{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T22:55:00Z","timestamp":1791154500010,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,1]],"date-time":"2013-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1377993600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,1]],"date-time":"2013-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1377993600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,1]],"date-time":"2013-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1377993600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,1]],"date-time":"2013-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1377993600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,1]],"date-time":"2013-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1377993600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,1]],"date-time":"2013-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1377993600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,1]],"date-time":"2013-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1377993600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Research in Developmental Disabilities"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2013.06.002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,29]],"date-time":"2013-06-29T02:16:05Z","timestamp":1372472165000},"page":"2946-2958","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Relationships among cognitive deficits and component skills of reading in younger and older students with developmental dyslexia"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Heeyoung","family":"Park","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda J.","family":"Lombardino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2013.06.002_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01026920","article-title":"Phonemic awareness, naming, visual symbol processing, and reading","volume":"5","author":"Badian","year":"1993","journal-title":"Reading and Writing"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2013.06.002_bib0535","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02648213","article-title":"Predicting reading ability over the long term: The changing roles of letter naming, phonological awareness and orthographic processing","volume":"45","author":"Badian","year":"1995","journal-title":"Annals of Dyslexia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2013.06.002_bib0010","series-title":"Dyslexia, fluency and the brain","article-title":"Process underlying timing and fluency of reading: Efficiency, automaticity, coordination and morphological awareness","author":"Berninger","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2013.06.002_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2006.05.009","article-title":"Developmental dyslexia: The visual attention span deficit hypothesis","volume":"104","author":"Bosse","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2013.06.002_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-0965(91)90032-N","article-title":"Naming speed deficits in reading disability: Multiple measures of a singular process","volume":"51","author":"Bowers","year":"1991","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Child Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2013.06.002_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01026919","article-title":"Theoretical links among naming speed, precise timing mechanisms and orthographic skill in dyslexia","volume":"5","author":"Bowers","year":"1993","journal-title":"Reading and Writing: An Interdisciplinary Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2013.06.002_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.2307\/748044","article-title":"Comparison of the effects of IQ control methods on memory and naming speed predictors of reading disability","volume":"23","author":"Bowers","year":"1988","journal-title":"Reading Research Quarterly"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2013.06.002_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9817.2005.00278.x","article-title":"On the association between serial naming speed for letters and digits and word-reading skill: Towards a developmental account","volume":"28","author":"Bowey","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Research in Reading"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2013.06.002_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1080\/00049530412331283345","article-title":"The association between continuous naming speed and word reading skill in fourth to sixth grade children","volume":"56","author":"Bowey","year":"2004","journal-title":"Australian Journal of Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2013.06.002_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1038\/301419a0","article-title":"Categorizing sounds and learning to read\u2014A causal connection","volume":"301","author":"Bradley","year":"1983","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2013.06.002_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.89.2.289","article-title":"Effects of accelerated reading rate on memory for text among dyslexic readers","volume":"89","author":"Breznitz","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2013.06.002_bib0055","series-title":"Fluency in reading: Synchronization of processes","author":"Breznitz","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2013.06.002_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1016\/S0093-934X(03)00071-3","article-title":"Speed of processing of the visual\u2013orthographic and auditory\u2013phonological systems in adult dyslexics: The contribution of \u2018asynchrony\u2019 to word recognition deficits","volume":"85","author":"Breznitz","year":"2003","journal-title":"Brain & Language"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2013.06.002_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1044\/0161-1461(2001\/004)","article-title":"Estimating the risk of future reading failure difficulties in kindergarten children: A research-based model and its clinical implementation","volume":"32","author":"Catts","year":"2001","journal-title":"Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2013.06.002_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1177\/00222194020350060301","article-title":"The role of speed of processing, rapid naming, and phonological awareness in reading achievement","volume":"35","author":"Catts","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Learning Disabilities"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2013.06.002_bib0075","series-title":"Stages