{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T13:10:15Z","timestamp":1778764215436,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,30]],"date-time":"2025-05-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748563200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 HD093754"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 HD093754"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Research in Developmental Disabilities"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2025.105056","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,2]],"date-time":"2025-06-02T17:41:14Z","timestamp":1748886074000},"page":"105056","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Relationship between anxiety and executive functioning among youth with Down syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"164","author":[{"given":"Natalie A.","family":"Snodgrass","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Deborah J.","family":"Fidler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lina","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Denne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephanie","family":"Weber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2649-7791","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna J.","family":"Esbensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2025.105056_bib1","unstructured":"Achenbach, T.M., & Rescorla, L. (2001). ASEBA School-Age Forms & Profiles. Aseba."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2025.105056_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2016.01363","article-title":"The role of executive functions in social cognition among children with down syndrome: Relationship patterns","volume":"7","author":"Amad\u00f3","year":"2016","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2025.105056_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.21307\/sjcapp-2020-016","article-title":"Can the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) help characterize the types of psychopathologic conditions driving child psychiatry referrals?","volume":"8","author":"Biederman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Scandinavian Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology"},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2025.105056_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2344","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1706537","article-title":"Down syndrome","volume":"382","author":"Bull","year":"2020","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2025.105056_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.c.30097","article-title":"Neurobehavioral disorders in children, adolescents, and young adults with Down syndrome","volume":"142","author":"Capone","year":"2006","journal-title":"American Journal of Medical Genetics Part C: Seminars in Medical Genetics"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2025.105056_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1177\/10870547221131979","article-title":"Surveillance of ADHD among children in the United States: validity and reliability of parent report of provider diagnosis","volume":"27","author":"Cree","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Attention Disorders"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2025.105056_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1352\/1944-7558-119.4.303","article-title":"Profiles of everyday executive functioning in young children with Down syndrome","volume":"119","author":"Daunhauer","year":"2014","journal-title":"American Journal on Intellectual and developmental disabilities"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2025.105056_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2223","DOI":"10.1177\/13623613211014991","article-title":"Autism spectrum disorder: An examination of sex differences in neuropsychological and self-report measures of executive and non-executive cognitive function","volume":"25","author":"Demetriou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Autism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2025.105056_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-113011-143750","article-title":"Executive functions","volume":"64","author":"Diamond","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annual Review of Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2025.105056_bib10","series-title":"On some of the mental affections of childhood and youth","author":"Down","year":"1887"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2025.105056_bib11","first-page":"1","article-title":"The role of executive function at 6 years in the association between behavioral inhibition at 5 years and anxiety at 7 years","author":"Dumont","year":"2024","journal-title":"Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2025.105056_bib12","series-title":"Peabody picture vocabulary test, Fifth Edition","author":"Dunn","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2025.105056_bib13","series-title":"Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test","article-title":"PPVT-4","author":"Dunn","year":"2007"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2025.105056_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1352\/1944-7558-124.3.220","article-title":"Reliability of informant-report measures of executive functioning in children with Down syndrome","volume":"124","author":"Esbensen","year":"2019","journal-title":"American Journal on Intellectual and developmental disabilities"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2025.105056_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1352\/1944-7558-122.3.247","article-title":"Outcome measures for clinical trials in Down syndrome","volume":"122","author":"Esbensen","year":"2017","journal-title":"American Journal on Intellectual and developmental disabilities"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2025.105056_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1111\/jir.12911","article-title":"Co-occurring medical and behavioural conditions in children with Down syndrome with or without ADHD symptom presentation","volume":"66","author":"Esbensen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Intellectual Disability Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2025.105056_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1037\/1528-3542.7.2.336","article-title":"Anxiety and cognitive performance: Attentional control theory","volume":"7","author":"Eysenck","year":"2007","journal-title":"Emotion"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2025.105056_bib18","first-page":"1","article-title":"Validation of autism diagnosis and clinical data in the SPARK cohort","author":"Fombonne","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2025.105056_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.3109\/13668250.2019.1669004","article-title":"Executive functions and emotion regulation as predictors of internalising symptoms among adults with Down syndrome: A transdiagnostic perspective","volume":"45","author":"Garc\u00eda-Villamisar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Intellectual Developmental Disability"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2025.105056_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.1877","article-title":"Everyday executive function predicts adaptive and internalizing behavior among children with and without autism spectrum disorder","volume":"11","author":"Gardiner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Autism Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2025.105056_bib21","series-title":"Behavior rating inventory of executive function 2nd Edition (BRIEF2): Professional manual","author":"Gioia","year":"2015"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2025.105056_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1080\/15374416.2015.1041592","article-title":"Are executive functioning deficits concurrently and predictively associated with depressive and anxiety symptoms in adolescents?","volume":"45","author":"Han","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Child Adolescent Psychology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2025.105056_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1080\/19315864.2014.920941","article-title":"Behavior and adaptive functioning in adolescents with Down syndrome: Specifying targets for intervention","volume":"7","author":"Jacola","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Mental Health Research in Intellectual Disabilities"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2025.105056_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1352\/0895-8017(2004)109<456:VAVWMD>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Verbal and visuospatial working memory deficits in children with Down syndrome","volume":"109","author":"Lanfranchi","year":"2004","journal-title":"American Journal on Mental Retardation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2025.105056_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2788.2010.01262.x","article-title":"Executive function in adolescents with Down Syndrome","volume":"54","author":"Lanfranchi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Intellectual Disability Research"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2025.105056_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.31103","article-title":"Accuracy of phenotyping of autistic children based on internet