{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T12:32:55Z","timestamp":1793622775836,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":115,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.fr","em-consulte.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["La Revue de M\u00e9decine Interne"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.07.008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T13:55:56Z","timestamp":1786024556000},"page":"599-610","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Traitement du syndrome des anti-synth\u00e9tases"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"47","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0886-7699","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean-Philippe","family":"Martellosio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Micka\u00ebl","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9527-1801","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Florent","family":"Broca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Van Minh","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5639-0138","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mathieu","family":"Puyade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9400-6555","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cl\u00e9ment","family":"Beuvon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.07.008_bib0580","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2024.104453","article-title":"273rd ENMC International workshop: Clinico-Sero-morphological classification of the Antisynthetase syndrome. Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 27-29\u00a0October 2023","volume":"45","author":"Stenzel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neuromuscul Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.07.008_bib0585","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1528","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2018.2598","article-title":"Development of a new classification system for idiopathic inflammatory myopathies based on clinical manifestations and myositis-specific autoantibodies","volume":"75","author":"Mariampillai","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.07.008_bib0590","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-023-05302-9","article-title":"Rituximab as the first-line therapy in anti-synthetase syndrome-related interstitial lung disease","volume":"43","author":"Zeki\u0107","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rheumatol Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.07.008_bib0595","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2014.11.026","article-title":"Interstitial lung disease in anti-synthetase syndrome: initial and follow-up CT findings","volume":"84","author":"Debray","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.07.008_bib0600","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-021-01399-5","article-title":"Clinical features of anti-synthetase syndrome associated interstitial lung disease: a retrospective cohort in China","volume":"21","author":"Zhan","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Pulm Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.07.008_bib0605","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3341","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-025-07521-w","article-title":"Long-term clinical prognosis of anti-aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase antibodies and interstitial lung disease","volume":"44","author":"Yamaguchi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.07.008_bib0610","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5295","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keaf287","article-title":"Clinical-imaging characteristics and management of anti-JO-1\u00a0and non-JO-1\u00a0anti-synthetase syndrome-associated interstitial lung disease","volume":"64","author":"Zhou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.07.008_bib0615","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1332","DOI":"10.1177\/02841851241281492","article-title":"Interstitial lung disease associated with anti-aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase syndrome: quantitative evaluation of CT after initial treatment and long-term follow-up","volume":"65","author":"Aoki","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Radiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.07.008_bib0620","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.161480","article-title":"Clinical profiles and prognosis of patients with distinct antisynthetase autoantibodies","volume":"44","author":"Shi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.07.008_bib0625","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3288","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keaf116","article-title":"Treatment guidelines for idiopathic inflammatory myopathies in adults: a comparative review","volume":"64","author":"Paik","year":"2025","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.07.008_bib0630","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.3109\/s10165-007-0553-3","article-title":"Step-up versus primary intensive approach to the treatment of interstitial pneumonia associated with dermatomyositis\/polymyositis: a retrospective study","volume":"17","author":"Takada","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mod Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.07.008_bib0635","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-017-3854-8","article-title":"Risk factors for the recurrence of interstitial lung disease in patients with polymyositis and dermatomyositis: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"37","author":"Nakazawa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.07.008_bib0640","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1177\/2397198320902667","article-title":"Antisynthetase syndrome: a distinct disease spectrum","volume":"5","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Scleroderma Relat Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.07.008_bib0645","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3288","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keaf116","article-title":"Treatment guidelines for idiopathic inflammatory myopathies in adults: a comparative review","volume":"64","author":"Paik","year":"2025","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.07.008_bib0650","unstructured":"Dermatomyosite de l\u2019enfant et de l\u2019adulte. Haute Autorit\u00e9 de Sant\u00e9 n.d. https:\/\/www.has-sante.fr\/jcms\/c_2666858\/fr\/dermatomyosite-de-l-enfant-et-de-l-adulte. (accessed September 22, 