{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T11:08:59Z","timestamp":1791112139686,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,1]],"date-time":"2013-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1377993600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,1]],"date-time":"2013-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1377993600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,19]],"date-time":"2013-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1376870400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","resmedjournal.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Respiratory Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2013.03.017","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,10]],"date-time":"2013-05-10T13:16:14Z","timestamp":1368191774000},"page":"1301-1313","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":61,"title":["The \u201cforgotten zone\u201d: Acquired disorders of the trachea in adults"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"107","author":[{"given":"Mazen O.","family":"Al-Qadi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew W.","family":"Artenstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sidney S.","family":"Braman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2013.03.017_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5223(19)33357-4","article-title":"Extensive resection and reconstruction of mediastinal trachea without pros-thesis or graft: an anatomical study in man","volume":"48","author":"Grillo","year":"1964","journal-title":"J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2013.03.017_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-200201000-00034","article-title":"Adult long-segment tracheal stenosis attributable to complete tracheal rings masquerading as asthma","volume":"30","author":"Nagappan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2013.03.017_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1177\/028418519203300609","article-title":"Diagnosis of tracheal carcinoma at chest radiography","volume":"33","author":"Manninen","year":"1992","journal-title":"Acta Radiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2013.03.017_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1949.2.6.300","article-title":"Effect of gas density on resistance to respiratory gas flow in man","volume":"2","author":"Otis","year":"1949","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2013.03.017_bib5","first-page":"123","article-title":"Biophysics of airflow within the airway: a review","volume":"26","author":"O\u2019Grady","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Otolaryngol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2013.03.017_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1553-2712.1999.tb01247.x","article-title":"Relief of imminent respiratory failure from upper airway obstruction by use of helium\u2013oxygen: case series and brief review","volume":"6","author":"Smith","year":"1999","journal-title":"Acad Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2013.03.017_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp072022","article-title":"Croup","volume":"358","author":"Cherry","year":"2008","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2013.03.017_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.5858\/134.2.235","article-title":"Pulmonary pathologic findings of fatal 2009 pandemic influenza A\/H1N1 viral infections","volume":"134","author":"Gill","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2013.03.017_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1449","DOI":"10.1038\/modpathol.2010.148","article-title":"Postmortem findings in eight cases of influenza A\/H1N1","volume":"23","author":"Rosen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mod Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2013.03.017_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2559.1993.tb00117.x","article-title":"Necrotizing squamous metaplasia in herpetic tracheitis following prolonged intubation: a lesion similar to necrotizing sialometaplasia","volume":"22","author":"Ben-Izhak","year":"1993","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2013.03.017_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2091","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.94.07112091","article-title":"Herpes simplex virus tracheitis in a patient with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome","volume":"7","author":"Baras","year":"1994","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2013.03.017_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R119","DOI":"10.1186\/cc6175","article-title":"Clinical relevance of an risk factors for HSV-related tracheobronchitis or pneumonia: results of an outbreak investigation","volume":"11","author":"Engelmann","year":"2007","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2013.03.017_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1520","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.98.6.1520","article-title":"Tracheal stenosis and failure to wean from mechanical ventilation due to herpetic tracheitis","volume":"98","author":"St. John","year":"1990","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2013.03.017_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/13.1.73","article-title":"Necrotizing tracheitis caused by Corynebacterium pseudodiphtheriticum: unique case and review","volume":"13","author":"Colt","year":"1991","journal-title":"Rev Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2013.03.017_bib15","first-page":"961","article-title":"Pseudomembranous necrotizing bronchial Aspergillosis","volume":"131","author":"Pervez","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2013.03.017_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1177\/000348948909800911","article-title":"Acute airway obstruction due to necrotizing tracheobronchial Aspergillosis in immunocompromised patients: a new clinical entity","volume":"98","author":"Berlinger","year":"1989","journal-title":"Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2013.03.017_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1159\/000040871","article-title":"Respiratory distress due to tracheal Aspergillosis in a severely immunocompromised patient","volume":"100","author":"L\u00e9vy","year":"1998","journal-title":"Acta Haematol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2013.03.017_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1177\/000348940711601001","article-title":"Invasive tracheal aspergillosis treated successfully with voriconazole: clinical report and review of the literature","volume":"116","author":"Warman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2013.03.017_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1464","DOI":"10.1086\/517666","article-title":"Simultaneous obstructing and pseudomembranous necrotizing tracheobronchitis due to Aspergillus flavus","volume":"26","author":"Arriero","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2013.03.017_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1007\/s12185-009-0284-7","article-title":"Ulcerative and pseudomembranous Aspergillus tracheobronchitis in a patient with acute myeloid leukemia","volume":"89","author":"Krenke","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Hematol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2013.03.017_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3062.2009.00444.x","article-title":"Pseudomembranous