{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T12:07:26Z","timestamp":1785240446446,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780876800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Research in Developmental Disabilities"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2026.105330","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T07:14:12Z","timestamp":1781507652000},"page":"105330","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["The effectiveness of a video-modeling-based treatment package for incontinence in children with and without developmental disabilities"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"175","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2437-3819","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maayke","family":"van Galen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bibi","family":"Huskens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3579-6200","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander","family":"von Gontard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5009-4269","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Didden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2026.105330_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.22751","article-title":"The standardization of terminology of lower urinary tract function in children and adolescents: Update report from the standardization committee of the International Children's Continence Society","volume":"35","author":"Austin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurourology and Urodynamics"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2026.105330_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1007\/s40614-023-00384-z","article-title":"Reflections and critical directions for toilet training in applied behavior analysis","volume":"46","author":"Bacotti","year":"2023","journal-title":"Perspectives on Behavior Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2026.105330_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bailey, J.S., & Burch, M.R. (2017). Research methods in applied behavior analysis. Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315543369"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2026.105330_bib4","unstructured":"Bandura, A. (1977). Social learning theory. Prentice-Hall."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2026.105330_bib5","unstructured":"Behavior Analyst Certification Board. (2020). Ethics code for behavior analysts. \u3008https:\/\/www.bacb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Ethics-Code-for-Behavior-Analysts-210201.pdf\u3009."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2026.105330_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/66336","article-title":"Innovative, technology-driven, digital tools for managing pediatric urinary incontinence: A scoping review","volume":"14","author":"Bladt","year":"2025","journal-title":"Interactive Journal of Medical Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2026.105330_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2013.01.001","article-title":"Management of functional constipation in children with lower urinary tract symptoms: Report from the Standardization Committee of the International Children's Continence Society","volume":"190","author":"Burgers","year":"2013","journal-title":"The Journal of Urology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2026.105330_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.22911","article-title":"Treatment of daytime urinary incontinence: A standardization document from the International Children's Continence Society","volume":"36","author":"Chang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurourology and Urodynamics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2026.105330_bib9","series-title":"Handbook of pediatric psychology in school settings","first-page":"467","article-title":"Elimination disorders","author":"Christophersen","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2026.105330_bib10","series-title":"Clinical guide to toilet training children","first-page":"227","article-title":"Special populations: Toilet training children with disabilities","author":"Cocchiola","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2026.105330_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. \u3008https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4324\/9780203771587\u3009.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203771587"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2026.105330_bib12","unstructured":"Cooper, J.O., Heron, T.E., & Heward, W.L. (2020). Applied behavior analysis (3rd ed.). Pearson."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2026.105330_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1080\/00949655.2024.2440796","article-title":"Power analysis for zero-inflated Poisson and negative binomial generalized linear models using Monte Carlo simulation","volume":"95","author":"Dennis","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Statistical Computation and Simulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2026.105330_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1007\/s40617-023-00891-0","article-title":"Resolving barriers to continence for children with disabilities: Steps toward evidence-based practice","volume":"17","author":"Donnelly","year":"2024","journal-title":"Behavior Analysis in Practice"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2026.105330_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjpo-2023-002238","article-title":"Interventions to improve continence for children and young people with neurodisability: A national survey of practitioner and family perspectives and experiences","volume":"8","author":"Eke","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMJ Paediatrics Open"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2026.105330_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1111\/luts.12400","article-title":"Effectiveness of standard urotherapy (basic bladder advice) and combination therapies in managing bladder dysfunction in children with treated behavioral disorders: Results of a prospective cohort (DABBED) study","volume":"13","author":"Eliezer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2026.105330_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1901\/jaba.1992.25-491","article-title":"A comparison of two approaches for identifying reinforcers for persons with severe and profound disabilities","volume":"25","author":"Fisher","year":"1992","journal-title":"Journal of applied behavior analysis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2026.105330_bib18","unstructured":"Flick, U. (2014). An introduction to qualitative research (5th ed.). SAGE Publications."