{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T20:52:43Z","timestamp":1780087963044,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,1]],"date-time":"2019-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1559347200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,1]],"date-time":"2019-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1559347200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]],"date-time":"2021-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":731,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","resmedjournal.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Respiratory Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2019.04.019","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,29]],"date-time":"2019-04-29T23:58:20Z","timestamp":1556582300000},"page":"81-88","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Risk factors for lung cancer in COPD \u2013 results from the Bergen COPD cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"152","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6880-8215","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gunnar R.","family":"Huseb\u00f8","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rune","family":"Nielsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jon","family":"Hardie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Per Sigvald","family":"Bakke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorena","family":"Lerner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Corina","family":"D'Alessandro-Gabazza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeno","family":"Gyuris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esteban","family":"Gabazza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P\u00e5l","family":"Aukrust","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomas","family":"Eagan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2019.04.019_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201311-405PS","article-title":"The global burden of respiratory disease","volume":"11","author":"Ferkol","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Am. Thorac. Soc."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2019.04.019_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00105513","article-title":"Respiratory health and disease in Europe: the new European lung white book","volume":"42","author":"Gibson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2019.04.019_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-105-4-503","article-title":"Higher risk of lung cancer in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. A prospective, matched, controlled study","volume":"105","author":"Skillrud","year":"1986","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2019.04.019_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00144208","article-title":"COPD prevalence is increased in lung cancer, independent of age, sex and smoking history","volume":"34","author":"Young","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2019.04.019_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-106-4-512","article-title":"Airways obstruction and the risk for lung cancer","volume":"106","author":"Tockman","year":"1987","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2019.04.019_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1932","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.07-1490","article-title":"Assessing the relationship between lung cancer risk and emphysema detected on low-dose CT of the chest","volume":"132","author":"de Torres","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2019.04.019_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200803-435OC","article-title":"Association of radiographic emphysema and airflow obstruction with lung cancer","volume":"178","author":"Wilson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2019.04.019_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc3477","article-title":"Mechanistic links between COPD and lung cancer","volume":"13","author":"Houghton","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Canc."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2019.04.019_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0037483","article-title":"Persistent systemic inflammation is associated with poor clinical outcomes in COPD: a novel phenotype","volume":"7","author":"Agusti","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2019.04.019_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00088209","article-title":"Systemic inflammatory markers in COPD: results from the Bergen COPD cohort study","volume":"35","author":"Eagan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2019.04.019_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2008.10.037","article-title":"Data quality at the Cancer Registry of Norway: an overview of comparability, completeness, validity and timeliness","volume":"45","author":"Larsen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2019.04.019_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00074807","article-title":"Possible mechanisms underlying the development of cachexia in COPD","volume":"31","author":"Wagner","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2019.04.019_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0802037","article-title":"Fat-free mass index and fat mass index percentiles in Caucasians aged 18-98 y","volume":"26","author":"Schutz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord. : J. Int. Assoc. Stud. Obes."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2019.04.019_bib14","series-title":"Principal Component Analysis","author":"Abdi HW","year":"2010"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2019.04.019_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/141.3.613","article-title":"Ventilatory function and chronic mucus hypersecretion as predictors of death from lung cancer","volume":"141","author":"Lange","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am. Rev. Respir. Dis."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2019.04.019_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01162-2016","article-title":"Incidence of non-pulmonary cancer and lung cancer by amount of emphysema and airway wall thickness: a community-based cohort","volume":"49","author":"Aamli Gagnat","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2019.04.019_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2006.01.004","article-title":"Inflammation, proteases and cancer","volume":"42","author":"van Kempen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer"},{"issue":"6917","key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2019.04.019_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01322","article-title":"Inflammation and cancer","volume":"420","author":"Coussens","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2019.04.019_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e109","DOI":"10.1038\/cti.2016.65","article-title":"Non-small cell lung cancer is characterised by a distinct inflammatory signature in serum compared with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"5","author":"Eide","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Immunol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2019.04.019_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1159\/000093002","article-title":"Pretreatment serum levels of cytokines and cytokine receptors in patients with non-small cell lung cancer, and correlations with clinicopathological features and prognosis. M-CSF - an independent prognostic factor","volume":"70","author":"Kaminska","year":"2006","journal-title":"Oncology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2019.04.019_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2013.08.006","article-title":"Oxidative stress and inflammation in the normal airways and blood of patients with lung cancer and COPD","volume":"65","author":"Barreiro","year":"2013","journal-title":"Free Radical Biol. Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2019.04.019_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdu549","article-title":"Cytokine profile determined by data-mining analysis set into clusters of non-small-cell lung cancer patients according to prognosis","volume":"26","author":"Barrera","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2019.04.019_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.09-1541","article-title":"Serum IP-10 as a biomarker of human rhinovirus infection at exacerbation of COPD","volume":"137","author":"Quint","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2019.04.019_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2616","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612823666170316123736","article-title":"Cytokines induced during influenza virus infection","volume":"23","author":"Betakova","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Pharmaceut. Des."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2019.04.019_bib25","first-page":"6979","article-title":"Diagnostic value of circulating CXC chemokines in non-small cell lung cancer","volume":"35","author":"Spaks","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anticancer Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2019.04.019_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2008.07.024","article-title":"Inhaled corticosteroids and risk of lung cancer among COPD patients who quit smoking","volume":"103","author":"Kiri","year":"2009","journal-title":"Respir. Med."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2019.04.019_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200608-1125OC","article-title":"Inhaled corticosteroids and risk of lung cancer among patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"175","author":"Parimon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2019.04.019_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2012.12.002","article-title":"Inhaled corticosteroid use and risks of lung cancer and laryngeal cancer","volume":"107","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Respir. Med."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2019.04.019_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1513\/pats.200603-089MS","article-title":"State of the art. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, inflammation, and lung cancer","volume":"3","author":"Brody","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Am. Thorac. Soc."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2019.04.019_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0031-1272867","article-title":"Evolving concepts in lung carcinogenesis","volume":"32","author":"Gomperts","year":"2011","journal-title":"Semin. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2019.04.019_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa063070","article-title":"Salmeterol and fluticasone propionate and survival in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"356","author":"Calverley","year":"2007","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"25","key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2019.04.019_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1948","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199906243402503","article-title":"Long-term treatment with inhaled budesonide in persons with mild chronic obstructive pulmonary disease who continue smoking. European Respiratory Society Study on Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease","volume":"340","author":"Pauwels","year":"1999","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2019.04.019_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200508-1321OC","article-title":"Antiinflammatory effects of salmeterol\/fluticasone propionate in chronic obstructive lung disease","volume":"173","author":"Barnes","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2019.04.019_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1111\/resp.12919","article-title":"Do inhaled corticosteroids protect against lung cancer in patients with COPD? A systematic review","volume":"22","author":"Raymakers","year":"2017","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"issue":"9612","key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2019.04.019_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60269-X","article-title":"Body-mass index and incidence of cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective observational studies","volume":"371","author":"Renehan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2019.04.019_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.27719","article-title":"Obesity and incidence of lung cancer: a meta-analysis. International journal of cancer","volume":"132","author":"Yang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Int. Cancer"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2019.04.019_bib37","first-page":"1357","article-title":"The relationship between physical activity, obesity, and lung cancer risk by smoking status in a large prospective cohort of US adults","volume":"28","author":"Patel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2019.04.019_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00359-2016","article-title":"Risk factors for lung cancer worldwide","volume":"48","author":"Malhotra","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2019.04.019_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/28.4.620","article-title":"Physical activity and risk of lung cancer","volume":"28","author":"Lee","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2019.04.019_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djx286","article-title":"Overall and central obesity and risk of lung cancer: a pooled analysis","volume":"110","author":"Yu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2019.04.019_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201410-1777CI","article-title":"Lung cancer screening","volume":"191","author":"Tanoue","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2019.04.019_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1102873","article-title":"Reduced lung-cancer mortality with low-dose computed tomographic screening","volume":"365","author":"National Lung Screening Trial Research","year":"2011","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2019.04.019_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.15-1868","article-title":"Identification of COPD patients at high risk for lung cancer mortality using the COPD-LUCSS-DLCO","volume":"149","author":"de-Torres","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2019.04.019_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6605759","article-title":"Comparison of discriminatory power and accuracy of three lung cancer risk models","volume":"103","author":"D'Amelio","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br. J. Canc."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2019.04.019_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.21037\/atm.2016.03.46","article-title":"Biomarkers of risk to develop lung cancer in the new screening era","volume":"4","author":"Atwater","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Transl. Med."}],"container-title":["Respiratory Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0954611119301477?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0954611119301477?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T11:52:59Z","timestamp":1760615579000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0954611119301477"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,6]]},"references-count":45,"alternative-id":["S0954611119301477"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rmed.2019.04.019","relation":{},"ISSN":["0954-6111"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0954-6111","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Risk factors for lung cancer in COPD \u2013 results from the Bergen COPD cohort study","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Respiratory Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rmed.2019.04.019","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2019 Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}