of reading development","author":"Chall","year":"1983"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2013.06.002_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1013868304361","article-title":"Why the timing deficit hypothesis does not explain reading disability in adults","volume":"15","author":"Chiappe","year":"2002","journal-title":"Reading and Writing: An Interdisciplinary Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2013.06.002_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1012047622541","article-title":"The relationship between rapid serial naming and word reading in normally developing readers: An exploratory model","volume":"14","author":"Cutting","year":"2001","journal-title":"Reading and Writing"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2013.06.002_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1007\/s11881-999-0018-9","article-title":"History and significance of rapid automatized naming","volume":"49","author":"Denckla","year":"1999","journal-title":"Annals of Dyslexia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2013.06.002_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0093-934X(76)90001-8","article-title":"Naming of objects by dyslexic and other learning-disabled children","volume":"3","author":"Denckla","year":"1976","journal-title":"Brain and Language"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2013.06.002_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(76)90075-0","article-title":"Rapid automatized naming (R.A.N.): Dyslexia differentiated from other learning disabilities","volume":"14","author":"Denckla","year":"1976","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2013.06.002_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1598\/RRQ.36.3.2","article-title":"Phonemic awareness instruction helps children learn to read: Evidence from the National Reading Panel's meta-analysis","volume":"36","author":"Ehri","year":"2001","journal-title":"Reading Research Quarterly"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2013.06.002_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1080\/02643290500483090","article-title":"The relationship between visuo-spatial attention and nonword reading in developmental dyslexia","volume":"23","author":"Facoetti","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cognitive Neuropsychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2013.06.002_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1016\/0093-934X(90)90157-C","article-title":"Neuropsychological profile of adult dyslexics","volume":"39","author":"Felton","year":"1990","journal-title":"Brain and Language"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2013.06.002_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1207\/s1532799xssr1002_4","article-title":"Rapid naming speed components and early reading acquisition","volume":"10","author":"Georgiou","year":"2006","journal-title":"Scientific Studies of Reading"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2013.06.002_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1080\/10888430802378518","article-title":"Rapid naming components and their relationship with phonological awareness, orthographic knowledge, speed of processing, and different reading outcomes","volume":"12","author":"Georgiou","year":"2008","journal-title":"Scientific Studies of Reading"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2013.06.002_bib0145","series-title":"Paper presented at the meeting of the Society for Scientific Study of Reading","article-title":"A test of the \u2018Double-Deficit Hypothesis\u2019","author":"Goldberg","year":"1998"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2013.06.002_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1044\/0161-1461(2005\/029)","article-title":"The relationship between phonological awareness and reading: Implications for the assessment of phonological awareness","volume":"36","author":"Hogan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2013.06.002_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1177\/002221940103400502","article-title":"Predicting delay in reading achievement in a highly transparent language","volume":"34","author":"Holopainen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Learning Disabilities"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2013.06.002_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.109.3.490","article-title":"Developmental change in speed of processing during childhood and adolescence","volume":"109","author":"Kail","year":"1991","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2013.06.002_bib0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.30.6.949","article-title":"Processing speed, naming speed, and reading","volume":"30","author":"Kail","year":"1994","journal-title":"Developmental Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2013.06.002_bib0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1017\/S0142716499002076","article-title":"Processing speed, exposure to print, and naming speed","volume":"20","author":"Kail","year":"1999","journal-title":"Applied Psycholinguistics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2013.06.002_bib0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1007\/s11881-006-0003-5","article-title":"Reading fluency: The whole is more than the parts","volume":"56","author":"Katzir","year":"2006","journal-title":"Annals of Dyslexia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2013.06.002_bib0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1080\/13682820600806680","article-title":"Subtyping of persons with developmental dyslexia via bootstrap aggregated clustering and the gap statistic: Comparison with the double-deficit hypothesis","volume":"42","author":"King","year":"2007","journal-title":"International Journal of Communication Disorders"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2013.06.002_bib0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1598\/RRQ.45.3.4","article-title":"Naming speed and reading: From prediction to instruction","volume":"45","author":"Kirby","year":"2010","journal-title":"Reading Research Quarterly"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2013.06.002_bib0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.95.3.453","article-title":"Naming speed and phonological awareness as predictors of reading development","volume":"95","author":"Kirby","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2013.06.002_bib0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1080\/01688639108401042","article-title":"An