{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T13:46:57Z","timestamp":1791121617980,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,1]],"date-time":"2015-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1430438400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,1]],"date-time":"2015-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1430438400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,1]],"date-time":"2017-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1493596800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":731,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","resmedjournal.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Respiratory Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2015.01.004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,24]],"date-time":"2015-01-24T01:56:54Z","timestamp":1422064614000},"page":"557-564","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["The role of calcium channel blockers for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension: How much do we actually know and how could they be positioned today?"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"109","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8132-7122","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Boris I.","family":"Medarov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc A.","family":"Judson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2015.01.004_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1917","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.06-2674","article-title":"Medical therapy for pulmonary arterial hypertension: updated ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines","volume":"131","author":"Badesch","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2015.01.004_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2493","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehp297","volume":"30","author":"Galie","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2015.01.004_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.20.4.557","article-title":"Pulmonary hypertension with special reference to the vasoconstrictive factor","volume":"20","author":"Wood","year":"1958","journal-title":"Br Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2015.01.004_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.20.3.391","article-title":"Effect of acetylcholine on pulmonary vascular resistance in a patient with idiopathic pulmonary hypertension","volume":"20","author":"Marshall","year":"1959","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2015.01.004_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(61)90182-5","article-title":"Primary pulmonary hypertension. Effect of unilateral pulmonary artery occlusion and infusion of acetylcholine","volume":"8","author":"Charms","year":"1961","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2015.01.004_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.44.3.352","article-title":"Primary pulmonary hypertension: effects of nifedipine","volume":"44","author":"Camerini","year":"1980","journal-title":"Br Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2015.01.004_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-99-4-433","article-title":"Treatment of primary pulmonary hypertension with nifedipine. A hemodynamic and scintigraphic evaluation","volume":"99","author":"Rubin","year":"1983","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2015.01.004_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199207093270203","article-title":"The effect of high doses of calcium-channel blockers on survival in primary pulmonary hypertension","volume":"327","author":"Rich","year":"1992","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2015.01.004_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.76.1.135","article-title":"High-dose calcium channel-blocking therapy for primary pulmonary hypertension: evidence for long-term reduction in pulmonary arterial pressure and regression of right ventricular hypertrophy","volume":"76","author":"Rich","year":"1987","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2015.01.004_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-1097(91)90556-O","article-title":"High dose titration of calcium channel blocking agents for primary pulmonary hypertension: guidelines for short-term drug testing","volume":"18","author":"Rich","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2015.01.004_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.11-1460","article-title":"An evaluation of long-term survival from time of diagnosis in pulmonary arterial hypertension from the REVEAL RegistrySurvival from time of diagnosis in REVEAL registry","volume":"142","author":"Benza","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chest J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2015.01.004_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200510-1668OC","article-title":"Pulmonary arterial hypertension in France: results from a national registry","volume":"173","author":"Humbert","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2015.01.004_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-107-2-216","article-title":"Primary pulmonary hypertension. A national prospective study","volume":"107","author":"Rich","year":"1987","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2015.01.004_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3105","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.488486","article-title":"Long-term response to calcium channel blockers in idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension","volume":"111","author":"Sitbon","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2015.01.004_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ehj.2004.09.014","article-title":"Guidelines on diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension. The Task Force on Diagnosis and Treatment of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension of the European Society of Cardiology","volume":"25","author":"Galie","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2015.01.004_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/140.6.1623","article-title":"The acute administration of vasodilators in primary pulmonary hypertension. Experience from the National Institutes of Health Registry on Primary Pulmonary Hypertension","volume":"140","author":"Weir","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2015.01.004_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.80.5.1207","article-title":"Primary pulmonary hypertension. Vascular structure, morphometry, and responsiveness to vasodilator agents","volume":"80","author":"Palevsky","year":"1989","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2015.01.004_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.151.2.7842196","article-title":"Inhaled nitric oxide as a screening vasodilator agent in primary pulmonary hypertension. A dose-response study and comparison with prostacyclin","volume":"151","author":"Sitbon","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2015.01.004_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1898","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehq170","article-title":"Long-term response to calcium-channel blockers in non-idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension","volume":"31","author":"Montani","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2015.01.004_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201206-1137ED","article-title":"The 6-minute walk test in pulmonary arterial hypertension: how far is enough?","volume":"186","author":"Rubin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2015.01.004_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.99.9.1197","article-title":"Vasodilator