Aspergillus tracheobronchitis in a heart transplant recipient","volume":"12","author":"Ramos","year":"2010","journal-title":"Transpl Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2013.03.017_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1007\/s00540-009-0854-0","article-title":"Membranous obstructive Candida tracheitis as a complication of endotracheal intubation and tracheostomy","volume":"24","author":"Kim","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Anesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2013.03.017_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.21592","article-title":"Pasteurella multocida tracheobronchitis in a patient with CLL on rituximab","volume":"85","author":"Deming","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Hematol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2013.03.017_bib24","first-page":"68","article-title":"Encephalitozoon cuniculi microsporidiosis: infection of the brain, heart, kidneys, trachea, adrenal glands, and urinary bladder in a patient with AIDS","volume":"10","author":"Mertens","year":"1997","journal-title":"Mod Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2013.03.017_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1292","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199910213411708","article-title":"Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Weekly clinicopathological exercises. Case 32-1999. A 44-year-old man with tracheal narrowing and respiratory stridor","volume":"341","author":"Braman","year":"1999","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2013.03.017_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.162.1.9910071","article-title":"Treatment of nosocomial pneumonia and tracheobronchitis caused by multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa with aerosolized colistin","volume":"162","author":"Hamer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2013.03.017_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e39","DOI":"10.1086\/322674","article-title":"Pseudomembranous tracheobronchitis due to Bacillus cereus","volume":"33","author":"Strauss","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2013.03.017_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1563","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.47202-0","article-title":"Tracheobronchitis caused by Aeromonas veronii biovar sobria after near-drowning","volume":"56","author":"Bossi-Kupfer","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2013.03.017_bib29","first-page":"84","article-title":"Pulmonary actinomycosis in a male patient with a tracheal bronchus","volume":"18","author":"Costiniuk","year":"2011","journal-title":"Can Respir J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2013.03.017_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/S1130-1406(07)70010-4","article-title":"Extracutaneous sporotrichosis in a patient with liver cirrhosis","volume":"24","author":"Fonseca-Reyes","year":"2007","journal-title":"Rev Iberoam Micol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2013.03.017_bib31","first-page":"508","article-title":"Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis: management with CO2 laser","volume":"85","author":"Strong","year":"1976","journal-title":"Ann Otol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2013.03.017_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.50.7.812","article-title":"Commentary: unusual manifestations of aspergillosis","volume":"50","author":"Denning","year":"1995","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2013.03.017_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-199101000-00001","article-title":"Fungal tracheobronchitis. Report of 9 cases and review of the literature","volume":"70","author":"Clarke","year":"1991","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2013.03.017_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0507.2005.01180.x","article-title":"Pseudomembranous and obstructive Aspergillus tracheobronchitis\u2014optimal diagnostic strategy and outcome","volume":"49","author":"Tasci","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2013.03.017_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1288\/00005537-198402000-00011","article-title":"Histoplasmosis of the larynx","volume":"94","author":"Donegan","year":"1984","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2013.03.017_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1177\/000348949610500502","article-title":"Laryngotracheal manifestations of rhinoscleroma","volume":"105","author":"Amoils","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2013.03.017_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1483","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.02.00012902","article-title":"Nosocomial tracheobronchitis in mechanically ventilated patients: incidence, aetiology and outcome","volume":"20","author":"Nseir","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2013.03.017_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.10-1336","article-title":"Ventilator-associated tracheobronchitis in a mixed surgical and medical ICU population","volume":"139","author":"Dallas","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2013.03.017_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R62","DOI":"10.1186\/cc6890","article-title":"Antimicrobial treatment for ventilator-associated tracheobronchitis: a randomized, controlled, multicenter study","volume":"12","author":"Nseir","year":"2008","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2013.03.017_bib40","first-page":"759","article-title":"Laryngeal tuberculosis revisited","volume":"46","author":"Riley","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2013.03.017_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.154.1.2104727","article-title":"Dysphagia due to mediastinal fibrosis in advanced pulmonary tuberculosis","volume":"154","author":"Ramakastan","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Roentgenol"},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2013.03.017_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197811302992202","article-title":"Antibodies to type II collagen in relapsing polychondritis","volume":"299","author":"Foidart","year":"1978","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2013.03.017_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-4975(91)90348-T","article-title":"Airway complications in relapsing polychondritis","volume":"51","author":"Eng","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2013.03.017_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.08-1180","article-title":"Relapsing polychondritis and airway involvement","volume":"135","author":"Ernst","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2013.03.017_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2010.04.004","article-title":"Pulmonary manifestations of relapsing polychondritis","volume":"31","author":"Rafeq","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Chest Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2013.03.017_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-6386(12)80877-8","article-title":"Antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody-associated diseases: a pulmonologist's perspective","volume":"18","author":"DeRemee","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2013.03.017_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1288\/00005537-199212000-00005","article-title":"The