2025)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.07.008_bib0655","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.21895","article-title":"Interstitial lung disease in anti-Jo-1\u00a0patients with antisynthetase syndrome","volume":"65","author":"Marie","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.07.008_bib0660","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-022-06424-4","article-title":"An observational study of clinical recurrence in patients with interstitial lung disease related to the antisynthetase syndrome","volume":"42","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.07.008_bib0665","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1476","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2023.01.031","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of myositis-associated lung disease","volume":"163","author":"Hallowell","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.07.008_bib0670","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.25348","article-title":"2023\u00a0American College of Rheumatology (ACR)\/American College of Chest Physicians (CHEST) Guideline for the Treatment of Interstitial Lung Disease in People with Systemic Autoimmune Rheumatic Diseases","volume":"76","author":"Johnson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.07.008_bib0675","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.berh.2020.101503","article-title":"Clinical manifestations and treatment of antisynthetase syndrome","volume":"34","author":"Marco","year":"2020","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.07.008_bib0680","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152560","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2024.152560","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of a step-down regimen of low dosage of glucocorticoids combined with early administration of synthetic or biologic immunosuppressants in anti-synthetase syndrome: A pilot study","volume":"69","author":"Conticini","year":"2024","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.07.008_bib0685","series-title":"Cyclophosphamide and azathioprine vs tacrolimus in antisynthetase syndrome-related interstitial lung disease: multicentric randomized phase III trial. clinicaltrials.gov","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.07.008_bib0690","first-page":"858","article-title":"Efficacy and adverse effects of methotrexate compared with azathioprine in the antisynthetase syndrome","volume":"37","author":"Casal-Dominguez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.07.008_bib0695","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2019.05.023","article-title":"Long-term treatment with azathioprine and mycophenolate mofetil for myositis-related interstitial lung disease","volume":"156","author":"Huapaya","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.07.008_bib0700","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2013.02.015","article-title":"A retrospective review of clinical features and treatment outcomes in steroid-resistant interstitial lung disease from polymyositis\/dermatomyositis","volume":"107","author":"Mira-Avendano","year":"2013","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.07.008_bib0705","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2805","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-021-05590-1","article-title":"Mycophenolate in idiopathic inflammatory myositis: outcome data of a large South Asian cohort","volume":"40","author":"Nair","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.07.008_bib0710","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1612","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.161217","article-title":"Myositis-associated interstitial lung disease: predictors of failure of conventional treatment and response to tacrolimus in a US cohort","volume":"44","author":"Sharma","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.07.008_bib0715","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ard.2025.08.021","article-title":"ERS\/EULAR clinical practice guidelines for connective tissue diseases associated interstitial lung disease","volume":"85","author":"Antoniou","year":"2026","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.07.008_bib0720","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reuma.2020.04.015","article-title":"Systematic review of the impact of drugs on diffuse interstitial lung disease associated with rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"17","author":"Carrasco Cubero","year":"2021","journal-title":"Reumatol Clin (Engl Ed)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.07.008_bib0725","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ii10","DOI":"10.1093\/rap\/rkab054","article-title":"Clinical profile and treatment outcomes in antisynthetase syndrome: a tertiary centre experience","volume":"5","author":"Sreevilasan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rheumatol Advanc Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.07.008_bib0730","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/s11926-018-0731-7","article-title":"Management of interstitial lung disease in patients with myositis specific autoantibodies","volume":"20","author":"Mecoli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Rheumatol Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.07.008_bib0735","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keae403","article-title":"Management and outcomes of interstitial lung disease associated with anti-synthetase syndrome: a systematic literature review","volume":"64","author":"Kouranloo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.07.008_bib0740","article-title":"Clinical characteristics and outcome in patients with antisynthetase syndrome associated interstitial lung disease: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"6","author":"Jensen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur Clin Respir J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.07.008_bib0745","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kel112","article-title":"Intravenous cyclophosphamide therapy for progressive interstitial pneumonia in patients with polymyositis\/dermatomyositis","volume":"46","author":"Yamasaki","year":"2007","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.07.008_bib0750","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1053\/sarh.2002.50012","article-title":"Interstitial lung disease in polymyositis and dermatomyositis: clinical course and response to treatment","volume":"32","author":"Schnabel","year":"2003","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.07.008_bib0755","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(22)00359-9","article-title":"Rituximab versus intravenous cyclophosphamide in