemiplimab in Patients With Prostate Cancer [Internet]. 2020. Available from: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT04382898."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0112","unstructured":"A Phase I\/II Study of RNA-lipid Particle (RNA-LP) Vaccines for Newly Diagnosed Pediatric High-Grade Gliomas (pHGG) and Adult Glioblastoma (GBM) [Internet]. 2020. Available from: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT04573140."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0113","unstructured":"The DEMAND Study: Dose Escalation Study of Monocyte Antigen Carrier Cells for Newly Diagnosed Glioblastoma With Unmethylated MGMT Gene Promoter [Internet]. 2021. Available from: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT04741984."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0114","unstructured":"Adjuvant Dendritic Cell Immunotherapy Complementing Conventional Therapy for Pediatric Patients With High-grade Glioma and Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma [Internet]. 2021. Available from: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT04911621."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0115","unstructured":"A Phase 1 Clinical Study to Evaluate the Tolerability, Safety,Immunogenicity and Efficacy of the Neoantigen mRNA Personalised Cancer Vaccine SW1115C3 in Patients With Advanced Malignant Solid Tumours [Internet]. 2022. Available from: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT05198752."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0116","unstructured":"A Dose-Escalation and Dose-Expansion Study Evaluating the Safety and Efficacy of Personalized Neoantigen Vaccine in Advanced Solid Tumors [Internet]. 2022. Available from: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT05359354."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0117","unstructured":"A Randomized, Open-Label, Phase 2 Study of a Patient-Specific Vaccine Targeting Neoantigens in Combination With Immune Checkpoint Blockade for Patients With Colon Cancer With Minimal Residual Disease Following Surgical Resection and Standard Adjuvant Chemotherapy [Internet]. 2022. Available from: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT05456165."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0118","unstructured":"A Single-center, Open-label Study to Evaluate the Safety and Tolerability of JCXH-212 Monotherapy and Combined With Toripalimab in the Treatment of Malignant Solid Tumors [Internet]. 2022. Available from: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT05579275."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0119","unstructured":"RNA PRIME - RNA Lipid Particles Targeting Pediatric Recurrent Intracranial Malignancies and Other systEmic Solid Tumors [Internet]. 2022. Available from: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT05660408."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0120","unstructured":"A Phase I Study of mRNA Vaccine for Patients With HBV-positive Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma [Internet]. 2023. Available from: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT05738447."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0121","unstructured":"Clinical Study of mRNA Personalized Tumor Vaccine Encoding Neonatal Antigen Combined With Sintilimab Injection Liver Cancer [Internet]. 2023. Available from: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT05761717."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0122","unstructured":"Phase I Study of TH1 Dendritic Cell Immunotherapy for the Treatment of Cutaneous Angiosarcoma [Internet]. 2023. Available from: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT05799612."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0123","unstructured":"A Phase 1 Dose-Finding Study to Evaluate Safety and Tolerability of CVGBM in Patients with Surgically Resected Glioblastoma (GBM) or Astrocytoma with a Molecular Signature of Unmethylated Glioblastoma [Internet]. 2023. Available from: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT05938387."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0124","unstructured":"A Clinical Study to Assess the Safety, Feasibility, and Efficacy of Personalized mRNA Vaccine Encoding Neoantigen Alone in Subjects With Advanced Digestive System Neoplasms [Internet]. 2023. Available from: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT06019702."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0125","unstructured":"A Clinical Study to Assess the Safety, Feasibility, and Efficacy of Personalized mRNA Vaccine Encoding Neoantigen in Combination With Standard First-line Treatment in Subjects With Advanced Digestive System Neoplasms [Internet]. 2023. Available from: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT06026800."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0126","unstructured":"An Exploratory Study of Neoantigen Personalized mRNA Vaccines in Combination With Adebrelimab and Sequential mFOLFIRINOX Regimen in Patients With Surgically Resected Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma [Internet]. 2023. Available from: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT06156267."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0127","unstructured":"Anti-cancer Neoantigen mRNA Vaccine to Treat Advanced Solid Tumors: Phase I Clinical Trial [Internet]. 2023. Available from: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT06195384."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0128","unstructured":"An Open-Label, Phase 1\/2 Study to Evaluate the Safety, Tolerability, Immunogenicity and Efficacy of RG002 Injection (an mRNA Therapeutic Vaccine) in Subjects With Human Papillomavirus (HPV) 16 or 18 Associated Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia Grade 2 or 3 (CIN2\/3) [Internet]. 2024. Available from: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT06273553."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0129","unstructured":"Efficacy and Safety Trial of XH001 (Neoantigen Cancer Vaccine) Sequential Combination With Immunocheckpoint Inhibitor and Chemotherapy in Adjuvant Therapy for Patients With Resected Pancreatic Cancer [Internet]. 2024. Available from: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT06353646."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0130","unstructured":"A Phase I Study of RNA-Lipid Particle (RNA-LP) Vaccines for Recurrent Adult Glioblastoma (GBM) [Internet]. 2024. Available from: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT06389591."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0131","unstructured":"An Open Label, Prospective, Exploratory Study to Assess the Safety and Efficacy of Individualized Neo-antigen mRNA Cancer Vaccine InnoPCV in Combination With PD-1 in Participants With Advanced Solid Tumor [Internet]. 2024. Available from: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT06497010."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0132","unstructured":"A Clinical Study to Investigate Safety, Tolerability, Immunogenicity, and Preliminary Efficacy of mRNA Nanoparticles Encoding KRAS Neoantigens (ABO2102) in Participants With KRAS-mutated Advanced Pancreatic Cancer And Other Solid Tumors [Internet]. 2024. Available from: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT06577532."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0133","unstructured":"An EBV mRNA Vaccine (WGc-043 Injection) in Patients With EB Virus-positive Relapsed or Refractory Lymphoma: A Phase I Clinical Trial Assessing the Safety, Tolerability, Pharmacokinetics, Immunogenicity, and Preliminary Anti-tumor Activity [Internet]. 