{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T21:24:04Z","timestamp":1791494644846,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,1]],"date-time":"2018-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1530403200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Research in Developmental Disabilities"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2018.05.001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,11]],"date-time":"2018-05-11T18:18:43Z","timestamp":1526062723000},"page":"35-43","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Second language learners who are at-risk for reading disabilities: A growth mixture model study"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"78","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0079-7155","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susanna S.","family":"Yeung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2018.05.001_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8279.2010.02015.x","article-title":"Pedagogical strategies for teaching literacy to ESL immigrant students: A meta-analysis","volume":"81","author":"Adesope","year":"2011","journal-title":"British Journal of Educational Psychology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2018.05.001_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.2307\/30035552","article-title":"Identifying a multivariate screening model to predict reading difficulties at the onset of kindergarten: A longitudinal analysis","volume":"29","author":"Bishop","year":"2006","journal-title":"Learning Disability Quarterly"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2018.05.001_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.100.1.192","article-title":"Early identification of reading difficulties using heterogeneous developmental trajectories","volume":"100","author":"Boscardin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2018.05.001_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1044\/0161-1461(2001\/004)","article-title":"Estimating the risk of future reading difficulties in kindergarten children: A research-based model and its clinical implementation","volume":"32","author":"Catts","year":"2001","journal-title":"Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2018.05.001_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.3102\/0034654312465472","article-title":"Effective reading programs for Spanish-dominant English language learners (ELLs) in the elementary grades: A synthesis of research","volume":"82","author":"Cheung","year":"2012","journal-title":"Review of Educational Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2018.05.001_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.3109\/13682829709021465","article-title":"The development of the \u2018Cantonese receptive vocabulary test\u2019 for children aged 2\u20136 in Hong Kong","volume":"32","author":"Cheung","year":"1997","journal-title":"International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2018.05.001_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1086\/510652","article-title":"A longitudinal study of reading development of Canadian children from diverse linguistic backgrounds","volume":"107","author":"Chiappe","year":"2006","journal-title":"The Elementary School Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2018.05.001_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1207\/S1532799XSSR0604_04","article-title":"Linguistic diversity and the development of reading skills: A longitudinal study","volume":"6","author":"Chiappe","year":"2002","journal-title":"Scientific Studies of Reading"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2018.05.001_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219414538519","article-title":"Using spelling to screen bilingual kindergarteners at risk for reading difficulties","volume":"49","author":"Chua","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Learning Disabilities"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2018.05.001_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219409345018","article-title":"Second language learning difficulties in Chinese children with dyslexia: What are the reading-related cognitive skills that contribute to English and Chinese word reading?","volume":"43","author":"Chung","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Learning Disabilities"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2018.05.001_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219411424209","article-title":"Rapid automatized naming and immediate memory functions in Chinese children who read English as a second language","volume":"46","author":"Ding","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Learning Disabilities"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2018.05.001_bib0060","series-title":"Pebody picture vocabulary test","author":"Dunn","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2018.05.001_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.85.3.453","article-title":"Cross-language transfer of phonological awareness","volume":"85","author":"Durgunoglu","year":"1993","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2018.05.001_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.1447","article-title":"Predicting reading disability: Early cognitive risk and protective factors","volume":"19","author":"Eklund","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dyslexia"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2018.05.001_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1007\/s11881-012-0071-7","article-title":"Dyslexia in a second language?\u2014A dynamic test of reading acquisition may provide a fair answer","volume":"62","author":"Elbro","year":"2012","journal-title":"Annals of Dyslexia"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2018.05.001_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1037\/a0028766","article-title":"The home literacy environment and Latino head start children's emergent literacy skills","volume":"49","author":"Farver","year":"2013","journal-title":"Developmental Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2018.05.001_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1598\/RRQ.41.1.4","article-title":"Introduction to response to intervention: What, why, and how valid is it?","volume":"41","author":"Fuchs","year":"2006","journal-title":"Reading Research Quarterly"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2018.05.001_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1177\/001440290407100101","article-title":"Monitoring early reading development in first grade: Word identification fluency versus nonsense word fluency","volume":"71","author":"Fuchs","year":"2004","journal-title":"Exceptional Children"},{"issue":"5938","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2018.05.001_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1171999","article-title":"Dyslexia: A new synergy between education and cognitive neuroscience","volume":"325","author":"Gabrieli","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2018.05.001_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/s11881-000-0020-8","article-title":"Understanding individual differences in word recognition skills of ESL children","volume":"50","author":"Geva","year":"2000","journal-title":"Annals of Dyslexia"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2018.05.001_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.3109\/17549507.2012.693201","article-title":"Profiling dyslexia in bilingual adolescents","volume":"14","author":"Hedman","year":"2012","journal-title":"International Journal of Speech-language Pathology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2018.05.001_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.275","article-title":"The early identification of dyslexia: Children with English as an additional language","volume":"10","author":"Hutchinson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Dyslexia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2018.05.001_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.100.4.851","article-title":"Catching up or falling behind? Initial English proficiency, concentrated poverty, and the reading growth of language minority learners in the United States","volume":"100","author":"Kieffer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Psychology"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2018.05.001_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1080\/03004430.2013.788815","article-title":"English vocabulary instruction in six early childhood classrooms in Hong Kong","volume":"183","author":"Lau","year":"2013","journal-title":"Early Child Development and Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2018.05.001_bib0125","unstructured":"Learning Disabilities Association of Alberta (2009). Reading Readiness Screening Tool. Edmonton, AB: Author."