{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]],"date-time":"2025-11-26T15:37:48Z","timestamp":1764171468560,"version":"3.46.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,3]],"date-time":"2025-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751500800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009473","name":"Universidad de M\u00e1laga","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009473","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.es","elsevier.es","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Rehabilitaci\u00f3n"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.rh.2025.100924","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,26]],"date-time":"2025-07-26T13:22:30Z","timestamp":1753536150000},"page":"100924","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effect of exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation on dyspnoea in heart failure: A systematic review of assessment tools, outcomes, and FITT parameters"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"C.","family":"Garc\u00eda-Conejo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Rold\u00e1n-Jim\u00e9nez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A.I.","family":"Cuesta-Vargas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.rh.2025.100924_bib0280","first-page":"e38","article-title":"Heart disease and stroke statistics-2016 update: a report from the American Heart Association","volume":"133","author":"Writing Group Members","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rh.2025.100924_bib0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2006.10.003","article-title":"Why does chronic heart failure cause breathlessness and fatigue?","volume":"49","author":"Witte","year":"2007","journal-title":"Prog Cardiovasc Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rh.2025.100924_bib0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.2333","volume":"24","author":"Authors\/Task Force Members","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rh.2025.100924_bib0295","first-page":"CD003331","article-title":"Exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation for adults with heart failure","volume":"2024","author":"Molloy","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rh.2025.100924_bib0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1007\/s10741-023-10310-9","article-title":"Practical guidelines for exercise prescription in patients with chronic heart failure","volume":"28","author":"Taylor","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heart Fail Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rh.2025.100924_bib0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14020359","article-title":"Exercise training in heart failure: current evidence and future directions","volume":"14","author":"Eleyan","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rh.2025.100924_bib0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728772","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.728772","article-title":"Dyspnea measurement in acute heart failure: a systematic review and evidence map of randomized controlled trials","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rh.2025.100924_bib0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjhf\/hfp194","article-title":"Measurement of breathlessness in clinical trials in patients with chronic heart failure: the need for a standardized approach: a systematic review","volume":"12","author":"Johnson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rh.2025.100924_bib0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"b2700","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.b2700","article-title":"The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate healthcare interventions: explanation and elaboration","volume":"339","author":"Liberati","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rh.2025.100924_bib0325","first-page":"359","article-title":"Evaluation of PICO as a knowledge representation for clinical questions","volume":"2006","author":"Huang","year":"2006","journal-title":"AMIA Annu Symp Proc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rh.2025.100924_bib0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201111-2042ST","article-title":"An official American Thoracic Society statement: update on the mechanisms assessment, and management of dyspnea","volume":"185","author":"Parshall","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rh.2025.100924_bib0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1249\/JSR.0b013e31829a68cf","article-title":"ACSM's new preparticipation health screening recommendations from ACSM's guidelines for exercise testing and prescription, ninth edition","volume":"12","author":"Thompson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Sports Med Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rh.2025.100924_bib0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-014-0519-8","article-title":"Does aerobic exercise and the FITT principle fit into stroke recovery?","volume":"15","author":"Billinger","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rh.2025.100924_bib0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2019","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000003230","article-title":"Resistance training for older adults: position statement from the national strength and conditioning association","volume":"33","author":"Fragala","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Strength Condit Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rh.2025.100924_bib0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.166.4.518","article-title":"ATS\/ERS Statement on respiratory muscle testing","volume":"166","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rh.2025.100924_bib0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/S0004-9514(09)70043-1","article-title":"The PEDro scale is a valid measure of the methodological quality of clinical trials: a demographic study","volume":"55","author":"de Morton","year":"2009","journal-title":"Aust J Physiother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rh.2025.100924_bib0360","unstructured":"jamovi \u2013 open statistical software for the desktop and cloud. https:\/\/www.jamovi.org\/ [accessed 22.3.23]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rh.2025.100924_bib0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.112.1.155","article-title":"A power primer","volume":"112","author":"Cohen","year":"1992","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"year":"2014","series-title":"Statistical methods for