patients with connective tissue disease-associated interstitial lung disease in the UK (RECITAL): a double-blind, double-dummy, randomised, controlled, phase 2b trial","volume":"11","author":"Maher","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.07.008_bib0760","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2439","DOI":"10.1002\/art.21240","article-title":"Treatment of antisynthetase-associated interstitial lung disease with tacrolimus","volume":"52","author":"Wilkes","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.07.008_bib0765","first-page":"436","article-title":"Calcineurin inhibitors in a cohort of patients with antisynthetase-associated interstitial lung disease","volume":"31","author":"Labirua-Iturburu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.07.008_bib0770","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.180778","article-title":"Efficacy of glucocorticoids and calcineurin inhibitors for anti-aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase antibody\u2013positive polymyositis\/dermatomyositis-associated interstitial lung disease: a propensity score-matched analysis","volume":"46","author":"Hozumi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.07.008_bib0775","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keu166","article-title":"The efficacy of tacrolimus in patients with interstitial lung diseases complicated with polymyositis or dermatomyositis","volume":"54","author":"Kurita","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.07.008_bib0780","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2097","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-015-3065-0","article-title":"The efficacy of tacrolimus in patients with refractory dermatomyositis\/polymyositis: a systematic review","volume":"34","author":"Ge","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.07.008_bib0785","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resinv.2019.10.004","article-title":"Predictive factors for the recurrence of anti-aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase antibody-associated interstitial lung disease","volume":"58","author":"Takei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Respir Investig"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.07.008_bib0790","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1111\/resp.13978","article-title":"Prednisolone and tacrolimus versus prednisolone and cyclosporin A to treat polymyositis\/dermatomyositis-associated ILD: a randomized, open-label trial","volume":"26","author":"Fujisawa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.07.008_bib0795","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1080\/08916930500124023","article-title":"Polymyositis\/dermatomyositis and interstitial lung disease: a new therapeutic approach with T-cell-specific immunosuppressants","volume":"38","author":"Takada","year":"2005","journal-title":"Autoimmunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.07.008_bib0800","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1566","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.150844","article-title":"Rituximab in the Treatment of Jo1\u00a0antibody-associated antisynthetase syndrome: anti-Ro52\u00a0positivity as a marker for severity and treatment response","volume":"43","author":"Bauhammer","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.07.008_bib0805","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-024-03353-2","article-title":"Rituximab in the treatment of progressive interstitial lung disease associated with the antisynthetase syndrome","volume":"26","author":"Narv\u00e1ez","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.07.008_bib0810","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2012.01.001","article-title":"Rituximab therapy for refractory interstitial lung disease related to antisynthetase syndrome","volume":"106","author":"Marie","year":"2012","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.07.008_bib0815","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.170541","article-title":"Rituximab in the treatment of interstitial lung disease associated with antisynthetase syndrome: a multicenter retrospective case review","volume":"45","author":"Doyle","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.07.008_bib0820","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1420","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kev004","article-title":"Long-term experience with rituximab in anti-synthetase syndrome-related interstitial lung disease","volume":"54","author":"Andersson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.07.008_bib0825","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152712","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2025.152712","article-title":"Effectiveness and safety of anti-CD20\u00a0monoclonal antibodies versus csDMARDs in anti-Jo-1\u00a0antisynthetase syndrome: A retrospective cohort study","volume":"72","author":"Sun","year":"2025","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.07.008_bib0830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1678","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.190505","article-title":"Rituximab and cyclophosphamide in antisynthetase syndrome-related interstitial lung disease: an observational retrospective study","volume":"47","author":"Langlois","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.07.008_bib0835","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0133702","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0133702","article-title":"Efficacy of rituximab in refractory inflammatory myopathies associated with anti- synthetase auto-antibodies: an open-label, phase II trial","volume":"10","author":"Allenbach","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.07.008_bib0840","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.02071-2022","article-title":"Rituximab and mycophenolate mofetil combination in patients with interstitial lung disease (EVER-ILD): a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"61","author":"Mankikian","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.07.008_bib0845","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-019-0331-0","article-title":"Serum-circulating His-tRNA synthetase inhibits organ-targeted immune responses","volume":"18","author":"Adams","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Mol Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.07.008_bib0850","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3125","DOI":"10.1002\/art.22865","article-title":"Anti-Jo-1\u00a0antibody levels correlate with disease activity in idiopathic inflammatory myopathy","volume":"56","author":"Stone","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.07.008_bib0855","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kew146","article-title":"Rituximab in the treatment of inflammatory myopathies: a review","volume":"56","author":"Fasano","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.07.008_bib0860","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1002\/art.37754","article-title":"Rituximab in the treatment of refractory adult and juvenile dermatomyositis and adult polymyositis: a randomized, placebo-phase trial","volume":"65","author":"Oddis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.07.008_bib0865","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1002\/art.38270","article-title":"Predictors of clinical improvement in rituximab-treated refractory adult and juvenile dermatomyositis and adult polymyositis","volume":"66","author":"Aggarwal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"issue":"Suppl. 