{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T18:19:41Z","timestamp":1791224381949,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":162,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,1]],"date-time":"2014-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1404172800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,1]],"date-time":"2014-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1404172800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,1]],"date-time":"2014-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1404172800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,1]],"date-time":"2014-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1404172800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,1]],"date-time":"2014-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1404172800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,1]],"date-time":"2014-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1404172800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,1]],"date-time":"2014-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1404172800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Research in Developmental Disabilities"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,19]],"date-time":"2014-04-19T23:45:13Z","timestamp":1397951113000},"page":"1473-1500","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":101,"title":["Visuo-spatial ability in individuals with Down syndrome: Is it really a strength?"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7653-0601","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yingying","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frances A.","family":"Conners","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward C.","family":"Merrill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1352\/0895-8017(2006)111[170:CIRCCO]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Collaboration in referential communication: Comparison of youth with Down syndrome or fragile X syndrome","volume":"111","author":"Abbeduto","year":"2006","journal-title":"American Journal of Mental Retardation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1002\/mrdd.20158","article-title":"Language development in Down syndrome: From the prelinguistic period to the acquisition of literacy","volume":"13","author":"Abbeduto","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0015","series-title":"Wayfinding behavior: Cognitive mapping and other spatial processes","first-page":"46","article-title":"Spatial abilities, cognitive maps, and wayfinding","author":"Allen","year":"1999"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1352\/0895-8017(2003)108<0056:IAELIY>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Implicit and explicit learning in young adults with mental retardation","volume":"108","author":"Atwell","year":"2003","journal-title":"American Journal on Mental Retardation"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2788.2007.00979.x","article-title":"Working memory and Down syndrome","volume":"51","author":"Baddeley","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Intellectual Disability Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291709990985","article-title":"Brain anatomy and ageing in non-demented adults with Down's syndrome: An in vivo MRI study","volume":"40","author":"Beacher","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychological Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0035","series-title":"Developmental test of visual-motor integration","author":"Beery","year":"1982"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0040","series-title":"Beery-Buktenica developmental test of visual-motor integration","author":"Beery","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0045","series-title":"The effects of landmark instruction on wayfinding in persons with Down syndrome","author":"*Benson","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0050","series-title":"Visuospatial processing in williams syndrome and down syndrome (Order No. 9119008, University of California, San Diego and San Diego State University)","first-page":"153","author":"*Bihrle","year":"1990"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0055","series-title":"Adattamento italiano della Scala d\u2019Intelligenza Stanford-Binet Forma L-M nella revision Terman-Merill","author":"Bozzo","year":"1993"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2004.00352.x","article-title":"Serial order reconstruction in Down syndrome: Evidence for a selective deficit in verbal short-term memory","volume":"46","author":"*Brock","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0065","series-title":"Down syndrome: Living and learning in the community","first-page":"158","article-title":"Teaching children with Down syndrome to read and write","author":"Buckley","year":"1995"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1007\/s11145-007-9114-6","article-title":"Component reading skills in Down Syndrome","volume":"22","author":"*Cardoso-Martins","year":"2009","journal-title":"Reading and Writing"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0075","first-page":"19","article-title":"Whole-brain voxel-based morphometry study of children and adolescents with Down syndrome","volume":"28","author":"Carducci","year":"2013","journal-title":"Functional Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3932(96)00055-3","article-title":"Long-term memory in mental retardation: Evidence for a specific impairment in subjects with Down's syndrome","volume":"35","author":"*Carlesimo","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2012.07.013","article-title":"Executive function in Williams and Down syndromes","volume":"34","author":"*Carney","year":"2013","journal-title":"Research in Developmental Disabilities"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2788.2010.01334.x","article-title":"The effect of configuration on VSWM performance of Down syndrome individuals","volume":"54","author":"*Carretti","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Intellectual Disability Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2012.09.011","article-title":"Spatial-simultaneous and spatial sequential working memory in individuals with Down syndrome: The effect of configuration","volume":"34","author":"*Carretti","year":"2013","journal-title":"Research in Developmental Disabilities"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0100","series-title":"Human