management of subglottic stenosis in patients with Wegener\u2019s granulomatosis","volume":"102","author":"Lebovics","year":"1992","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2013.03.017_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.151.2.7842215","article-title":"Tracheobronchial involvement in Wegener's granulomatosis","volume":"151","author":"Daum","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2013.03.017_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643.e9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2006.08.016","article-title":"ANCA are detectable in nearly all patients with active severe Wegner\u2019s granulomatosis","volume":"120","author":"Finkielman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2013.03.017_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1586\/ers.11.66","article-title":"Sarcoidosis of the upper and lower airways","volume":"5","author":"Morgenthau","year":"2011","journal-title":"Expert Rev Respir Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2013.03.017_bib51","first-page":"759","article-title":"Airway hyperresponsiveness in patients with sarcoidosis","volume":"124","author":"Bechtel","year":"1981","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2013.03.017_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2002-25304","article-title":"Pulmonary and tracheobronchial amyloidosis","volume":"23","author":"Berk","year":"2002","journal-title":"Semin Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2013.03.017_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Finn DG, Farmer Jr JC. Management of amyloidosis of the larynx and trachea. Arch Otolaryngol;108:54\u201355.","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.1982.00790490056017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2013.03.017_bib54","series-title":"Endolaryngeal surgery","article-title":"Laryngeal manifestations of systemic diseases","author":"Benjamin","year":"1998"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2013.03.017_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0704(02)00030-1","article-title":"Airway problems in patients with rheumatologic disorders","volume":"18","author":"Bandi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Crit Care Clin"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2013.03.017_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.92.1.18","article-title":"Airway involvement in ulcerative colitis","volume":"92","author":"Wilcox","year":"1987","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2013.03.017_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00.15100500","article-title":"The lung in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"15","author":"Camus","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2013.03.017_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S215","DOI":"10.1148\/radiographics.22.suppl_1.g02oc02s215","article-title":"Nonneo-plastic lesions of the tracheobronchial wall: radiologic findings with bronchoscopic correlation","volume":"22","author":"Prince","year":"2002","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2013.03.017_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1148\/115.2.265","article-title":"\u201cSaber-sheath\u201d trachea: a clinical and functional study of marked coronal narrowing of the intrathoracic trachea","volume":"115","author":"Greene","year":"1975","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2013.03.017_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iac.2012.10.005","article-title":"Tracheomalacia\/tracheobronchomalacia and hyperdynamic airway collapse","volume":"33","author":"Choo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunol Allergy Clin N Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2013.03.017_bib61","first-page":"1084","article-title":"Tracheobronchiomegaly: the Mounier-Kuhn syndrome","volume":"88","author":"Katz","year":"1962","journal-title":"Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2013.03.017_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1589","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.106.5.1589","article-title":"Tracheobronchomegaly","volume":"106","author":"Schwartz","year":"1994","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2013.03.017_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.127.3.984","article-title":"Tracheomalacia and tracheobronchomalacia in children and adults: an in-depth review","volume":"127","author":"Carden","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2013.03.017_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1843.2007.01094.x","article-title":"Description of a multidimensional classification system for patients with expiratory central airway collapse","volume":"12","author":"Murgu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2013.03.017_bib65","first-page":"30","article-title":"Intrathoracic tracheal dimensions and shape changes in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"93","author":"Tsao","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Formos Med Assoc"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2013.03.017_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.130.3.441","article-title":"\u2018\u2018Saber-sheath\u2019\u2019 trachea: relation to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"130","author":"Greene","year":"1978","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2013.03.017_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1007\/s00408-008-9113-7","article-title":"Tracheobronchopathia osteochondroplastica: a rare large airway disorder","volume":"186","author":"Abu-Hijleh","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lung"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2013.03.017_bib68","first-page":"1","article-title":"Radiology of the trachea","volume":"vol. 1","author":"Lechner","year":"1991"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2013.03.017_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-200111000-00004","article-title":"Tracheobronchopathia osteochondroplastica: a study of 41 patients","volume":"80","author":"Leske","year":"2001","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2013.03.017_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1007\/s004280050111","article-title":"Immunohistochemical detection of bone morphogenetic protein-2 and transforming growth factor beta-1 in tracheopathia osteochondroplastica","volume":"431","author":"Tajima","year":"1997","journal-title":"Virchows Arch"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2013.03.017_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1148\/radiographics.18.5.9747610","article-title":"Cartilaginous disorders of the chest","volume":"18","author":"Meyer","year":"1998","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2013.03.017_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.1097\/PAS.0b013e3181648d4a","article-title":"Idiopathic tracheal stenosis: a clinicopathologic study of 63 cases and comparison of the pathology with chondromalacia","volume":"32","author":"Mark","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Surg Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2013.03.017_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1177\/000348949410300304","article-title":"Gastroesophageal reflux disease as a likely cause of \u2018\u2018idiopathic\u2019\u2019 