100","key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.07.008_bib0870","first-page":"181","article-title":"Effects of rituximab in connective tissue disorders related interstitial lung disease","volume":"34","author":"Lepri","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.07.008_bib0875","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1111\/resp.12214","article-title":"Rituximab in severe, treatment-refractory interstitial lung disease","volume":"19","author":"Keir","year":"2014","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.07.008_bib0880","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1318","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kew195","article-title":"Rituximab in autoimmune connective tissue disease\u2013associated interstitial lung disease","volume":"55","author":"Sharp","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.07.008_bib0885","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2206","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/ker088","article-title":"Rituximab treatment in patients with refractory inflammatory myopathies","volume":"50","author":"Mahler","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.07.008_bib0890","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kex067","article-title":"Obinutuzumab induces superior B-cell cytotoxicity to rituximab in rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus patient samples","volume":"56","author":"Reddy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.07.008_bib0895","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70143","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.70143","article-title":"Targeted therapy for idiopathic inflammatory myopathy","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.07.008_bib0900","first-page":"377","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of abatacept for interstitial lung disease associated with antisynthetase syndrome: a case series","volume":"42","author":"Xia","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.07.008_bib0905","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"SI156","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keaf218","article-title":"Abatacept for the treatment of myositis-associated interstitial lung disease","volume":"64","author":"Aggarwal","year":"2025","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.07.008_bib0910","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2017-211751","article-title":"Abatacept in the treatment of adult dermatomyositis and polymyositis: a randomised, phase IIb treatment delayed-start trial","volume":"77","author":"Tj\u00e4rnlund","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.07.008_bib0915","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1002\/art.43066","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of subcutaneous abatacept plus standard treatment for active idiopathic inflammatory myopathy: phase 3\u00a0randomized controlled trial","volume":"77","author":"Aggarwal","year":"2025","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.07.008_bib0920","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e004699","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2022-004699","article-title":"Reversal of immune-checkpoint inhibitor fulminant myocarditis using personalized-dose-adjusted abatacept and ruxolitinib: proof of concept","volume":"10","author":"Nguyen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.07.008_bib0925","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbspin.2012.10.012","article-title":"Adalimumab in anti-synthetase syndrome","volume":"80","author":"Da Silva","year":"2013","journal-title":"Joint Bone Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.07.008_bib0930","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-020-02164-5","article-title":"Retrospective analysis of infliximab and adalimumab treatment in a large cohort of juvenile dermatomyositis patients","volume":"22","author":"Campanilho-Marques","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.07.008_bib0935","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/dth.14976","article-title":"The effects of infliximab in treating idiopathic inflammatory myopathies: A review article","volume":"34","author":"Ge","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dermatol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.07.008_bib0940","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2012-202857","article-title":"Anakinra treatment in patients with refractory inflammatory myopathies and possible predictive response biomarkers: a mechanistic study with 12\u00a0months follow-up","volume":"73","author":"Zong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.07.008_bib0945","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/omcr\/omab045","article-title":"A case of macrophage activation syndrome in a patient with anti-synthetase syndrome","volume":"2021","author":"Ahmad","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oxf Med Case Reports"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.07.008_bib0950","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbspin.2007.07.010","article-title":"Antisynthetase syndrome with refractory polyarthritis and fever successfully treated with the IL-1\u00a0receptor antagonist, anakinra: a case report","volume":"75","author":"Furlan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Joint Bone Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.07.008_bib0955","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1002\/acr2.11493","article-title":"Randomized trial of tocilizumab in the treatment of refractory adult polymyositis and dermatomyositis","volume":"4","author":"Oddis","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACR Open Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.07.008_bib0960","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kead281","article-title":"Belimumab treatment of adult idiopathic inflammatory myopathy","volume":"63","author":"Marder","year":"2024","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.07.008_bib0965","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2022.08.2209","article-title":"Successful rescue therapy with daratumumab in rapidly progressive interstitial lung disease caused by MDA5-positive dermatomyositis","volume":"163","author":"Holzer","year":"2023","journal-title":"CHEST"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.07.008_bib0970","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/2050313X251336022","article-title":"Failure of daratumumab in the treatment of anti-synthetase syndrome: a case report","volume":"13","author":"Nguyen","year":"2025","journal-title":"SAGE Open Med Case Reports"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.07.008_bib0975","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152474","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2024.152474","article-title":"Janus kinase inhibition (JAKi) therapy in refractory anti-synthetase syndrome: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"68","author":"Shan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.07.008_bib0980","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e003837","DOI":"10.1136\/rmdopen-2023-003837","article-title":"Upadacitinib therapy in refractory inflammatory myositis: a case series of 10\u00a0patients","volume":"10","author":"Beckett","year":"2024","journal-title":"RMD Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.07.008_bib0985","first-page":"348","article-title":"Use of Janus kinase inhibitors in dermatomyositis: a systematic literature review","volume":"41","author":"Paik","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.07.008_bib0990","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01488-2024","article-title":"Effectiveness and safety of tofacitinib versus calcineurin inhibitor in interstitial lung disease secondary to anti-MDA5-positive dermatomyositis: a multicentre cohort study","volume":"65","author":"Wu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.07.008_bib0995","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/17534666241294000","article-title":"The efficacy and safety of tofacitinib in anti-melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5\u00a0antibody positive dermatomyositis associated interstitial lung disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"18","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ther Adv Respir Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.07.008_bib1000","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1900045","article-title":"Tofacitinib in amyopathic dermatomyositis\u2013associated interstitial lung disease","volume":"381","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.07.008_bib1005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2023.103334","article-title":"The interferon in idiopathic inflammatory myopathies: Different signatures and new therapeutic perspectives. A literature review","volume":"22","author":"Gasparotto","year":"2023","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.07.008_bib1010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1002\/art.41602","article-title":"Study of tofacitinib in refractory dermatomyositis: an open-label pilot study of ten patients","volume":"73","author":"Paik","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.07.008_bib1015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2117912","article-title":"Trial of intravenous immune globulin in dermatomyositis","volume":"387","author":"Aggarwal","year":"2022","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.07.008_bib1020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2019.05.012","article-title":"Long-term treatment with human immunoglobulin for antisynthetase syndrome-associated interstitial lung disease","volume":"154","author":"Huapaya","year":"2019","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.07.008_bib1025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.10-0360","article-title":"Polymyositis associated with severe interstitial lung disease: remission after three doses of IV immunoglobulin","volume":"139","author":"Bakewell","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.07.008_bib1030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1007\/s00408-009-9146-6","article-title":"Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy for refractory interstitial lung disease associated with polymyositis\/dermatomyositis","volume":"187","author":"Suzuki","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lung"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.07.008_bib1035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-025-01141-w","article-title":"Defining immune reset: achieving sustained remission in autoimmune diseases","volume":"25","author":"Junt","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.07.008_bib1040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)00023-5","article-title":"CD19-targeted CAR T cells in refractory antisynthetase syndrome","volume":"401","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.07.008_bib1045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2308917","article-title":"CD19\u00a0CAR T-cell therapy in autoimmune disease \u2014 a case series with follow-up","volume":"390","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"2024","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.07.008_bib1050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2154","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.8753","article-title":"CD19-Targeting CAR T cells for myositis and interstitial lung disease associated with antisynthetase syndrome","volume":"329","author":"Pecher","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.07.008_bib1055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1793","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-025-03718-3","article-title":"BCMA CAR T cells in a patient with relapsing idiopathic inflammatory myositis after initial and repeat therapy with CD19\u00a0CAR T cells","volume":"31","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.07.008_bib1060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2025028375","article-title":"Comparison of the safety profiles of CD19-targeting CAR T-cell therapy in patients with SLE and B-cell lymphoma","volume":"146","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"2025","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.07.008_bib1065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e424","DOI":"10.1016\/S2665-9913(25)00091-8","article-title":"Local