empirical subgrouping of Finnish learning disabled children","volume":"13","author":"Korhonen","year":"1991","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2013.06.002_bib0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200207020-00008","article-title":"Developmentally impaired processing speed decreases with age more than normal","volume":"13","author":"Laasonen","year":"2002","journal-title":"NeuroReport"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2013.06.002_bib0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1006\/brln.2001.2593","article-title":"Crossmodal temporal order and processing acuity in developmentally dyslexic young adults","volume":"80","author":"Laasonen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Brain and Language"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2013.06.002_bib0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1006\/brln.2000.2326","article-title":"Rate of information segregation in developmentally dyslexic children","volume":"75","author":"Laasonen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Brain and Language"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2013.06.002_bib0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02648083","article-title":"Spelling errors and reading fluency in compensated dyslexics","volume":"41","author":"Lefly","year":"1991","journal-title":"Annals of Dyslexia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2013.06.002_bib0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1080\/00207598208247445","article-title":"The problem of assessing executive functions","volume":"17","author":"Lezak","year":"1982","journal-title":"International Journal of Psychology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2013.06.002_bib0225","first-page":"685","article-title":"Attentional Performance and Executive Functions in Children with Learning Difficulties","volume":"24","author":"Lima","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psicologia: Reflex\u00e3o e Cr\u00edtica"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2013.06.002_bib0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.36.5.596","article-title":"Development of emergent literacy and early reading skills in preschool children: Evidence from a latent variable longitudinal study","volume":"36","author":"Lonigan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Developmental Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2013.06.002_bib0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.90.2.294","article-title":"Development of phonological sensitivity in 2- to 5-year old children","volume":"90","author":"Lonigan","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2013.06.002_bib0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11881-003-0001-9","article-title":"Defining dyslexia, comorbidity, teachers\u2019 knowledge of language and reading: A definition of dyslexia","volume":"53","author":"Lyon","year":"2003","journal-title":"Annals of Dyslexia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2013.06.002_bib0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1177\/002221940003300405","article-title":"Naming speed, phonological awareness, and orthographic knowledge in second graders","volume":"33","author":"Manis","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Learning Disabilities"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2013.06.002_bib0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00395112","article-title":"Structural invariance in the associations of naming speed, phonological awareness, and verbal reasoning in good and poor readers: A test of the double deficit hypothesis","volume":"8","author":"McBride-Chang","year":"1996","journal-title":"Reading & Writing"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2013.06.002_bib0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2010.02346.x","article-title":"A multiple deficit model of reading disability and attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: Searching for shared cognitive deficits","volume":"52","author":"McGrath","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2013.06.002_bib0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1007\/s11881-998-0005-6","article-title":"Longitudinal Course of Rapid naming in disabled and nondisabled readers","volume":"48","author":"Meyer","year":"1998","journal-title":"Annals of Dyslexia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2013.06.002_bib0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1177\/002221949803100201","article-title":"Selective predictive value of rapid automatized naming in poor readers","volume":"31","author":"Meyer","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Learning Disabilities"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2013.06.002_bib0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.90.3.347","article-title":"Subtypes of reading disability: Variability around a phonological core","volume":"90","author":"Morris","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2013.06.002_bib0540","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1080\/14640749408401142","article-title":"Reaction Times and Dyslexia","volume":"47A","author":"Nicolson","year":"1994","journal-title":"Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2013.06.002_bib0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-0909(199909)5:3<155::AID-DYS143>3.0.CO;2-4","article-title":"Developmental dyslexia: The role of the cerebellum","volume":"5","author":"Nicolson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Dyslexia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2013.06.002_bib0290","series-title":"Proceedings of the Royal Society: Biological Sciences 259","first-page":"43","article-title":"Time estimation deficits in developmental dyslexia: Evidence for cerebellar involvement","author":"Nicolson","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2013.06.002_bib0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1350","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.86.6.1350","article-title":"Practical considerations in choosing a MANCOVA test statistic: A rejoinder to Stevens","volume":"86","author":"Olson","year":"1979","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2013.06.002_bib0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1353\/aad.2012.1621","article-title":"Comparison of phonological processing skills in children with mild-to-moderate