cognitive abilities: A survey of factor-analytic studies","author":"Carroll","year":"1993"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1044\/jslhr.4105.1125","article-title":"Gestures and words in early development of children with Down syndrome","volume":"41","author":"Caselli","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1002\/1098-2779(2000)6:2<84::AID-MRDD2>3.0.CO;2-P","article-title":"Behavioral phenotype of individuals with Down syndrome","volume":"6","author":"Chapman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.3405.1106","article-title":"Language skills of children and adolescents with Down syndrome: I. Comprehension","volume":"34","author":"Chapman","year":"1991","journal-title":"Journal of Speech and Hearing Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2002\/073)","article-title":"Predicting longitudinal change in language production and comprehension in individuals with Down syndrome: Hierarchical linear modeling","volume":"45","author":"Chapman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1006\/cogp.1998.0681","article-title":"Contextual cueing: Implicit learning and memory of visual context guides spatial attention","volume":"36","author":"Chun","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cognitive Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0130","series-title":"Preschool embedded figures test","author":"Coates","year":"1972"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1097\/DBP.0b013e3182168f95","article-title":"Memory profiles of Down, Williams, and Fragile X syndromes: Implications for reading development","volume":"32","author":"Conners","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Developmental And Behavioral Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03198104","article-title":"The time required to prepare for a rotated stimulus","volume":"1","author":"Cooper","year":"1973","journal-title":"Memory and Cognition"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-9452(08)70799-8","article-title":"Spatial cognition in males with fragile-x syndrome: Evidence for a neuropsychological phenotype","volume":"35","author":"*Cornish","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1162\/089892901564126","article-title":"Differential impact of the FMR-1 full mutation on memory and attention functioning: A neuropsychological perspective","volume":"13","author":"*Cornish","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"issue":"02","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0155","first-page":"891B","article-title":"Human memory and the medial temporal region of the brain","volume":"34","author":"Corsi","year":"1972","journal-title":"Abstracts International"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1825","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2013.02.023","article-title":"Wayfinding behaviour in Down syndrome: A study with virtual environments","volume":"34","author":"*Courbois","year":"2013","journal-title":"Research in Developmental Disabilities"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1080\/1034912042000182193","article-title":"The stanford binet fourth edition and its use with individuals with Down syndrome: Cautions for clinicians","volume":"51","author":"Couzens","year":"2004","journal-title":"International Journal of Disability, Development and Education"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1352\/1944-7558-116.3.181","article-title":"Cognitive development and Down syndrome: Age-related change on the Stanford-Binet Test (Fourth edition)","volume":"116","author":"Couzens","year":"2011","journal-title":"American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(90)90082-Y","article-title":"Neuropsychological dimensions of the fragile X syndrome: Support for a non-dominant hemisphere dysfunction hypothesis","volume":"28","author":"*Crowe","year":"1990","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1037\/1045-3830.23.2.271","article-title":"Children with Down syndrome: Implications for assessment and intervention in the school","volume":"23","author":"Davis","year":"2008","journal-title":"School Psychology Quarterly"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3932(98)00159-6","article-title":"Pattern span: a tool for unwelding visuo-spatial memory","volume":"37","author":"Della Sala","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1918","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2011.03.024","article-title":"Visuospatial support for verbal short-term memory in individuals with Down syndrome","volume":"32","author":"Duarte","year":"2011","journal-title":"Research in Developmental Disabilities"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0195","first-page":"418","article-title":"Effortful and automatic processes associated with Down syndrome and nonspecific mental retardation","volume":"100","author":"*Dulaney","year":"1996","journal-title":"American Journal on Mental Retardation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0200","series-title":"Peabody picture vocabulary test","author":"Dunn","year":"1997"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1352\/0895-8017(2001)106<0094:DBIWWS>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Drawings by individuals with Williams syndrome: Are people different from shapes?","volume":"106","author":"*Dykens","year":"2001","journal-title":"American Journal on Mental Retardation"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1007\/s11689-010-9054-3","article-title":"Development and validation of the Arizona Cognitive Test Battery for Down syndrome","volume":"2","author":"*Edgin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2788.2010.01278.x","article-title":"Neuropsychological components of intellectual disability: The contributions of immediate, working, and associative memory","volume":"54","author":"*Edgin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Intellectual Disability Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0220","series-title":"Differential ability scales","author":"Elliott","year":"1990"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0225","first-page":"521","article-title":"Memory for spatial location in children, adults, and mentally retarded persons","volume":"93","author":"Ellis","year":"1989","journal-title":"American Journal on Mental Retardation"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.2307\/1132270","article-title":"Young children's awareness of