{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T15:44:33Z","timestamp":1791819873779,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.fr","em-consulte.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["La Revue de M\u00e9decine Interne"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.04.006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T11:20:36Z","timestamp":1777980036000},"page":"547-553","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Infection spontan\u00e9e du liquide d\u2019ascite\u00a0: mise au point"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"Jackie","family":"Bitton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leyla","family":"Rhabbour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Virginie","family":"Zarrouk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivier","family":"Roux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.04.006_bib0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(00)80201-9","article-title":"Diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis: a consensus document. International Ascites Club","volume":"32","author":"Rimola","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.04.006_bib0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1368","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2018.12.005","article-title":"Epidemiology and effects of bacterial infections in patients with cirrhosis worldwide","volume":"156","author":"Piano","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.04.006_bib0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2013.07.044","article-title":"Pathological bacterial translocation in liver cirrhosis","volume":"60","author":"Wiest","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.04.006_bib0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2011.02.022","article-title":"Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2\u00a0promoter and intron 2\u00a0polymorphisms are associated with increased risk for spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in liver cirrhosis","volume":"55","author":"Nischalke","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.04.006_bib0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(93)90284-J","article-title":"Risk factors for spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhotic patients with ascites","volume":"104","author":"Andreu","year":"1993","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.04.006_bib0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1478-3231.2010.02377.x","article-title":"Recurrence of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhotic patients non-prophylactically treated with norfloxacin: serum albumin as an easy but reliable predictive factor","volume":"31","author":"Huang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.04.006_bib0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7490","DOI":"10.4238\/2015.July.3.25","article-title":"Proton pump inhibitor use and risk of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhotic patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Xu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Genet Mol Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.04.006_bib0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2012.12.011","article-title":"Non-selective betablocker therapy decreases intestinal permeability and serum levels of LBP and IL-6\u00a0in patients with cirrhosis","volume":"58","author":"Reiberger","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.04.006_bib0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1402","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2016.344","article-title":"The periscreen strip is highly efficient for the exclusion of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhotic outpatients","volume":"111","author":"Th\u00e9venot","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.04.006_bib0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.4254\/wjh.v5.i3.104","article-title":"Low incidence of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in asymptomatic cirrhotic outpatients","volume":"5","author":"Cadranel","year":"2013","journal-title":"World J Hepatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.04.006_bib0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2003.50119","article-title":"Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in asymptomatic outpatients with cirrhotic ascites","volume":"37","author":"Evans","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.04.006_bib0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1436","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2014.212","article-title":"Delayed paracentesis is associated with increased in-hospital mortality in patients with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis","volume":"109","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.04.006_bib0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2018.03.024","article-title":"EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines for the management of patients with decompensated cirrhosis","volume":"69","author":"Angeli","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.04.006_bib0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(88)90372-1","article-title":"Optimization of ascitic fluid culture technique","volume":"95","author":"Runyon","year":"1988","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.04.006_bib0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2011.11.010","article-title":"Risk factors for resistance to ceftriaxone and its impact on mortality in community, healthcare and nosocomial spontaneous bacterial peritonitis","volume":"56","author":"Ariza","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.04.006_bib0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1298","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.13226","article-title":"Editorial: spontaneous bacterial peritonitis--bacteriology, diagnosis, treatment, risk factors and prevention. Authors\u2019 reply","volume":"41","author":"Dever","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.04.006_bib0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2021.05.002","article-title":"Performance of leukocyte esterase reagent strips in the detection of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhotic patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Patel","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Exp Hepatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.04.006_bib0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S131","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(17)30532-9","article-title":"Resistant bacterial infections in cirrhosis: a French observational prospective multicentre nationwide study (RESIST study) (Abstract)","volume":"66","author":"Pauwels","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.04.006_bib0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-14-287","article-title":"Evolving epidemiology and antimicrobial resistance in spontaneous bacterial peritonitis: a two-year observational study","volume":"14","author":"Piroth","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.04.006_bib0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.38.2.340","article-title":"Rapid emergence of quinolone resistance in cirrhotic patients treated with norfloxacin to prevent spontaneous bacterial peritonitis","volume":"38","author":"Dupeyron","year":"1994","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.04.006_bib0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1086\/520273","article-title":"Epidemiology of severe hospital-acquired infections in patients with liver cirrhosis: effect of long-term administration of norfloxacin","volume":"26","author":"Campillo","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.04.006_bib0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1086\/340617","article-title":"Nosocomial spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and bacteremia in cirrhotic patients: impact of isolate type on prognosis and characteristics of infection","volume":"35","author":"Campillo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.04.006_bib0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3226","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10113226","article-title":"Next- and third-generation sequencing outperforms culture-based methods in the diagnosis of ascitic fluid bacterial infections of ICU patients","volume":"10","author":"Goelz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cells"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.04.006_bib0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.4254\/wjh.v11.i7.596","article-title":"Spontaneous fungal peritonitis: micro-organisms, management and mortality in liver cirrhosis\u00a0\u2013\u00a0a systematic review","volume":"11","author":"Tariq","year":"2019","journal-title":"World J Hepatol"},{"issue":"34","key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.04.006_bib0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7742","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v22.i34.7742","article-title":"Spontaneous fungal peritonitis: epidemiology, current evidence and future