sensorineural hearing loss and in children with dyslexia","volume":"157","author":"Park","year":"2012","journal-title":"American Annals of the Deaf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2013.06.002_bib0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1207\/s1532799xssr0801_2","article-title":"Articulation rate, Naming speed, verbal short-term memory, and phoonological awareness: Longitudinal predictors of early reading development?","volume":"81","author":"Parrila","year":"2004","journal-title":"Scientific Studies of Reading"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2013.06.002_bib0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1997","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60198-6","article-title":"Developmental dyslexia","volume":"379","author":"Peterson","year":"2012","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2013.06.002_bib0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2006.04.008","article-title":"From single to multi deficit models of developmental disorders","volume":"101","author":"Penningtone","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2013.06.002_bib0320","series-title":"Diagnosing learning disorders: A neuropsychological framework","author":"Pennington","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2013.06.002_bib0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2004.08.043","article-title":"Influence of auditory-verbal, visual-verbal, visual, and visual-visual processing speed on reading and spelling at the end of Grade 1","volume":"57","author":"Plaza","year":"2005","journal-title":"Brain and Cognition"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2013.06.002_bib0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1007\/s11881-004-0011-2","article-title":"Emerging phonological awareness as a precursor of risk in children with and without familial risk for dyslexia","volume":"54","author":"Puolakanaho","year":"2004","journal-title":"Annals of Dyslexia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2013.06.002_bib0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(03)00035-7","article-title":"Developmental dyslexia: Specific phonological deficit or general sensorimotor dysfunction?","volume":"13","author":"Ramus","year":"2003","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Neurobiology"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2013.06.002_bib0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1080\/02643294.2012.677420","article-title":"Developmental dyslexia: The difficulties of interpreting poor performance, and the importance of normal performance","volume":"29","author":"Ramus","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cognitive Neuropsychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2013.06.002_bib0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1111\/1529-1006.00004","article-title":"How psychological science informs the teaching of reading","volume":"2","author":"Rayner","year":"2001","journal-title":"Psychological Science in the Public Interest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2013.06.002_bib0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.289","article-title":"Executive functions in children with dyslexia","volume":"11","author":"Reiter","year":"2005","journal-title":"Dyslexia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2013.06.002_bib0355","article-title":"Memory development throughout the life span: The role of processing rate","volume":"Vol. 5","author":"Salthouse","year":"1983"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2013.06.002_bib0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/s11881-998-0006-5","article-title":"Predicting the future achievement of second graders with reading disabilities: Contributions of phonemic awareness, verbal memory, rapid serial naming, and IQ","volume":"48","author":"Scarborough","year":"1998","journal-title":"Annals of Dyslexia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2013.06.002_bib0370","series-title":"Overcoming dyslexia: A new and complete science-based program for reading problems at any level","author":"Shaywitz","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2013.06.002_bib0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.59.103006.093633","article-title":"The education of dyslexic children from childhood to young adulthood","volume":"59","author":"Shaywitz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annual Review of Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2013.06.002_bib0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.104.6.1351","article-title":"Persistence of dyslexia: The Connecticut Longitudinal Study at adolescence","volume":"104","author":"Shaywitz","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2013.06.002_bib0395","series-title":"Synthesis of research on phonological awareness: Principles and implications for reading acquisition (Technical report No. 21 National center to improve the tools of education)","author":"Smith","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2013.06.002_bib0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1598\/RRQ.21.4.1","article-title":"Matthew effects in reading: Some consequences of individual differences in the acquisition of literacy","volume":"21","author":"Stanovich","year":"1986","journal-title":"Reading Research Quarterly"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2013.06.002_bib0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1177\/002221948802101003","article-title":"Explaining the differences between the dyslexic and the garden-variety poor reader: The phonological-core variable-difference model","volume":"21","author":"Stanovich","year":"1988","journal-title":"Journal of Learning Disabilities"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2013.06.002_bib0410","first-page":"264","article-title":"A processing speed deficit in dyslexic adults?","volume":"399","author":"Stoodley","year":"2006","journal-title":"Evidence from a peg-moving task. Neuroscience Letters"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2013.06.002_bib0415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.3102\/00346543073004407","article-title":"Rapid naming, phonological awareness, and reading: A meta-analysis of the correlational evidence","volume":"73","author":"Swanson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Review of Educational Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2013.06.002_bib0420","series-title":"Perspectives on learning