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2026.105330_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1037\/h0100340","article-title":"A biobehavioral approach to the treatment of functional encopresis in children","volume":"3","author":"Friman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Early and Intensive Behavior Intervention"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2026.105330_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1177\/0162643420945594","article-title":"Video modeling for high school students with autism spectrum disorder","volume":"37","author":"Galligan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Special Education Technology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2026.105330_bib21","series-title":"Pediatric neurogastroenterology","first-page":"545","article-title":"Fecal incontinence in children","author":"Garza","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2026.105330_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gast, D.L., Lloyd, B.P., & Ledford, J.R. (2018). Single case research methodology: Applications in special education and behavioral sciences (3rd ed.). Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315150666-4"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2026.105330_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1002\/jaba.106","article-title":"Producing meaningful improvements in problem behavior of children with autism via synthesized contingencies and skill-based treatment","volume":"47","author":"Hanley","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2026.105330_bib24","series-title":"Rome IV: Functional gastrointestinal disorders","first-page":"967","article-title":"Functional disorders: Children and adolescents","author":"Hyams","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2026.105330_bib25","unstructured":"Kazdin, A.E. (2011). Single-case research designs: Methods for clinical and applied settings (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2026.105330_bib26","first-page":"3","article-title":"Interrater reliability for behavioral observation research: The problem with kappa","volume":"49","author":"Kmetz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Behavioral Disorders"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2026.105330_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2015.09.008","article-title":"Management of functional nonretentive fecal incontinence in children: Recommendations from the International Children's Continence Society","volume":"12","author":"Koppen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Pediatric Urology"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2026.105330_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1080\/09602011.2013.815636","article-title":"Visual analysis in single case experimental design studies: Brief review and guidelines","volume":"24","author":"Lane","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuropsychological Rehabilitation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2026.105330_bib29","unstructured":"LeBlanc, L.A., & Luiselli, J.K. (Eds.). (2016). Teaching and behavior support for children and adults with autism spectrum disorder: A practitioner\u2019s guide. Academic Press."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2026.105330_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ledford, J.R., & Gast, D.L. (2018). Single case research methodology: Applications in special education and behavioral sciences (3rd ed.). Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315150666"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2026.105330_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/s10882-013-9348-y","article-title":"Using video modeling to toilet train a child with autism","volume":"26","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2026.105330_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1177\/0748175612456401","article-title":"Calculating effect size in single-case research: A comparison of nonoverlap methods","volume":"48","author":"Lenz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2026.105330_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-014-2791-x","article-title":"The management of childhood urinary incontinence","volume":"30","author":"Maternik","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatric Nephrology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2026.105330_bib34","series-title":"Clinical guide to toilet training children","first-page":"143","article-title":"Toilet training: Strategies involving modeling and modifications of the physical environment","author":"McLay","year":"2017"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2026.105330_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1007\/s10882-015-9426-4","article-title":"Using a video modeling-based intervention package to toilet train two children with autism","volume":"27","author":"McLay","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2026.105330_bib36","series-title":"Handbook of childhood psychopathology and developmental disabilities treatment","first-page":"393","article-title":"Toilet training: Behavioral and medical considerations","author":"McPherson","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2026.105330_bib37","unstructured":"Nederlandse Vereniging voor Kindergeneeskunde. (2024). Richtlijn functionele obstipatie bij kinderen van 0 tot 18 jaar (herziening 2025). \u3008https:\/\/www.nvk.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/Richtlijn-obstipatie-2025.pdf\u3009."