their mental activity: The case of mental rotation","volume":"69","author":"Estes","year":"1998","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1207\/S15326942DN231&2_8","article-title":"Visuospatial cognition in Williams syndrome: Reviewing and accounting for the strengths and weaknesses in performance","volume":"23","author":"Farran","year":"2003","journal-title":"Developmental Neuropsychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2007.09.015","article-title":"Episodic-like memory in Ts65Dn, a mouse model of Down syndrome","volume":"188","author":"Fernandez","year":"2008","journal-title":"Behavioural Brain Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1860","article-title":"Pharmacotherapy for cognitive impairment in a mouse model of Down syndrome","volume":"10","author":"Fernandez","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1166(199604)11:4<329::AID-GPS453>3.0.CO;2-6","article-title":"Neuorpsychiatyric applications of CANTAB","volume":"11","author":"Fray","year":"1996","journal-title":"International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0255","first-page":"1","article-title":"Educating children with Down syndrome: Linking behavioral characteristics to promising intervention strategies","volume":"5","author":"Freeman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Down Syndrome Quarterly"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2788.2008.01139.x","article-title":"Verbal, visual, and spatio-sequential short-term memory: Assessment of the storage capacities of children and teenagers with Down's syndrome","volume":"53","author":"*Frenkel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Intellectual Disability Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2013.04.001","article-title":"Mental object rotation and motor development in 8- and 10-month-old infants","volume":"115","author":"Frick","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Child Psychology"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1080\/15248370902966719","article-title":"Motor processes in children's mental rotation","volume":"10","author":"Frick","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Cognition and Development"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1007\/s10339-012-0534-0","article-title":"Using a touch screen paradigm to assess the development of mental rotation between 3\u00bd and 5\u00bd years of age","volume":"14","author":"Frick","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cognitive Processing"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1097\/00004356-198803000-00006","article-title":"Age and pattern of intellectual decline among Down syndrome and other mentally retarded adults","volume":"11","author":"Gibson","year":"1988","journal-title":"International Journal of Rehabilitation Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0285","series-title":"TPV developmental test of visual perception","author":"Hammill","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-3445.108.3.356","article-title":"Automatic and effortful processes in memory","volume":"108","author":"Hasher","year":"1979","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0295","series-title":"The Cambridge handbook of visuo-spatial thinking","first-page":"121","article-title":"Individual differences in spatial abilities","author":"Hegarty","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intell.2005.09.005","article-title":"Spatial abilities at different scales: Individual differences in aptitude-test performance and spatial-layout learning","volume":"34","author":"Hegarty","year":"2006","journal-title":"Intelligence"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-0277(96)00714-7","article-title":"Modularity and development: The case of spatial reorientation","volume":"61","author":"Hermer","year":"1996","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1017\/S0012162205001040","article-title":"Short-term memory and vocabulary development in children with Down syndrome and children with specific language impairment","volume":"47","author":"*Hick","year":"2005","journal-title":"Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0315","first-page":"12","article-title":"Mental rotation abilities in individuals with Down syndrome \u2013 a pilot study","volume":"9","author":"*Hinnell","year":"2004","journal-title":"Down Syndrome: Research and Practice"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0320","series-title":"Visual information processing","first-page":"155","article-title":"Visual processing strengths in Down syndrome: A case for reading implication?","author":"Hodapp","year":"2003"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0325","first-page":"39","article-title":"K-ABC profiles in children with Fragile X syndrome, Down syndrome and nonspecific mental retardation","volume":"97","author":"Hodapp","year":"1992","journal-title":"American Journal on Mental Retardation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0330","series-title":"Origins of cognitive skills","first-page":"81","article-title":"The child's representation of information about location","author":"Huttenlocher","year":"1984"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2010.12.017","article-title":"Spatial and numerical abilities without a complete natural language","volume":"49","author":"Hyde","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1352\/1944-7558-116.5.344","article-title":"Functional magnetic resonance imaging of cognitive processing in young adults with Down syndrome","volume":"116","author":"Jacola","year":"2011","journal-title":"American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1080\/135468097396351","article-title":"Short-term memory for verbal and visuo-spatial information in Down's syndrome","volume":"2","author":"*Jarrold","year":"1997","journal-title":"Cognitive Neuropsychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3932(98)00128-6","article-title":"Genetically dissociated components of working memory: Evidence from Down's and Williams syndrome","volume":"37","author":"*Jarrold","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2002\/042)","article-title":"Verbal short-term memory in Down syndrome: A problem of memory, audition, or speech?","volume":"45","author":"*Jarrold","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0360","first-page":"27","article-title":"Neuropsychological test battery to detect dementia in Down