meta-analysis","author":"Hedges","key":"10.1016\/j.rh.2025.100924_bib0370"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rh.2025.100924_bib0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.1230","article-title":"Basics of meta-analysis: I2 is not an absolute measure of heterogeneity","volume":"8","author":"Borenstein","year":"2017","journal-title":"Res Synth Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rh.2025.100924_bib0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.2307\/2533446","article-title":"Operating characteristics of a rank correlation test for publication bias","volume":"50","author":"Begg","year":"1994","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rh.2025.100924_bib0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691611429355","article-title":"Meta-analysis and the development of knowledge","volume":"7","author":"Chan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Perspect Psychol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rh.2025.100924_bib0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2004.01.004","article-title":"Home-based exercise improves functional performance and quality of life in women with diastolic heart failure","volume":"33","author":"Gary","year":"2004","journal-title":"Heart Lung"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rh.2025.100924_bib0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1177\/02692155221088684","article-title":"The effects of early rehabilitation on functional exercise tolerance in decompensated heart failure patients: results of a multicenter randomized controlled trial (ERIC-HF study)","volume":"36","author":"Delgado","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rh.2025.100924_bib0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1177\/0193945915584201","article-title":"A home-based diaphragmatic breathing retraining in rural patients with heart failure","volume":"38","author":"Seo","year":"2016","journal-title":"West J Nurs Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rh.2025.100924_bib0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejheart.2003.10.005","article-title":"Does aerobic training lead to a more active lifestyle and improved quality of life in patients with chronic heart failure?","volume":"6","author":"van den Berg-Emons","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rh.2025.100924_bib0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2003.09.007","article-title":"Effects of a home walking exercise program on functional status and symptoms in heart failure","volume":"147","author":"Corvera-Tindel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rh.2025.100924_bib0415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-8703(97)70187-X","article-title":"Effects of exercise training and activity restriction on 6-minute walking test performance in patients with chronic heart failure","volume":"133","author":"Meyer","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rh.2025.100924_bib0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1671","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2011.05.001","article-title":"Effects of inspiratory muscle training in patients with heart failure","volume":"105","author":"Bosnak-Guclu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rh.2025.100924_bib0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(99)00748-1","article-title":"Impact of a home-based walking and resistance training program on quality of life in patients with heart failure","volume":"85","author":"Oka","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rh.2025.100924_bib0430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1602","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(02)02342-2","article-title":"Selective low-level leg muscle training alleviates dyspnea in patients with heart failure","volume":"40","author":"Beniaminovitz","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rh.2025.100924_bib0435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12290","DOI":"10.1111\/jjns.12290","article-title":"The effect of inspiratory muscle training on fatigue and dyspnea in patients with heart failure: a randomized, controlled trial","volume":"17","author":"Hossein Pour","year":"2020","journal-title":"Jpn J Nurs Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rh.2025.100924_bib0440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1002\/clc.4960221110","article-title":"The effect of specific inspiratory muscle training on the sensation of dyspnea and exercise tolerance in patients with congestive heart failure","volume":"22","author":"Weiner","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rh.2025.100924_bib0445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejcnurse.2007.08.002","article-title":"The effects of exercise training on fatigue and dyspnea in heart failure","volume":"7","author":"Pozehl","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur J Cardiovasc Nurs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rh.2025.100924_bib0450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2023.05.011","article-title":"Effects of high intensity interval-based inspiratory muscle training in patients with heart failure: a single-blind randomized controlled trial","volume":"62","author":"Tanriverdi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heart Lung"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rh.2025.100924_bib0455","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2010.04.024","article-title":"Generic, symptom based, exercise rehabilitation; integrating patients with COPD and heart failure","volume":"104","author":"Evans","year":"2010","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rh.2025.100924_bib0460","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487317724575","article-title":"Interval training early after heart failure decompensation is safe and improves exercise tolerance and quality of life in selected patients","volume":"25","author":"Doletsky","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Prev Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rh.2025.100924_bib0465","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.78.3.506","article-title":"Exercise training in patients with severe left ventricular dysfunction. Hemodynamic and metabolic effects","volume":"78","author":"Sullivan","year":"1988","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rh.2025.100924_bib0470","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.99.9.1173","article-title":"Randomized, controlled trial of long-term moderate exercise training in chronic heart failure: effects on functional capacity, quality of life, and clinical