{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T20:44:29Z","timestamp":1791924269895,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004054","name":"King Abdulaziz University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IPP: 1792-324-2026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IPP: 1792-324-2026"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Research in Developmental Disabilities"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2026.105402","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T07:23:50Z","timestamp":1791789830000},"page":"105402","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Predicting multidimensional quality of life among autistic people and people with intellectual disability in Saudi Arabia: An explainable machine-learning study"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"178","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6635-0095","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdulaziz S.","family":"Alsolami","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2026.105402_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2025.104813","article-title":"Support and services targeting young adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities and their families in Saudi Arabia","volume":"254","author":"Aldosiry","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acta Psychologica"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2026.105402_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2024.104799","article-title":"Saudi parents\u2019 perspectives of the factors influencing the quality of life of their children with autism spectrum disorder","volume":"152","author":"Alhuzimi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Research in Developmental Disabilities"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2026.105402_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2023.104492","article-title":"Potential impact of autism services on the quality of life of individuals with autism spectrum disorder and their families","volume":"136","author":"Almasoud","year":"2023","journal-title":"Research in Developmental Disabilities"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2026.105402_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2024.104780","article-title":"Enhancing the quality of life of mothers of children with intellectual disabilities or autism: The role of disability-specific support","volume":"151","author":"Alnahdi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Research in Developmental Disabilities"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2026.105402_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.1080\/20473869.2024.2362007","article-title":"Family quality of life of caregivers of individuals with autism, with other disabilities, and without disabilities: The case of Saudi Arabia","volume":"70","author":"Alnahdi","year":"2024","journal-title":"International Journal of Developmental Disabilities"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2026.105402_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2025.105165","article-title":"Evaluating quality of life for people with intellectual disabilities in Saudi Arabia: Guardian perspectives","volume":"167","author":"Alqazlan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Research in Developmental Disabilities"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2026.105402_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2025.105077","article-title":"Evaluation of the quality of life in individuals with intellectual disabilities: Challenges and influencing factors","volume":"164","author":"Alsultan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Research in Developmental Disabilities"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2026.105402_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-019-04353-x","article-title":"Quality of life in school-aged youth referred to an autism specialty clinic: A latent profile analysis","volume":"50","author":"Azad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2026.105402_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2707","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-016-2816-3","article-title":"Characterizing objective quality of life and normative outcomes in adults with autism spectrum disorder: An exploratory latent class analysis","volume":"46","author":"Bishop-Fitzpatrick","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2026.105402_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1010933404324","article-title":"Random forests","volume":"45","author":"Breiman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Machine Learning"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2026.105402_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1177\/15407969251322732","article-title":"Person-centered planning for group home residents with intellectual and developmental disabilities","volume":"50","author":"Brendli Brown","year":"2025","journal-title":"Research and Practice for Persons with Severe Disabilities"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2026.105402_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2025.104919","article-title":"Beyond disability: A scientometric review of quality of life in developmental disabilities","volume":"158","author":"Cavallaro","year":"2025","journal-title":"Research in Developmental Disabilities"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2026.105402_bib13","series-title":"Proceedings of the 22nd ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining","first-page":"785","article-title":"XGBoost: A scalable tree boosting system","author":"Chen","year":"2016"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2026.105402_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rasd.2014.05.003","article-title":"Factors associated with quality of life in individuals with autism spectrum disorders: A review of literature","volume":"8","author":"Chiang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2026.105402_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2023-078378","article-title":"TRIPOD+AI statement: Updated guidance for reporting clinical prediction models that use regression or machine learning methods","volume":"385","author":"Collins","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2026.105402_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022627411411","article-title":"Support-vector networks","volume":"20","author":"Cortes","year":"1995","journal-title":"Machine Learning"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2026.105402_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2013.10.029","article-title":"Quality of life among parents of children with autistic disorder: A sample from the Arab world","volume":"35","author":"Dardas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Research in Developmental Disabilities"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2026.105402_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1159\/000523723","article-title":"The neurodiversity approach(es): What are they and what do they mean for researchers?","volume":"66","author":"Dwyer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Human Development"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2026.105402_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s10882-025-10048-2","article-title":"Person-centered: The impact of people with IDD choosing their goals on their quality of life outcomes","author":"Friedman","year":"2026","journal-title":"Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2026.105402_bib20","series-title":"Population estimates publication 2024","author":"General Authority for Statistics","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2026.105402_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2021.104112","article-title":"A quality of life supports model: Six research-focused steps to evaluate the model and enhance research practices in the field of IDD","volume":"119","author":"G\u00f3mez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Research in Developmental Disabilities"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2026.105402_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/jar.13280","article-title":"What