syndrome","volume":"9","author":"Jozsvai","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal on Developmental Disabilities"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0365","series-title":"Kaufman assessment battery for children","author":"Kaufman","year":"1983"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0370","series-title":"Kaufman brief intelligence test","author":"Kaufman","year":"1990"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0375","series-title":"Batterie pour l\u2019examen psychologique de l\u2019enfant","author":"Kaufman","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0380","series-title":"Kaufman assessment battery for children","author":"Kaufman","year":"2004"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2012\/12-0148)","article-title":"Speech impairment in Down syndrome: A review","volume":"56","author":"Kent","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1011445624332","article-title":"Age differences in adults\u2019 spatial abilities, learning environmental layout, and wayfinding behavior","volume":"2","author":"Kirasic","year":"2000","journal-title":"Spatial Cognition and Computation"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2788.2004.00500.x","article-title":"Sex differences in performance over 7 years on the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children \u2013 Revised among adults with intellectual disability","volume":"48","author":"*Kittler","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Intellectual Disability Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1207\/S15326942DN1602_3","article-title":"Cognitive strengths and weaknesses of 9 and 10-year olds with Williams syndrome or Down syndrome","volume":"16","author":"*Klein","year":"1999","journal-title":"Developmental Neuropsychology"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1080\/87565641.2003.9651895","article-title":"Distinctive personality characteristics of 8-, 9-, and 10-year-olds with Williams syndrome","volume":"23","author":"Klein-Tasman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Developmental Neuropsychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0410","series-title":"Fundamentals of human neuropsychology","author":"Kolb","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1352\/1944-7558-118.1.3","article-title":"Establishing equivalence: Methodological progress in group-matching design and analysis","volume":"118","author":"Kover","year":"2013","journal-title":"American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1002\/acp.1192","article-title":"Perspective-taking vs. mental rotation transformations and how they predict spatial navigation performance","volume":"20","author":"Kozhevnikov","year":"2006","journal-title":"Applied Cognitive Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.159.1.74","article-title":"Relation of medial temporal lobe volumes to age and memory function in nondemented adults with Down's syndrome: Implications for the prodromal phase of Alzheimer's disease","volume":"159","author":"Krasuski","year":"2002","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0430","series-title":"Visuo-spatial processing style in autism and Down syndrome: Pathways to social functioning","author":"*Kuschner","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1352\/0895-8017(2004)109<456:VAVWMD>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Verbal and visuo-spatial working memory deficits in children with Down syndrome","volume":"109","author":"*Lanfranchi","year":"2004","journal-title":"American Journal on Mental Retardation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2788.2009.01165.x","article-title":"A specific deficit in visuo-spatial simultaneous working memory in Down syndrome","volume":"53","author":"*Lanfranchi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Intellectual Disability Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1080\/09297040902740652","article-title":"Working memory and cognitive skills in individuals with Down syndrome","volume":"15","author":"*Lanfranchi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Child Neuropsychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2788.2010.01262.x","article-title":"Executive function in adolescents with Down syndrome","volume":"54","author":"*Lanfranchi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Intellectual Disability Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0455","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2788.2011.01444.x","article-title":"Working memory in Down syndrome: Is there a dual task deficit?","volume":"56","author":"*Lanfranchi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Intellectual Disability Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0460","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-7610.00026","article-title":"Working memory in children and adolescents with Down syndrome: Evidence from a colour memory experiment","volume":"43","author":"*Laws","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Child Psychology And Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0465","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1324","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2003\/103)","article-title":"A comparison of language abilities in adolescents with Down syndrome and children with specific language impairment","volume":"46","author":"Laws","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0470","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1080\/13682820410001681207","article-title":"Verbal deficits in Down's syndrome and specific language impairment: A comparison","volume":"39","author":"Laws","year":"2004","journal-title":"International Journal of Language and Communication Disorders"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0475","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1348\/026151001166119","article-title":"Spatial representation in the drawings of children with Down's syndrome and its relationship to language and motor development: A preliminary investigation","volume":"19","author":"*Laws","year":"2001","journal-title":"British Journal of Developmental Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0480","first-page":"59","article-title":"The influence of reading instruction on language and memory development in children with Down's syndrome","volume":"3","author":"Laws","year":"1995","journal-title":"Down's Syndrome: Research and