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2026.105330_bib38","series-title":"Pediatric surgery","first-page":"375","article-title":"Daytime urinary incontinence","author":"Nev\u00e9us","year":"2023"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2026.105330_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2020.11.006","article-title":"Definitions, indications and practice of urotherapy in children and adolescents: A standardization document of the International Children's Continence Society (ICCS)","volume":"17","author":"Nieuwhof-Leppink","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Pediatric Urology"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2026.105330_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(19)30113-0","article-title":"Daytime urinary incontinence in children and adolescents","volume":"3","author":"Nieuwhof-Leppink","year":"2019","journal-title":"The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2026.105330_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1901\/jaba.1985.18-249","article-title":"Assessment of stimulus preference and reinforcer value with profoundly retarded individuals","volume":"18","author":"Pace","year":"1985","journal-title":"Journal of applied behavior analysis"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2026.105330_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beth.2010.08.006","article-title":"Combining nonoverlap and trend for single-case research: Tau-U","volume":"42","author":"Parker","year":"2011","journal-title":"Behavior Therapy"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2026.105330_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1007\/s40617-020-00490-3","article-title":"An evaluation of \u201cbalance\u201d: A home-based, parent-implemented program addressing emerging problem behavior","volume":"14","author":"Ruppel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Behavior Analysis in Practice"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2026.105330_bib44","series-title":"Proceedings of the 9th python in science conference","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.25080\/Majora-92bf1922-011","article-title":"Statsmodels: Econometric and statistical modeling with Python","author":"Seabold","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2026.105330_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rasd.2022.102049","article-title":"Toilet training interventions for children with autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review","volume":"99","author":"Simon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2026.105330_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2020.103802","article-title":"Executive function in Down syndrome: A meta-analysis","volume":"108","author":"Tungate","year":"2021","journal-title":"Research in Developmental Disabilities"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2026.105330_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s41252-022-00270-w","article-title":"Standard urotherapy for children with neurodevelopmental disabilities: A systematic review","volume":"7","author":"van Galen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Advances in Neurodevelopmental Disorders"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2026.105330_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1002\/jcad.12038","article-title":"Evaluating intervention effects in single-case research designs","volume":"93","author":"Vannest","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Counseling & Development"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2026.105330_bib49","unstructured":"Vannest, K.J., Parker, R.I., & Gonen, O. (2011). Single case research: Web-based calculators for SCR analysis. Texas A&M University."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2026.105330_bib50","unstructured":"Vannest, K.J., Parker, R.I., Gonen, O., & Adiguzel, T. (2016). Single case research: Web-based calculators for SCR analysis (Version 2.0) [Web-based application]. College Station, TX: Texas A&M University. Retrieved March 24, 2024, from \u3008https:\/\/www.singlecaseresearch.org\u3009."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2026.105330_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2010.11.051","article-title":"Psychological and psychiatric issues in urinary and fecal incontinence","volume":"185","author":"von Gontard","year":"2011","journal-title":"The Journal of urology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2026.105330_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-014-0577-0","article-title":"Comorbidity of ADHD and incontinence in children","volume":"24","author":"von Gontard","year":"2015","journal-title":"European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2026.105330_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.24798","article-title":"Neurodevelopmental disorders and incontinence in children and adolescents: Attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorder, and intellectual disability-A consensus document of the International Children's Continence Society","volume":"41","author":"von Gontard","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurourology and Urodynamics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2026.105330_bib54","unstructured":"What Works Clearinghouse. (2020). Standards handbook (version 4.1). U.S. Department of Education, Institute of Education Sciences. \u3008https:\/\/ies.ed.gov\/ncee\/wwc\/handbooks\u3009."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2026.105330_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1097\/DBP.0000000000001036","article-title":"Toileting resistance among preschool-age children with and without autism spectrum disorder","volume":"43","author":"Wiggins","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics"}],"container-title":["Research in Developmental Disabilities"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0891422226001253?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0891422226001253?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T11:57:17Z","timestamp":1785239837000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0891422226001253"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"references-count":55,"alternative-id":["S0891422226001253"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ridd.2026.105330","relation":{},"ISSN":["0891-4222"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0891-4222","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The effectiveness of a video-modeling-based treatment package for incontinence in children with and without developmental disabilities","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Research in Developmental Disabilities","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ridd.2026.105330","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"105330"}}