immune effector cell-associated toxicity syndrome in CAR T-cell treated patients with autoimmune disease: an observational study","volume":"7","author":"Hagen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.07.008_bib1070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2408786","article-title":"BCMA-Targeted T-Cell\u2013engager therapy for autoimmune disease","volume":"391","author":"Hagen","year":"2024","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.07.008_bib1075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ard.2025.09.012","article-title":"Teclistamab-induced rapid remission in refractory anti-Jo-1 antisynthetase syndrome","volume":"85","author":"Phithak","year":"2026","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.07.008_bib1080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1530","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-026-04238-4","article-title":"Bispecific T cell engagers for treatment-refractory autoimmune connective tissue diseases","volume":"32","author":"D\u00fcsing","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.07.008_bib1085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1718","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1908681","article-title":"Nintedanib in progressive fibrosing interstitial lung diseases","volume":"381","author":"Flaherty","year":"2019","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.07.008_bib1090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1136\/ard-2022-223335","article-title":"2022\u00a0EULAR recommendations for screening and prophylaxis of chronic and opportunistic infections in adults with autoimmune inflammatory rheumatic diseases","volume":"82","author":"Fragoulis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.07.008_bib1095","unstructured":"Le calendrier des vaccinations. Minist\u00e8re de la Sant\u00e9, de la Famille, de l\u2019Autonomie et des Personnes handicap\u00e9es n.d. https:\/\/sante.gouv.fr\/prevention-en-sante\/preserver-sa-sante\/vaccination\/calendrier-vaccinal (accessed June 4, 2026)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.07.008_bib1100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2014.07.010","article-title":"Incidence of pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia among groups at risk in HIV-negative patients","volume":"127","author":"Fillatre","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.07.008_bib1105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2020.05.558","article-title":"Risk factors and prevention of pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in patients with autoimmune and inflammatory diseases","volume":"158","author":"Ghembaza","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.07.008_bib1110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1440","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2017-212861","article-title":"Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole prophylaxis prevents severe\/life-threatening infections following rituximab in antineutrophil cytoplasm antibody-associated vasculitis","volume":"77","author":"Kronbichler","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.07.008_bib1115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1002\/art.43167","article-title":"Clinical factors associated with pneumocystis pneumonia despite its primary prophylaxis: when to stop prophylaxis?","volume":"77","author":"Kim","year":"2025","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.07.008_bib1120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(24)00267-4","article-title":"Idiopathic inflammatory myopathies related lung disease in adults","volume":"13","author":"Sehgal","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.07.008_bib1125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2990","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.17177","article-title":"Lung transplantation for interstitial lung disease in idiopathic inflammatory myositis: a cohort study","volume":"22","author":"Rivi\u00e8re","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.07.008_bib1130","unstructured":"Recommandations pour l\u2019utilisation des immunoglobulines. ANSM n.d. https:\/\/ansm.sante.fr\/documents\/reference\/recommandations-pour-lutilisation-des-immunoglobulines (accessed June 5, 2026)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.07.008_bib1135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-023-03116-5","article-title":"Anti-Jo-1\u00a0autoantibodies: biomarkers of severity and evolution of the disease in antisynthetase syndrome","volume":"25","author":"Arcani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.07.008_bib1140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1917","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-023-06570-3","article-title":"Prediction of progressive pulmonary fibrosis in patients with anti-synthetase syndrome-associated interstitial lung disease","volume":"42","author":"Fu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.07.008_bib1145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1002\/art.41105","volume":"72","author":"Tsuji","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.07.008_bib1150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1563","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kes102","article-title":"Anti-MDA5\u00a0antibody, ferritin and IL-18\u00a0are useful for the evaluation of response to treatment in interstitial lung disease with anti-MDA5\u00a0antibody-positive dermatomyositis","volume":"51","author":"Gono","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"}],"container-title":["La Revue de M\u00e9decine Interne"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0248866326006685?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0248866326006685?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T12:22:23Z","timestamp":1793622143000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0248866326006685"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"references-count":115,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]}},"alternative-id":["S0248866326006685"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.07.008","relation":{},"ISSN":["0248-8663"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0248-8663","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Traitement du syndrome des anti-synth\u00e9tases","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"La Revue de M\u00e9decine Interne","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.revmed.2026.07.008","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Nationale Fran\u00e7aise de M\u00e9decine Interne (SNFMI). Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}