makes life better or worse: Quality of life according to people with intellectual disabilities","volume":"37","author":"Holmes","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2026.105402_bib23","first-page":"594","article-title":"A coproduced exploration of factors influential to quality of life from the perspective of autistic adults","volume":"7","author":"Kuzminski","year":"2025","journal-title":"Autism in Adulthood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2026.105402_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2022.104322","article-title":"Quality of life beyond diagnosis in intellectual disability\u2014Latent profiling","volume":"129","author":"Leonard","year":"2022","journal-title":"Research in Developmental Disabilities"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2026.105402_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/27546330241261937","article-title":"Quantifying the contribution of specific autistic traits to quality of life in autistic adults","volume":"2","author":"Leung","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurodiversity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2026.105402_bib26","first-page":"4765","article-title":"A unified approach to interpreting model predictions","volume":"30","author":"Lundberg","year":"2017","journal-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2026.105402_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rasd.2024.102401","article-title":"Correlates of quality of life in autistic individuals","volume":"115","author":"MacKenzie","year":"2024","journal-title":"Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2026.105402_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-019-1775-8","article-title":"Quality of life (QoL) among medical students in Saudi Arabia: A study using the WHOQOL-BREF instrument","volume":"19","author":"Malibary","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Medical Education"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2026.105402_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2024-082505","article-title":"PROBAST+AI: An updated quality, risk of bias, and applicability assessment tool for prediction models using regression or artificial intelligence methods","volume":"388","author":"Moons","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2026.105402_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/jar.13235","article-title":"Formal support and service needs of family caregivers of adults with intellectual and\/or developmental disabilities in India","volume":"37","author":"Murthy","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2026.105402_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2025.105127","article-title":"Math for life: Understanding the contribution of numeracy to the quality of life of adults with mild to profound intellectual disabilities","volume":"166","author":"Neveu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Research in Developmental Disabilities"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2026.105402_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.4103\/0256-4947.51790","article-title":"The reliability and validity of the short version of the WHO Quality of Life Instrument in an Arab general population","volume":"29","author":"Ohaeri","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annals of Saudi Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2026.105402_bib33","series-title":"Quality of life for people with intellectual and other developmental disabilities: Applications across individuals, organizations, communities, and systems","author":"Schalock","year":"2007"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2026.105402_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.3390\/children11050603","article-title":"Participation as a predictor of quality of life among Japanese children with neurodevelopmental disorders analyzed using a machine learning algorithm","volume":"11","author":"Shiozu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Children"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2026.105402_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1007\/s40489-024-00440-7","article-title":"Time to change how we measure quality of life and well-being in autism: A systematic review","volume":"13","author":"Simpson","year":"2026","journal-title":"Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2026.105402_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1023\/B:QURE.0000018486.91360.00","article-title":"The World Health Organization\u2019s WHOQOL-BREF quality of life assessment: Psychometric properties and results of the international field trial. A report from the WHOQOL group","volume":"13","author":"Skevington","year":"2004","journal-title":"Quality of Life Research"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2026.105402_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1548","DOI":"10.1177\/13623613261446878","article-title":"Longitudinal association between social support and quality of life among middle-aged and older autistic adults","volume":"30","author":"Song","year":"2026","journal-title":"Autism"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2026.105402_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.21833\/ijaas.2025.08.012","article-title":"Measurement invariance of the Arabic version of the WHOQOL-BREF among special education teachers","volume":"12","author":"Suliman","year":"2025","journal-title":"International Journal of Advanced and Applied Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2026.105402_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2408","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-025-06722-1","article-title":"Social network types in autistic adults and its associations with mastery, quality of life, and autism characteristics","volume":"56","author":"Van den Heuvel","year":"2026","journal-title":"Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2026.105402_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2025.104925","article-title":"Effectiveness of Active Support on the quality of life and well-being of people with moderate to mild intellectual disabilities","volume":"157","author":"van Herwaarden","year":"2025","journal-title":"Research in Developmental Disabilities"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2026.105402_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2239","DOI":"10.1177\/13623613241255811","article-title":"A certain magic\u2019\u2014Autistic adults\u2019 experiences of interacting with other autistic people and its relation to quality of life: A systematic review and thematic meta-synthesis","volume":"29","author":"Watts","year":"2025","journal-title":"Autism"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2026.105402_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291798006667","article-title":"Development of the World Health Organization WHOQOL-BREF quality of life assessment","volume":"28","author":"WHOQOL Group","year":"1998","journal-title":"Psychological Medicine"}],"container-title":["Research in Developmental Disabilities"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0891422226001976?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0891422226001976?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T19:45:57Z","timestamp":1791920757000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0891422226001976"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"references-count":42,"alternative-id":["S0891422226001976"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ridd.2026.105402","relation":{},"ISSN":["0891-4222"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0891-4222","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Predicting multidimensional quality of life among autistic people and people with intellectual disability in Saudi Arabia: An explainable machine-learning study","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Research in Developmental Disabilities","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ridd.2026.105402","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"105402"}}