prospective","volume":"22","author":"Fiore","year":"2016","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.04.006_bib0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.31884","article-title":"Diagnosis, evaluation, and management of ascites, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and hepatorenal syndrome: 2021\u00a0Practice Guidance by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases","volume":"74","author":"Biggins","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.04.006_bib0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1782","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01296625","article-title":"Ascitic fluid and serum cefotaxime and desacetyl cefotaxime levels in patients treated for bacterial peritonitis","volume":"36","author":"Runyon","year":"1991","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.04.006_bib0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1587","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.37.8.1587","article-title":"Randomized trial comparing ceftriaxone with cefonicid for treatment of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhotic patients","volume":"37","author":"G\u00f3mez-Jim\u00e9nez","year":"1993","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.04.006_bib0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2750","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkae310","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of ceftriaxone, gentamicin, meropenem and vancomycin in liver cirrhosis: a systematic review","volume":"79","author":"Comce","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.04.006_bib0400","unstructured":"Haute Autorit\u00e9 de sant\u00e9. Prise en charge des complications chez les malades atteints de cirrhose. Disponible sur\u00a0: https:\/\/www.has-sante.fr\/jcms\/c_606527\/fr\/prise-en-charge-des-complications-chez-les-malades-atteints-de-cirrhose."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.04.006_bib0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3556","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00329-06","article-title":"Randomized, open-label, comparative study of piperacillin-tazobactam administered by continuous infusion versus intermittent infusion for treatment of hospitalized patients with complicated intra-abdominal infection","volume":"50","author":"Lau","year":"2006","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.04.006_bib0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2024.9779","article-title":"Continuous vs. intermittent b-lactam antibiotic infusions in critically ill patients with sepsis: the BLING III randomized clinical trial","volume":"332","author":"Dulhunty","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.04.006_bib0415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2021.07.019","article-title":"Changes in ascitic fluid polymorphonuclear cell count after antibiotics are associated with mortality in spontaneous bacterial peritonitis","volume":"20","author":"Saffo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.04.006_bib0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idnow.2020.12.001","article-title":"Anti-infectious treatment duration: the SPILF and GPIP French guidelines and recommendations","volume":"51","author":"Gauzit","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infect Dis Now"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.04.006_bib0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199908053410603","article-title":"Effect of intravenous albumin on renal impairment and mortality in patients with cirrhosis and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis","volume":"341","author":"Sort","year":"1999","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.04.006_bib0430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2006.113050","article-title":"Restricted use of albumin for spontaneous bacterial peritonitis","volume":"56","author":"Sigal","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.04.006_bib0435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2011-301739","article-title":"Low-dose albumin in the treatment of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis: should we change the standard treatment?","volume":"61","author":"de Araujo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.04.006_bib0440","series-title":"Avis d\u2019experts sur alternatives \u00e0 la norfloxacine pour la pr\u00e9vention de l\u2019infection spontan\u00e9e du liquide d\u2019ascite chez les malades atteints de cirrhose","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.04.006_bib0445","article-title":"Cotrimoxazole for patients with cirrhosis and ascites and no prior spontaneous bacterial peritonitis: the aseptic clinical trial","author":"O\u2019Brien Alastair","year":"2025","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.04.006_bib0450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2025.06.019","article-title":"Effect of rifaximin in patients with severe cirrhosis and ascites: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial","volume":"83","author":"Th\u00e9venot","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.04.006_bib0455","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.10.013","article-title":"Natural history and prognostic indicators of survival in cirrhosis: a systematic review of 118\u00a0studies","volume":"44","author":"D\u2019Amico","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.04.006_bib0460","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2020.08.010","article-title":"Recurrent and treatment-unresponsive spontaneous bacterial peritonitis worsens survival in decompensated liver cirrhosis","volume":"11","author":"Falleti","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Exp Hepatol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.04.006_bib0465","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0000000000000700","article-title":"Clinical and microbiological characteristics associated with mortality in spontaneous bacterial peritonitis: a multicenter cohort study","volume":"28","author":"Oliveira","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.04.006_bib0470","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1892","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2017-314324","article-title":"Assessment of sepsis-3\u00a0criteria and quick SOFA in patients with cirrhosis and bacterial infections","volume":"67","author":"Piano","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.04.006_bib0475","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(99)00217-X","article-title":"Hepatic hydrothorax: pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management","volume":"107","author":"Lazaridis","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.04.006_bib0480","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1258","DOI":"10.4254\/wjh.v14.i6.1258","article-title":"Spontaneous bacterial empyema in cirrhosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Reiche","year":"2022","journal-title":"World J Hepatol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.04.006_bib0485","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2022.02.007","article-title":"Early thoracentesis correlated with survival benefit in patients with spontaneous bacterial empyema","volume":"54","author":"Albitar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dig Liver Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.04.006_bib0490","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1111\/1751-2980.13066","article-title":"One-year outcome of patients with cirrhosis who developed spontaneous bacterial empyema: a cohort study","volume":"22","author":"Jim\u00e9nez-Guti\u00e9rrez","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Dig Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.04.006_bib0495","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02064369","article-title":"Prevalence and prognostic significance of bacterascites in cirrhosis with ascites","volume":"40","author":"Chu","year":"1995","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.04.006_bib0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1097\/LVT.0000000000000068","article-title":"Bacterascites confers poor patient prognosis beyond MELD prediction","volume":"29","author":"King","year":"2023","journal-title":"Liver Transplant"}],"container-title":["La Revue de M\u00e9decine Interne"],"original-title":[],"language":"fr","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0248866326005345?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0248866326005345?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T14:44:39Z","timestamp":1791816279000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0248866326005345"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S0248866326005345"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.04.006","relation":{},"ISSN":["0248-8663"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0248-8663","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Infection spontan\u00e9e du liquide d\u2019ascite\u00a0: mise au point","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"La Revue de M\u00e9decine Interne","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.04.006","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Nationale Fran\u00e7aise de M\u00e9decine Interne (SNFMI). Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}