Practice"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0485","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/s11689-009-9029-4","article-title":"Verbal short-term memory deficits in Down syndrome: Phonological, semantic, or both?","volume":"2","author":"*Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0490","series-title":"The Leiter international performance scale","author":"Leiter","year":"1969"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0495","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2009.11.002","article-title":"Phonological awareness of children with Down syndrome: Its role in learning to read and the effectiveness of related interventions","volume":"31","author":"Lemons","year":"2010","journal-title":"Research in Developmental Disabilities"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0500","series-title":"Human abilities: Their nature and measurement","first-page":"97","article-title":"Spatial ability and g","author":"Lohman","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0505","series-title":"Intelligence and cognition: Contemporary frames of reference","first-page":"253","article-title":"Dimensions and components of individual differences in spatial abilities","author":"Lohman","year":"1987"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0510","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2006.05.022","article-title":"Hippocampal hypocellularity in the Ts65Dn mouse originates early in development","volume":"1104","author":"Lorenzi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Brain Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0515","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.2001.92.1.19","article-title":"Mental rotation and real-world wayfinding","volume":"92","author":"Malinowski","year":"2001","journal-title":"Perceptual and Motor Skills"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0520","series-title":"McCarthy scales of children's abilities","author":"McCarthy","year":"1972"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.1002\/acp.1788","article-title":"Learning a map of environment: The role of visuo-spatial abilities in young and older adults","volume":"25","author":"Meneghetti","year":"2011","journal-title":"Applied Cognitive Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0530","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1007\/s10519-011-9448-3","article-title":"Relationship between brain and cognitive processes in Down syndrome","volume":"41","author":"Menghini","year":"2011","journal-title":"Behavior Genetics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0535","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1002\/1098-2779(2000)6:2<148::AID-MRDD10>3.0.CO;2-T","article-title":"Williams syndrome: Cognition, personality, and adaptive behavior","volume":"6","author":"Mervis","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0540","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1023\/B:JADD.0000018069.69562.b8","article-title":"Methodological issues in group-matching designs: \u03b1 levels for control variable comparisons and measurement characteristics of control and target variables","volume":"34","author":"Mervis","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0545","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1222","DOI":"10.1086\/302633","article-title":"Visuo-spatial construction","volume":"65","author":"Mervis","year":"1999","journal-title":"American Journal of Human Genetics"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0550","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.bmb.a070866","article-title":"Interhemispheric differences in the localization of psychological processes in man","volume":"27","author":"Milner","year":"1971","journal-title":"British Medical Bulletin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0555","first-page":"749","article-title":"Behavioral phenotypes of genetic syndromes: A reference guide for psychiatrists","volume":"40","author":"Moldavsky","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0560","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-7078.2010.00058.x","article-title":"Mental rotation of dynamic, three-dimensional stimuli by 3-month-old infants","volume":"16","author":"Moore","year":"2011","journal-title":"Infancy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0565","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1006\/brcg.1999.1200","article-title":"Nature of the working memory deficit in Fragile-X syndrome","volume":"44","author":"*Munir","year":"2000","journal-title":"Brain and Cognition"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0570","series-title":"Rey complex figure test and recognition trial","author":"Myers","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0575","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2011.05.014","article-title":"Language and verbal short-term memory skills in children with Down syndrome: A meta-analytic review","volume":"32","author":"N\u00e6ss","year":"2011","journal-title":"Research in Developmental Disabilities"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0580","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2788.2001.00379.x","article-title":"Neurological changes and emotional functioning in adults with Down Syndrome","volume":"45","author":"Nelson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Intellectual Disability Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0585","first-page":"1565","article-title":"Development of spatial cognition and cognitive development","author":"Newcombe","year":"1982","journal-title":"New Directions for Child Development"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0590","series-title":"Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 2, Cognition, perception, and language","first-page":"734","article-title":"Development of Spatial Cognition","author":"Newcombe","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0595","series-title":"Human spatial memory: Remembering where","first-page":"25","article-title":"Starting points and change in early spatial development","author":"Newcombe","year":"2004"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0600","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1024\/1421-0185.68.1.7","article-title":"Individual differences in visuo-spatial working memory and real-world wayfinding","volume":"68","author":"Nori","year":"2009","journal-title":"Swiss Journal of Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0605","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2788.2001.00298.x","article-title":"Working memory and everyday cognition in adults with Down's syndrome","volume":"45","author":"*Numminen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Intellectual Disability Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0610","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.20735","article-title":"Updated national birth prevalence estimates for selected birth defects in the United States, 2004-2006","volume":"88","author":"Parker","year":"2010","journal-title":"Birth Defects Research (Part A)"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0615","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2788.2012.01536.x","article-title":"Systematic review of cognitive development across childhood in Down syndrome: Implications for treatment interventions","volume":"57","author":"Patterson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Intellectual Disability Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0620","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8624.00522","article-title":"The neuropsychology of Down syndrome: Evidence for hippocampal dysfunction","volume":"74","author":"*Pennington","year":"2003","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0625","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2013.11.016","article-title":"Matching variables for research involving youth with Down syndrome: Leiter versus PPVT","volume":"35","author":"Phillips","year":"2014","journal-title":"Research in Developmental Disabilities"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0630","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.56.7.972","article-title":"Amygdala and hippocampal volumes in children with Down syndrome: A high-resolution MRI study","volume":"56","author":"Pinter","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0635","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/0891-4222(87)90038-2","article-title":"Cognitive and learning processes in children with Down syndrome","volume":"8","author":"*Pueschel","year":"1987","journal-title":"Research in Developmental Disabilities"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0640","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.2008.02201.x","article-title":"A sex difference in mental rotation in young infants","volume":"19","author":"Quinn","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychological Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0645","series-title":"Stanford-Binet intelligence scales","author":"Roid","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0650","series-title":"Leiter international performance scale \u2013 revised","author":"Roid","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0655","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1348\/014466505X29594","article-title":"Cognitive executive function in Down's syndrome","volume":"45","author":"*Rowe","year":"2006","journal-title":"British Journal of Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0660","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1126\/science.171.3972.701","article-title":"Mental rotation of three-dimensional objects","volume":"171","author":"Shepard","year":"1971","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0665","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1612","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2009.01357.x","article-title":"Young children's representations of spatial and functional relations between objects","volume":"80","author":"Shutts","year":"2009","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0670","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1002\/mrdd.20156","article-title":"Down syndrome: Cognitive phenotype","volume":"13","author":"Silverman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0675","first-page":"63","article-title":"Spatial coding for items of varying semantic value in adults with or without Down syndrome","volume":"12","author":"*Simon","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal on Developmental Disabilities"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0680","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.25.2.185","article-title":"Object perception and object-directed reaching in infancy: Interaction of spatial and kinetic information for object boundaries","volume":"25","author":"Spelke","year":"1989","journal-title":"Developmental Psychology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0685","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1080\/87565640802254323","article-title":"Mental rotation in Williams syndrome: An impaired ability","volume":"33","author":"Stinton","year":"2008","journal-title":"Developmental Neuropsychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0690","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1080\/13825585.2012.706247","article-title":"Executive and memory correlates of age-related differences in wayfinding performances using a virtual reality application","volume":"20","author":"Taillade","year":"2013","journal-title":"Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0695","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1870","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.160.10.1870","article-title":"Relation of corpus callosum and hippocampal size to age in nondemented adults with Down's syndrome","volume":"160","author":"Teipel","year":"2003","journal-title":"The American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0700","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03195344","article-title":"Place learning in virtual space III: Investigation of spatial navigation training procedures and their application to fMRI and clinical neuropsychology","volume":"33","author":"Thomas","year":"2001","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods, Instruments and Computers"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0705","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2009\/07-0144)","article-title":"Using developmental trajectories to understand developmental disorders","volume":"52","author":"Thomas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0710","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2008.10.009","article-title":"Variability of cognitive development in children with Down syndrome: Relevance of good reasons for using the cluster procedure","volume":"30","author":"Tsao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Research