therapy for primary pulmonary hypertension in children","volume":"99","author":"Barst","year":"1999","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2015.01.004_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199801293380501","article-title":"Reduction in pulmonary vascular resistance with long-term epoprostenol (prostacyclin) therapy in primary pulmonary hypertension","volume":"338","author":"McLaughlin","year":"1998","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2015.01.004_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1477","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000029100.82385.58","article-title":"Survival in primary pulmonary hypertension the impact of epoprostenol therapy","volume":"106","author":"McLaughlin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2015.01.004_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-115-5-343","article-title":"Survival in patients with primary pulmonary hypertension. Results from a national prospective registry","volume":"115","author":"D'Alonzo","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2015.01.004_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.09-1140","article-title":"Pulmonary arterial hypertension: baseline characteristics from the REVEAL registry","volume":"137","author":"Badesch","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2015.01.004_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199602013340504","article-title":"A comparison of continuous intravenous epoprostenol (prostacyclin) with conventional therapy for primary pulmonary hypertension","volume":"334","author":"Barst","year":"1996","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2015.01.004_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(02)02012-0","article-title":"Long-term intravenous epoprostenol infusion in primary pulmonary hypertensionPrognostic factors and survival","volume":"40","author":"Sitbon","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2015.01.004_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-132-6-200003210-00002","article-title":"Continuous intravenous epoprostenol for pulmonary hypertension due to the scleroderma spectrum of disease. A randomized, controlled trial","volume":"132","author":"Badesch","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2015.01.004_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.165.6.2106079","article-title":"Continuous subcutaneous infusion of treprostinil, a prostacyclin analogue, in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"165","author":"Simonneau","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2015.01.004_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2148","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa050010","article-title":"Sildenafil citrate therapy for pulmonary arterial hypertension","volume":"353","author":"Galie","year":"2005","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2015.01.004_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa020204","article-title":"Inhaled iloprost for severe pulmonary hypertension","volume":"347","author":"Olschewski","year":"2002","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2015.01.004_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)06250-X","article-title":"Effects of the dual endothelin-receptor antagonist bosentan in patients with pulmonary hypertension: a randomised placebocontrolled study","volume":"358","author":"Channick","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2015.01.004_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa012212","article-title":"Bosentan therapy for pulmonary arterial hypertension","volume":"346","author":"Rubin","year":"2002","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2015.01.004_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.83.4.708","article-title":"Fatal outcome following nifedipine for pulmonary hypertension","volume":"83","author":"Farber","year":"1983","journal-title":"Chest J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2015.01.004_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(84)80048-0","article-title":"Adverse hemodynamic and clinical effects of calcium channel blockade in pulmonary hypertension secondary to obliterative pulmonary vascular disease","volume":"4","author":"Packer","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2015.01.004_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.52.1.106","article-title":"Detrimental effects of verapamil in patients with primary pulmonary hypertension","volume":"52","author":"Packer","year":"1984","journal-title":"Br Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2015.01.004_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-199902000-00040","article-title":"Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects of high-dose continuous intravenous verapamil infusion: clinical experience in the intensive care unit","volume":"27","author":"De Cicco","year":"1999","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2015.01.004_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/10.5.605","article-title":"Physiological disposition of verapamil in man","volume":"10","author":"Schomerus","year":"1976","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2015.01.004_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2509","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.601930","article-title":"Relationship of BMPR2 mutations to vasoreactivity in pulmonary arterial hypertension","volume":"113","author":"Elliott","year":"2006","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2015.01.004_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200908-1284OC","article-title":"Clinical outcomes of pulmonary arterial hypertension in patients carrying an ACVRL1 (ALK1) mutation","volume":"181","author":"Girerd","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2015.01.004_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-136-7-200204020-00008","article-title":"Combination therapy with oral sildenafil and inhaled iloprost for severe pulmonary hypertension","volume":"136","author":"Ghofrani","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2015.01.004_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.05.00075305","article-title":"Goal-oriented treatment and combination therapy for pulmonary arterial hypertension","volume":"26","author":"Hoeper","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2015.01.004_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00097107","article-title":"Prostacyclin therapies for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension","volume":"31","author":"Gomberg-Maitland","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"}],"container-title":["Respiratory Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0954611115000074?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0954611115000074?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T11:31:40Z","timestamp":1760614300000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0954611115000074"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,5]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,5]]}},"alternative-id":["S0954611115000074"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rmed.2015.01.004","relation":{},"ISSN":["0954-6111"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0954-6111","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The role of calcium channel blockers for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension: How much do we actually know and how could they be positioned today?","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Respiratory Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rmed.2015.01.004","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}