outcome","volume":"99","author":"Belardinelli","year":"1999","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rh.2025.100924_bib0475","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(90)90536-E","article-title":"Effects of physical training in chronic heart failure","volume":"335","author":"Coats","year":"1990","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rh.2025.100924_bib0480","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.12.072","article-title":"Impact of exercise rehabilitation on exercise capacity and quality-of-life in heart failure: individual participant meta-analysis","volume":"73","author":"Taylor","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rh.2025.100924_bib0485","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2263","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.3046","article-title":"Exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation for adults with heart failure \u2013 2023 Cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"25","author":"Molloy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rh.2025.100924_bib0490","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2016.07.105","article-title":"Comparing exercise training modalities in heart failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"221","author":"Cornelis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rh.2025.100924_bib0495","first-page":"144","article-title":"Exercise training in patients with heart failure: from pathophysiology to exercise prescription","volume":"23","author":"Cuomo","year":"2022","journal-title":"RCM"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rh.2025.100924_bib0500","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1439","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.454","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of exercise training in patients with chronic heart failure: HF-ACTION randomized controlled trial","volume":"301","author":"O\u2019Connor","year":"2009","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rh.2025.100924_bib0505","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2099","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/pzaa171","article-title":"Inspiratory muscle training in patients with heart failure: what is new? Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"100","author":"Azambuja","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rh.2025.100924_bib0510","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15491","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192315491","article-title":"The effect of resistance training on the rehabilitation of elderly patients with sarcopenia: a meta-analysis","volume":"19","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rh.2025.100924_bib0515","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.13225","article-title":"Exercise for sarcopenia in older people: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Shen","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Cach Sarcop Muscle"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rh.2025.100924_bib0520","article-title":"The influence of resistance exercise training prescription variables on skeletal muscle mass, strength, and physical function in healthy adults: an umbrella review","author":"Mcleod","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Sport Health Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rh.2025.100924_bib0525","first-page":"4671419","article-title":"Effect of endurance training in COPD patients undergoing pulmonary rehabilitation: a meta-analysis","volume":"2022","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Comput Math Methods Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rh.2025.100924_bib0530","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2020.04.006","article-title":"Effects of upper extremity aerobic exercise training on oxygen consumption, exercise capacity, dyspnea and quality of life in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension","volume":"49","author":"Y\u0131lmaz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Heart Lung"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rh.2025.100924_bib0535","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000001827","article-title":"Inspiratory and expiratory muscle training in subacute stroke: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"85","author":"Messaggi-Sartor","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rh.2025.100924_bib0540","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2178","DOI":"10.1111\/crj.12905","article-title":"Effects of inspiratory muscle training in COPD patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Beaumont","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Respir J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rh.2025.100924_bib0545","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hlc.2022.11.010","article-title":"Effectiveness of respiratory muscle training in adults with pulmonary hypertension. A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"32","author":"Gutierrez-Arias","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heart Lung Circ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rh.2025.100924_bib0550","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.03598","article-title":"Impact of resistance training in subjects with COPD: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"60","author":"Liao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Respir Care"}],"container-title":["Rehabilitaci\u00f3n"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0048712025000441?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0048712025000441?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]],"date-time":"2025-11-26T15:26:18Z","timestamp":1764170778000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0048712025000441"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"alternative-id":["S0048712025000441"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rh.2025.100924","relation":{},"ISSN":["0048-7120"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0048-7120"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Effect of exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation on dyspnoea in heart failure: A systematic review of assessment tools, outcomes, and FITT parameters","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Rehabilitaci\u00f3n","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rh.2025.100924","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Espa\u00f1a, S.L.U. on behalf of Sociedad Espa\u00f1ola de Rehabilitaci\u00f3n y Medicina F\u00edsica.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"100924"}}