subglottic stenosis","volume":"103","author":"Jindal","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2013.03.017_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.1177\/000348949810701203","article-title":"Evaluation of gastroesophageal reflux in patients with laryngotracheal stenosis","volume":"107","author":"Toohill","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2013.03.017_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1288\/00005537-199203000-00002","article-title":"Surgical considerations in tracheal stenosis","volume":"102","author":"Anand","year":"1992","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2013.03.017_bib76","series-title":"Otolaryngology head and neck surgery","first-page":"2339","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of tracheal neoplasms","author":"Cardoso","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2013.03.017_bib77","first-page":"1042","article-title":"Benign tumors and tumorlike conditions of the trachea and bronchi","volume":"73","author":"Caldarola","year":"1974","journal-title":"Ann Otol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2013.03.017_bib78","series-title":"Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging of the thorax","first-page":"161","article-title":"Airways","author":"Naidich","year":"1999"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2013.03.017_bib79","first-page":"170","article-title":"Tracheal tumors: radiological, clinical and pathological evaluation","volume":"24","author":"Weber","year":"1978","journal-title":"Adv Otorhinolaryngol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2013.03.017_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.157.2.1853800","article-title":"Broncholithiasis: CT features in 15 patients","volume":"157","author":"Conces","year":"1991","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2013.03.017_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-5231(21)01054-6","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of upper airway obstruction","volume":"15","author":"Aboussouan","year":"1994","journal-title":"Clin Chest Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2013.03.017_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/S1052-3359(25)00271-6","article-title":"Radiologic evaluation of the trachea","volume":"6","author":"Takashima","year":"1996","journal-title":"Chest Surg Clin N Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2013.03.017_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/S0030-6665(20)31989-7","article-title":"Radiology of the larynx","volume":"17","author":"Weber","year":"1984","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2013.03.017_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1651","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.121.5.1651","article-title":"Recent advances in central airway imaging","volume":"121","author":"Boiselle","year":"2002","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2013.03.017_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.176.1.1760205","article-title":"Tracheobronchomalacia: dynamic airway evaluation with multidetector CT","volume":"176","author":"Gilkeson","year":"2001","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2013.03.017_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2352040309","article-title":"Tracheobronchomalacia: comparison between end-expiratory and dynamic expiratory CT for evaluation of central airway collapse","volume":"235","author":"Baroni","year":"2005","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2013.03.017_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1016\/S0033-8389(05)70068-3","article-title":"Larynx and hypopharynx","volume":"36","author":"Becker","year":"1998","journal-title":"Radiol Clin North Am"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2013.03.017_bib88","first-page":"474","article-title":"Detection of upper airway obstruction with spirometry results and the flow-volume Loop:A comparison of quantitative and visual inspection criteria","volume":"54","author":"Modrykamien","year":"2009","journal-title":"Respir Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2013.03.017_bib89","first-page":"475","article-title":"Evaluation of obstructing lesions of the larynx and trachea by flow-volume loops","volume":"108","author":"Miller","year":"1973","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2013.03.017_bib90","first-page":"145","article-title":"Obstructing lesions of the larynx and trachea: clinical and physiological characteristics","volume":"44","author":"Miller","year":"1969","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2013.03.017_bib91","first-page":"461","article-title":"Inspiratory flow-volume curve evaluation for detecting upper airway disease","volume":"54","author":"Sterner","year":"2009","journal-title":"Respir Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2013.03.017_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.127.3.984","article-title":"Tracheomalacia and tracheobronchomalacia in children and adults: an in-depth review","volume":"127","author":"Carden","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2013.03.017_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1843.1998.tb00125.x","article-title":"Stenting therapy for stenosing airway diseases","volume":"3","author":"Phillips","year":"1998","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2013.03.017_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1097\/00128594-199601000-00003","article-title":"Seven-year experience with the Dumon prosthesis","volume":"31","author":"Dumon","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Bronchol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2013.03.017_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2023","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)61598-6","article-title":"Clinical transplantation of a tissue-engineered airway","volume":"372","author":"Macchiarini","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"9808","key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2013.03.017_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1997","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)61715-7","article-title":"Tracheobronchial transplantation with a stem-cell-seeded bioartificial nanocomposite: a proof-of-concept study","volume":"378","author":"Jungebluth","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet"}],"container-title":["Respiratory Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0954611113001273?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0954611113001273?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T11:27:15Z","timestamp":1760614035000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0954611113001273"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,9]]},"references-count":96,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S0954611113001273"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rmed.2013.03.017","relation":{},"ISSN":["0954-6111"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0954-6111","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The \u201cforgotten zone\u201d: Acquired disorders of the trachea in adults","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Respiratory Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rmed.2013.03.017","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2013 Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}