in Developmental Disabilities"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0715","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1080\/87565649409540592","article-title":"Mental rotation performance by learning disabled and Down's syndrome children: A study of imaginal development","volume":"10","author":"Uecker","year":"1994","journal-title":"Developmental Neuropsychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0720","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1037\/a0028446","article-title":"The malleability of spatial skills: A meta-analysis of training studies","volume":"139","author":"Uttal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0725","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1177\/0963721413484756","article-title":"Exploring and enhancing spatial thinking: Links to achievement in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics?","volume":"22","author":"Uttal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Current Directions In Psychological Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0730","series-title":"Logical operations C: Logical operations and conservation","author":"Vianello","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0735","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2788.1995.tb00574.x","article-title":"Short-term memory in persons with intellectual disabilities and Down's syndrome","volume":"39","author":"*Vicari","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of Intellectual Disability Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0740","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617704106073","article-title":"Neuropsychological profile of Italians with Williams syndrome: An example of a dissociation between language and cognition?","volume":"10","author":"*Vicari","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0745","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1017\/S0012162205000599","article-title":"Visual and spatial long-term memory: Differential pattern of impairments in Williams and Down syndromes","volume":"47","author":"*Vicari","year":"2005","journal-title":"Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0750","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1017\/S0012162206000272","article-title":"Evidence from two genetic syndromes for the independence of spatial and visual working memory","volume":"48","author":"*Vicari","year":"2006","journal-title":"Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0755","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2788.2007.01002.x","article-title":"Visual-spatial processing in children and adolescents with Down's syndrome: A computerized assessment of memory skills","volume":"51","author":"*Visu-Petra","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Intellectual Disability Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0760","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.117.2.250","article-title":"Magnitude of sex differences in spatial abilities: A meta-analysis and consideration of critical variables","volume":"117","author":"Voyer","year":"1995","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0765","series-title":"Handbook of spatial cognition","author":"Waller","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0770","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1080\/01688639408402641","article-title":"Evidence from two genetic syndromes for dissociation between verbal and visual-spatial short-term memory","volume":"16","author":"*Wang","year":"1994","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Experimental Neuropsychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0775","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1006\/brcg.1995.1267","article-title":"Unique profile of visuo-perceptual skills in a genetic syndrome","volume":"29","author":"*Wang","year":"1995","journal-title":"Brain and Cognition"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0780","series-title":"WPPSI: Wechsler preschool and primary scale of intelligence","author":"Wechsler","year":"1967"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0785","series-title":"Adaptac\u00b8\u00e3o e padronizac\u00b8\u00e3o brasileira","article-title":"Escalas de Intelig\u00eancia Wechsler para Crianc\u00b8as: Manual","author":"Wechsler","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0790","series-title":"Wechsler intellience scale for children","author":"Wechsler","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0795","series-title":"WAIS-III: Escala de intelig\u00eancia Wechsler para adultos (WAIS-III: Wechsler scale for adults)","author":"Wechsler","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0800","series-title":"Wechsler adult intelligence scale","author":"Wechsler","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0805","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1080\/13875860902906496","article-title":"Taxonomy of human wayfinding tasks: A knowledge-based approach","volume":"9","author":"Wiener","year":"2009","journal-title":"Spatial Cognition and Computation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002_bib0810","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.1995.80.2.499","article-title":"Remembering spatial locations: Effects of material and intelligence","volume":"80","author":"*Zucco","year":"1995","journal-title":"Perceptual and Motor Skills"}],"container-title":["Research in Developmental Disabilities"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0891422214001516?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0891422214001516?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T14:47:11Z","timestamp":1760194031000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0891422214001516"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,7]]},"references-count":162,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,7]]}},"alternative-id":["S0891422214001516"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002","relation":{},"ISSN":["0891-4222"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0891-4222","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Visuo-spatial ability in individuals with Down syndrome: Is it really a strength?","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Research in Developmental Disabilities","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.002","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}