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2018.05.001_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2010.02311.x","article-title":"Developmental trajectories of reading development and impairment from ages 3\u20138 years in Chinese children","volume":"52","author":"Lei","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2018.05.001_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.39.6.1005","article-title":"The development of reading in children who speak English as a second language","volume":"39","author":"Lesaux","year":"2003","journal-title":"Developmental Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2018.05.001_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/s11145-016-9664-6","article-title":"The pathway to English word reading in Chinese ESL children: The role of spelling","volume":"30","author":"Lin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Reading and Writing"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2018.05.001_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1080\/10888430709336555","article-title":"The development of reading skills in children with English as a second language","volume":"11","author":"Lipka","year":"2007","journal-title":"Scientific Studies of Reading"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2018.05.001_bib0150","first-page":"963","article-title":"The improvement of reading skills of L1 and ESL children using a Response to Intervention (RtI) Model","volume":"22","author":"Lipka","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psicothema"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2018.05.001_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1659","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2016.01659","article-title":"Reading ability development from kindergarten to junior secondary: Latent transition analyses with growth mixture modeling","volume":"7","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2018.05.001_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cedpsych.2017.02.001","article-title":"English expressive vocabulary growth and its unique role in predicting English word reading: A longitudinal study involving Hong Kong Chinese ESL children","volume":"49","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Contemporary Educational Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2018.05.001_bib0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1353\/mpq.2006.0031","article-title":"Trajectories of reading development: A follow-up from birth to school age of children with and without risk for dyslexia","volume":"52","author":"Lyytinen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Merrill-Palmer Quarterly"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2018.05.001_bib0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1207\/s1532799xssr0902_2","article-title":"Predictors of beginning reading in chinese and english: A 2-Year longitudinal study of chinese kindergartners","volume":"9","author":"McBride-Chang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Scientific Studies of Reading"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2018.05.001_bib0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1392","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8624.00479","article-title":"Cross\u2013cultural similarities in the predictors of reading acquisition","volume":"73","author":"McBride-Chang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2018.05.001_bib0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2004.05.001","article-title":"Levels of phonological awareness in three cultures","volume":"89","author":"McBride-Chang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Child Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2018.05.001_bib0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219411400748","article-title":"Specific reading difficulties in Chinese, English, or both: Longitudinal markers of phonological awareness, morphological awareness, and RAN in Hong Kong Chinese children","volume":"45","author":"McBride-Chang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Learning Disabilities"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2018.05.001_bib0190","series-title":"Educating individuals with disabilities","first-page":"137","article-title":"Learning disability identification","author":"McCardle","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2018.05.001_bib0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1007\/s12519-009-0049-7","article-title":"Internalizing correlates of dyslexia","volume":"5","author":"Mugnaini","year":"2009","journal-title":"World Journal of Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2018.05.001_bib0200","series-title":"Mplus (Version 6.0)","author":"Muth\u00e9n","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2018.05.001_bib0205","series-title":"Multilevel modeling: Methodological advances, issues, and applications","first-page":"71","article-title":"Analysis of reading skills development from kindergarten through first grade: An application of growth mixture modeling to sequential processes","author":"Muth\u00e9n","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2018.05.001_bib0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1006\/jecp.1996.2365","article-title":"Segmentation, not rhyming, predicts early progress in learning to read","volume":"65","author":"Muter","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Child Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2018.05.001_bib0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219408326209","article-title":"Predictive validity of the Get Ready to Read! screener: Concurrent and long-term relations with reading-related skills","volume":"42","author":"Phillips","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Learning Disabilities"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2018.05.001_bib0220","series-title":"Manual for Raven\u2019s progressive matrices and vocabulary scales. Section III: Standard progressive matrices","author":"Raven","year":"1976"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2018.05.001_bib0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1037\/a0026225","article-title":"Cognition and literacy in English language learners at risk for reading disabilities","volume":"104","author":"Swanson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2018.05.001_bib0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219413492854","article-title":"A tale of two writing systems: Double dissociation and metalinguistic transfer between Chinese and English word reading among Hong Kong children","volume":"48","author":"Tong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Learning Disabilities"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2018.05.001_bib0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1177\/00222194060390020401","article-title":"Response to intervention as a vehicle for distinguishing between children with and without reading disabilities: evidence for the role of kindergarten and first grade intervention","volume":"39","author":"Vellutino","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Learning Disabilities"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2018.05.001_bib0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1007\/s11145-007-9098-2","article-title":"Using response to kindergarten and first grade intervention to identify children at-risk for long-term reading difficulties","volume":"21","author":"Vellutino","year":"2008","journal-title":"Reading and Writing"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2018.05.001_bib0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219409345007","article-title":"Identifying preschool children at risk of later reading difficulties: Evaluation of two emergent literacy screening tools","volume":"43","author":"Wilson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Learning Disabilities"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2018.05.001_bib0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8279.2012.02082.x","article-title":"Phonological awareness and oral language proficiency in learning to read English among Chinese kindergarten children in Hong Kong","volume":"83","author":"Yeung","year":"2013","journal-title":"British Journal of Educational Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2018.05.001_bib0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2013.12.003","article-title":"Development of reading-related skills in Chinese and English among Hong Kong Chinese children with and without dyslexia","volume":"122","author":"Zhou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Child Psychology"}],"container-title":["Research in Developmental Disabilities"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0891422218301069?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0891422218301069?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,21]],"date-time":"2018-08-21T15:02:24Z","timestamp":1534863744000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0891422218301069"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,7]]},"references-count":51,"alternative-id":["S0891422218301069"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ridd.2018.05.001","relation":{},"ISSN":["0891-4222"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0891-4222","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Second language learners who are at-risk for reading disabilities: A growth mixture model study","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Research in Developmental Disabilities","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ridd.2018.05.001","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}