2025. Available from: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT06788600."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0134","unstructured":"The Phase I Clinical Study of the Inhaled mRNA Tumor-associated Antigen Dry Powder Vaccine BMD006 in Patients With Advanced Lung Cancer or Metastatic Solid Tumors in the Lungs [Internet]. 2025. Available from: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT06928922."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0135","unstructured":"Exploratory Study of Personalized mRNA Vaccine in Patients With Refractory Rhabdomyosarcoma [Internet]. 2025. Available from: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT06932861."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0136","unstructured":"Safety and Efficacy of KRAS Vaccine in the Treatment of KRAS-mutant Malignancies [Internet]. 2025. Available from: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT07004244."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0137","unstructured":"Exploratory Clinical Study of Neoantigen Tumor Vaccine Therapy for Gastrointestinal Solid Tumors [Internet]. 2025. Available from: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT07067385."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0138","unstructured":"Application of mRNA Vaccine in Liver Transplantation for Hepatocellular Carcinoma [Internet]. 2025. Available from: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT07077356."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0139","unstructured":"Efficacy and Safety of XH001 (New Antigen Tumor Vaccine) Combined With Chemotherapy as Adjuvant Therapy in Pancreatic Cancer Patients [Internet]. 2025. Available from: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT07114666."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0140","unstructured":"A Phase 1 Clinical Trial of Personalized mRNA Tumor Vaccine RH125 in Patients With Advanced or Metastatic Solid Tumors Evaluating the Safety, Tolerability, and Efficacy [Internet]. 2025. Available from: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT07182435."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2024.08.029","article-title":"New insights into the function and mechanisms of piRNA PMLCPIR in promoting PM(2.5)-induced lung cancer","volume":"73","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Adv Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medj.2024.11.015","article-title":"Clinical advances of mRNA vaccines for cancer immunotherapy","volume":"6","author":"Yaremenko","year":"2025","journal-title":"Med"},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.2023114378","article-title":"Translation-coupled mRNA quality control mechanisms","volume":"42","author":"Monaghan","year":"2023","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-3625-0_9","article-title":"Cools N. GMP-Grade mRNA electroporation of dendritic cells for clinical use","volume":"1428","author":"Derdelinckx","year":"2016","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.827048","article-title":"Antigen-specific CD4(+) T-cell activation in primary antibody deficiency After BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccination","volume":"13","author":"Sauerwein","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-024-02993-5","article-title":"IL-7 promotes mRNA vaccine-induced long-term immunity","volume":"22","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Nanobiotechnol"},{"issue":"41","key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eadn9961","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adn9961","article-title":"Lipopolyplex-formulated mRNA cancer vaccine elicits strong neoantigen-specific T cell responses and antitumor activity","volume":"10","author":"Fan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2629","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-05096-6","article-title":"Engineering circular RNA for potent and stable translation in eukaryotic cells","volume":"9","author":"Wesselhoeft","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6422","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.77350","article-title":"Circular RNA cancer vaccines drive immunity in hard-to-treat malignancies","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2302191120","article-title":"Circular RNA vaccine induces potent T cell responses","volume":"120","author":"Amaya","year":"2023","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/mco2.667","article-title":"Circular RNA-based neoantigen vaccine for hepatocellular carcinoma immunotherapy","volume":"5","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"MedComm"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0152","article-title":"STING-activating polymers boost lymphatic delivery of mRNA vaccine to potentiate cancer immunotherapy","volume":"37","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv Mater"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0153","article-title":"Farrokhpour M. The role of immunogenomics in advancing precision immunotherapy for non-small cell lung cancer","volume":"12","author":"Nejad","year":"2025","journal-title":"Immunopathol Persa"},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers16193428","article-title":"Innovative cancer immunotherapy with MAGE-A3 mRNA cancer vaccines","volume":"16","author":"Choi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1357217","article-title":"Personalized cancer vaccine design using AI-powered technologies","volume":"15","author":"Kumar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2024.12.004","article-title":"Boosting CAR-T cell therapy through vaccine synergy","volume":"46","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2025.109559","article-title":"Analyzing the impact of threshold strategies on cancer treatment using non-smooth models","volume":"390","author":"Wu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Math Biosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7226","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-51411-9","article-title":"Innate immune responses against mRNA vaccine promote cellular immunity through IFN-\u03b2 at the injection site","volume":"15","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606_bib0159","article-title":"Computational biology and artificial intelligence in mRNA vaccine design for cancer immunotherapy","volume":"14","author":"Imani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"}],"container-title":["Current Research in Translational Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2452318626000425?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2452318626000425?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T20:52:42Z","timestamp":1789246362000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2452318626000425"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"references-count":159,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S2452318626000425"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606","relation":{},"ISSN":["2452-3186"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2452-3186","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Clinical translation of mRNA-based cancer vaccines for solid tumors","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Current Research in Translational Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.retram.2026.103606","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"103606"}}