{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T16:09:25Z","timestamp":1789056565219,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":114,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787788800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007509","name":"Sociedad Espa\u00f1ola de Neumolog\u00eda y Cirug\u00eda Tor\u00e1cica","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1242\\u20102022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1242\\u20102022"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007509","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","resmedjournal.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Respiratory Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2026.109124","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T15:34:38Z","timestamp":1787931278000},"page":"109124","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Differential diagnosis of asthma and COPD: Established and emerging biomarkers and technologies"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"262","author":[{"given":"Joan","family":"Cabot","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xavier","family":"Busquets","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9740-2994","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joan B.","family":"Soriano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2026.109124_bib1","series-title":"Update","article-title":"Global strategy for asthma management and prevention","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2026.109124_bib2","series-title":"Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease","year":"2026"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2026.109124_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.2147\/COPD.S46761","article-title":"Distinguishing adult-onset asthma from COPD: a review and a new approach","volume":"9","author":"Abramson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Chronic Obstr. Pulm. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2026.109124_bib4","article-title":"Asthma-COPD overlap syndrome: pathogenesis, clinical features, and therapeutic targets","volume":"358","author":"Leung","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2026.109124_bib5","series-title":"Asthma. Fact Sheet","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2026.109124_bib6","article-title":"Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)","year":"2024","journal-title":"Fact sheet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2026.109124_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61379-8","article-title":"Poor airway function in early infancy and lung function by age 22 years: a non-selective longitudinal cohort study","volume":"370","author":"Stern","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2026.109124_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01448-2018","article-title":"What is early COPD and why is it important?","volume":"52","author":"Soriano","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2026.109124_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arbres.2020.01.025","article-title":"COPD in Spain at the start of a new decade","volume":"57","author":"Ancochea","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Bronconeumol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2026.109124_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2019.08.004","article-title":"Spirometric indices of early airflow impairment in individuals at risk of developing COPD: spirometry beyond FEV1\/FVC","volume":"156","author":"Hoesterey","year":"2019","journal-title":"Respir. Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2026.109124_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.8372","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of asthma in adults: a review","volume":"318","author":"McCracken","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2026.109124_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201804-0682CI","article-title":"Underdiagnosis and overdiagnosis of asthma","volume":"198","author":"Aaron","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2026.109124_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20","DOI":"10.1183\/20734735.0362-2018","article-title":"Over- and under-diagnosis in asthma","volume":"15","author":"Kavanagh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Breathe (Sheff)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2026.109124_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201804-0621CI","article-title":"Underdiagnosis and overdiagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"198","author":"Diab","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2026.109124_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1183\/20734735.0346-2018","article-title":"Under- and over-diagnosis of COPD: a global perspective","volume":"15","author":"Ho","year":"2019","journal-title":"Breathe (Sheff)."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2026.109124_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2017.04.009","article-title":"The case for impulse oscillometry in the management of asthma in children and adults","volume":"118","author":"Galant","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2026.109124_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/resprot.9767","article-title":"Exploring the waveform characteristics of tidal breathing carbon dioxide, measured using the N-Tidal C device in different breathing conditions (The General Breathing Record Study): protocol for an observational, longitudinal study","volume":"7","author":"Neville","year":"2018","journal-title":"JMIR Res. Protoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2026.109124_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-023-02460-z","article-title":"Machine diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease using a novel fast-response capnometer","volume":"24","author":"Talker","year":"2023","journal-title":"Respir. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2026.109124_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01585-2021","article-title":"European Respiratory Society guidelines for the diagnosis of asthma in adults","volume":"60","author":"Louis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2026.109124_bib20","first-page":"S27","article-title":"Diagnosis of asthma: diagnostic testing","volume":"5","author":"Brigham","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. Forum Allergy Rhinol."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2026.109124_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2104","DOI":"10.1080\/02770903.2023.2228911","article-title":"An update on asthma diagnosis","volume":"60","author":"Armeftis","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Asthma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2026.109124_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102813","article-title":"Asthma diagnosis: a comparison of established diagnostic guidelines in adults with respiratory symptoms","volume":"76","author":"Simpson","year":"2024","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2026.109124_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1097\/MCP.0000000000000009","article-title":"Bronchoprovocation tests in asthma: direct versus indirect challenges","volume":"20","author":"Leuppi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pulm. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2026.109124_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1097\/ACI.0b013e3283423183","article-title":"Bronchial provocation testing: the future","volume":"11","author":"Anderson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2026.109124_bib25","first-page":"519","article-title":"Bronchial hyper-responsiveness: a technical update","volume":"68","author":"Borak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Occupational medicine (Oxford, England)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2026.109124_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)61290-3","article-title":"Screening for and early detection of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"374","author":"Soriano","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2026.109124_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2023.107460","article-title":"Impact of the new European respiratory (ERS)\/American Thoracic Society (ATS) pulmonary function test interpretation guidelines 2021 on the interpretation of bronchodilator responsiveness in subjects with airway obstruction","volume":"220","author":"Chaiwong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Respir. Med."