disabilities.","first-page":"231","article-title":"Phonologically based reading disabilities: Toward a coherent theory of one kind of learning disability","author":"Torgesen","year":"1999"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2013.06.002_bib0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1177\/002221949402700503","article-title":"Longitudinal studies of phonological processing and reading","volume":"27","author":"Torgesen","year":"1994","journal-title":"Journal of Learning Disabilities"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2013.06.002_bib0430","first-page":"51","article-title":"Preventive and remedial interventions for children with severe reading disabilities","volume":"8","author":"Torgesen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Learning Disabilities: An Interdisciplinary Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2013.06.002_bib0435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1207\/s1532799xssr0102_4","article-title":"Contributions of phonological awareness and rapid automatic naming ability to the growth of word-reading skills in second- to fifth-grade children","volume":"1","author":"Torgesen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Scientific Studies of Reading"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2013.06.002_bib0450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.101.2.192","article-title":"The nature of phonological processing and its causal role in the acquisition of reading skills","volume":"101","author":"Wagner","year":"1987","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2013.06.002_bib0455","series-title":"Comprehensive test of phonological processing CTOPP.","author":"Wagner","year":"1999"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2013.06.002_bib0460","series-title":"Test of word reading efficiency TOWRE.","author":"Wagner","year":"1999"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2013.06.002_bib0465","series-title":"Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children\u2013Fourth Edition: Canadian Manual","author":"Wechsler","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2013.06.002_bib0470","series-title":"Gray Oral Reading Test","author":"Wiederholt","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2013.06.002_bib0475","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/S0142716400010122","article-title":"Characteristics of developmental dyslexia in a regular writing system","volume":"14","author":"Wimmer","year":"1993","journal-title":"Applied Psycholinguistics"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2013.06.002_bib0480","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.2307\/747978","article-title":"Naming speed and reading: The contribution of the cognitive neurosciences","volume":"26","author":"Wolf","year":"1991","journal-title":"Reading Research Quarterly"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2013.06.002_bib0485","series-title":"Foundations of reading acquisition and dyslexia.","first-page":"67","article-title":"A provisional integrative account of phonological and naming-speed deficits in dyslexia: Implications for diagnosis and intervention","author":"Wolf","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2013.06.002_bib0495","article-title":"The Double-Deficit Hypothesis, fluency, and a new intervention for children with dyslexia","author":"Wolf","year":"2001","journal-title":"Dyslexia Contact. British Dyslexia Association"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2013.06.002_bib0500","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.91.3.415","article-title":"The double-deficit hypothesis for the developmental dyslexias","volume":"91","author":"Wolf","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2013.06.002_bib0505","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.2307\/1130373","article-title":"Automaticity, retrieval processes, and reading: A longitudinal study in average and impaired readers","volume":"57","author":"Wolf","year":"1986","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2013.06.002_bib0510","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1177\/002221940003300409","article-title":"Naming-speed processes, timing, and reading: A conceptual overview","volume":"33","author":"Wolf","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Learning Disabilities"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2013.06.002_bib0515","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1013816320290","article-title":"The second deficit: An investigation of the independence of phonological and naming-speed deficits in developmental dyslexia","volume":"15","author":"Wolf","year":"2002","journal-title":"Reading and Writing"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2013.06.002_bib0520","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1013880723925","article-title":"Timing precision and rhythm in developmental dyslexia","volume":"15","author":"Wolff","year":"2000","journal-title":"Reading and. Writing: An Interdisciplinary Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2013.06.002_bib0525","series-title":"Woodcock Johnson III tests of cognitive ability, WJ-III-COG","author":"Woodcock","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2013.06.002_bib0530","series-title":"Woodcock Johnson III tests of achievement, WJ-III-ACH","author":"Woodcock","year":"2001"}],"container-title":["Research in Developmental Disabilities"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0891422213002515?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0891422213002515?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T14:51:32Z","timestamp":1760194292000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0891422213002515"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,9]]},"references-count":97,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S0891422213002515"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ridd.2013.06.002","relation":{},"ISSN":["0891-4222"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0891-4222","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Relationships among cognitive deficits and component skills of reading in younger and older students with developmental dyslexia","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Research in Developmental Disabilities","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ridd.2013.06.002","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2013 Elsevier Ltd. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}