implemented parent report","volume":"153","author":"Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2025.105056_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1037\/adb0000750","article-title":"Limitations of cross-lagged panel models in addiction research and alternative models: An empirical example using project MATCH","volume":"36","author":"Littlefield","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychology of Addictive Behaviors"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2025.105056_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000051","article-title":"Anxiety and working memory capacity: A meta-analysis and narrative review","volume":"142","author":"Moran","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2025.105056_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1177\/0145445517749448","article-title":"An investigation of executive functioning in pediatric anxiety","volume":"42","author":"Murphy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Behavior Modification"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2025.105056_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-017-0395-1","article-title":"Preschool executive control and internalizing symptoms in elementary school","volume":"46","author":"Nelson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2025.105056_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1080\/19315864.2018.1481473","article-title":"Behavioral characteristics of individuals with Down syndrome","volume":"11","author":"Patel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Mental Health Research in Intellectual Disabilities"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2025.105056_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.1111\/jir.12217","article-title":"Executive functions among youth with Down Syndrome and co-existing neurobehavioural disorders","volume":"59","author":"Pritchard","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Intellectual Disability Research"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2025.105056_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3162","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.62948","article-title":"Assessing co-occurring mental health conditions in a multidisciplinary Down syndrome clinic and the role of family history","volume":"188","author":"Raffaele","year":"2022","journal-title":"American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2025.105056_bib34","article-title":"Stanford-binet intelligence scales (SB5)","author":"Roid","year":"2003","journal-title":"Riverside"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2025.105056_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v048.i02","article-title":"lavaan: An R package for structural equation modeling","volume":"48","author":"Rosseel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Statistical Software"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2025.105056_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119057840.ch23","article-title":"Neurobiology of down syndrome","author":"Sakhon","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Wiley Encyclopedia of Health Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2025.105056_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1866-1955-6-16","article-title":"Improving IQ measurement in intellectual disabilities using true deviation from population norms","volume":"6","author":"Sansone","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of neurodevelopmental Disorders"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2025.105056_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2022.104416","article-title":"Cognitive flexibility assessment in youth with Down syndrome: Reliability, practice effects, and validity","volume":"133","author":"Schworer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Research in developmental disabilities"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2025.105056_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedn.2020.10.019","article-title":"The impact of developmental behavioral pediatrics in a population of children with Down syndrome","volume":"57","author":"Shaw","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of pediatric Nursing"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2025.105056_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1037\/emo0000151","article-title":"The effect of negative affect on cognition: Anxiety, not anger, impairs executive function","volume":"16","author":"Shields","year":"2016","journal-title":"Emotion"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2025.105056_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1002\/mrdd.20156","article-title":"Down syndrome: Cognitive phenotype","volume":"13","author":"Silverman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mental retardation and developmental disabilities Research Reviews"},{"issue":"s1","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2025.105056_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617723008147","article-title":"39 anxiety as a longitudinal compensatory factor for executive functioning abilities in youth with ADHD","volume":"29","author":"Slomowitz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2025.105056_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e429","DOI":"10.1097\/DBP.0000000000001189","article-title":"Executive functioning, language, and behavioral abilities related to obstructive sleep apnea in down syndrome","volume":"44","author":"Soltani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Developmental Behavioral Pediatrics"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2025.105056_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1111\/jir.13000","article-title":"Confirmatory factor analysis of the BRIEF2 in a sample of youth with Down syndrome","volume":"67","author":"Soltani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Intellectual Disability Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2025.105056_bib45","series-title":"Vineland adaptive behavior scale-Third Edition (Vineland-3)","author":"Sparrow","year":"2016"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2025.105056_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-023-04810-z","article-title":"Symptoms of depression and anxiety in Chinese adolescents: Heterogeneity and associations with executive function","volume":"23","author":"Sun","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2025.105056_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1111\/jir.12450","article-title":"Adaptive behaviour, executive function and employment in adults with Down syndrome","volume":"62","author":"Tomaszewski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Intellectual Disability Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2025.105056_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2020.103802","article-title":"Executive function in Down syndrome: A meta-analysis","volume":"108","author":"Tungate","year":"2021","journal-title":"Research in developmental disabilities"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2025.105056_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1774","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.01774","article-title":"Longitudinal examination of everyday executive functioning in children with ASD: Relations with social, emotional, and behavioral functioning over time","volume":"9","author":"Vogan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2025.105056_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-015-2655-7","article-title":"Real-world executive functions in adults with autism spectrum disorder: Profiles of impairment and associations with adaptive functioning and co-morbid anxiety and depression","volume":"46","author":"Wallace","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2025.105056_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1111\/jir.12583","article-title":"Factors associated with depression and anxiety in children with intellectual disabilities","volume":"63","author":"Whitney","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Intellectual Disability Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2025.105056_bib52","series-title":"Expressive Vocabulary Test, Second Edition","author":"Williams","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2025.105056_bib53","series-title":"Expressive Vocabulary Test","author":"Williams","year":"2018"}],"container-title":["Research in Developmental Disabilities"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0891422225001404?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0891422225001404?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T12:32:54Z","timestamp":1778761974000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0891422225001404"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"references-count":53,"alternative-id":["S0891422225001404"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ridd.2025.105056","relation":{},"ISSN":["0891-4222"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0891-4222","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Relationship between anxiety and executive functioning among youth with Down syndrome","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Research in Developmental Disabilities","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ridd.2025.105056","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"105056"}}