},{"issue":"26","key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2026.109124_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2645","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa032158","article-title":"The nature of small-airway obstruction in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"350","author":"Hogg","year":"2004","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2026.109124_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.10-2974","article-title":"Bronchodilator reversibility in COPD","volume":"140","author":"Hanania","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2026.109124_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.115.4.966","article-title":"The combination of ipratropium and albuterol optimizes pulmonary function reversibility testing in patients with COPD","volume":"115","author":"Dorinsky","year":"1999","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2026.109124_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otc.2023.12.001","article-title":"Interpretation of spirometry, peak flow, and provocation testing for asthma","volume":"57","author":"Boparai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Otolaryngol. Clin."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2026.109124_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-35930-2","article-title":"New spirometry indices for detecting mild airflow obstruction","volume":"8","author":"Bhatt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2026.109124_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6978","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12226978","article-title":"Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease overdiagnosis and overtreatment: a meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Fiore","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2026.109124_bib34","series-title":"Statpearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): Statpearls Publishing","article-title":"Asthma and COPD overlap","author":"Awad","year":"2026"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2026.109124_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1111\/resp.14731","article-title":"Asthma-COPD overlap and asthma progressing to COPD: are we using the right diagnostic approaches and pathways?","volume":"29","author":"Irusen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Respirology (Carlton, Vic.)"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2026.109124_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2008.108027","article-title":"The overlap syndrome of asthma and COPD: what are its features and how important is it?","volume":"64","author":"Gibson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2026.109124_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1080\/10408363.2022.2140329","article-title":"Metabolomics of asthma, COPD, and asthma-COPD overlap: an overview","volume":"60","author":"Dasgupta","year":"2023","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Clin. Lab Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2026.109124_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2026.108779","article-title":"Lipid biomarkers for differentiating asthma-COPD overlap: insights from LC-MS-based lipidomics","volume":"255","author":"Dasgupta","year":"2026","journal-title":"Respir. Med."},{"issue":"10118","key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2026.109124_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30879-6","article-title":"After asthma: redefining airways diseases","volume":"391","author":"Pavord","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet (London, England)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2026.109124_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2014.00496","article-title":"Eosinophil secretion of granule-derived cytokines","volume":"5","author":"Spencer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2026.109124_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2006","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1014350","article-title":"Effect of bronchoconstriction on airway remodeling in asthma","volume":"364","author":"Grainge","year":"2011","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2026.109124_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00201813","article-title":"Importance of concomitant local and systemic eosinophilia in uncontrolled asthma","volume":"44","author":"Schleich","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2026.109124_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2020.04.025","article-title":"Predictive factors of response to inhaled corticosteroids in newly diagnosed asthma: a real-world observational study","volume":"125","author":"Rhyou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol. : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2026.109124_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1183\/20734735.0329-2025","article-title":"Blood eosinophil count as a biomarker for therapy guidance in COPD and asthma exacerbations","volume":"22","author":"Godallage","year":"2026","journal-title":"Breathe"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2026.109124_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(17)30217-5","article-title":"Eosinophils in COPD: just another biomarker?","volume":"5","author":"Bafadhel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2026.109124_bib46","first-page":"1668","article-title":"Treatment response biomarkers in asthma and COPD","volume":"11","author":"Meteran","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland)"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2026.109124_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2018.06.015","article-title":"Combined assessment of serum periostin and YKL-40 may identify Asthma-COPD overlap","volume":"7","author":"Shirai","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2026.109124_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201810-1860SO","article-title":"Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease biomarkers and their interpretation","volume":"199","author":"Stockley","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2026.109124_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-016-0363-2","article-title":"Advanced glycation endproducts and their receptor in different body compartments in COPD","volume":"17","author":"Hoonhorst","year":"2016","journal-title":"Respir. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2026.109124_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-021-01626-z","article-title":"Diagnostic possibility of the combination of exhaled nitric oxide and blood eosinophil count for eosinophilic asthma","volume":"21","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Pulm. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2026.109124_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.niox.2025.06.003","article-title":"Appearances can be deceiving: differences in FeNO values among COPD and severe asthmatic patients stratified according to peripheral eosinophilic count","volume":"158","author":"Candia","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nitric Oxide : biology and chemistry"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2026.109124_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1797","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2016.08.048","article-title":"U-BIOPRED clinical adult asthma clusters linked to a subset of sputum omics","volume":"139","author":"Lefaudeux","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2026.109124_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00032911","article-title":"Exhaled air molecular profiling in relation to inflammatory subtype and activity in COPD","volume":"38","author":"Fens","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2026.109124_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-024-05100-2","article-title":"An integrated metabo-lipidomics profile of induced sputum for the identification of novel biomarkers in the differential diagnosis of asthma and COPD","volume":"22","author":"Correnti","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2026.109124_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.02058-2018","article-title":"Treatable traits: a new paradigm for 21st century management of chronic airway diseases: treatable traits Down under international workshop report","volume":"53","author":"McDonald","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2026.109124_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlr.2021.100127","article-title":"Clinical lipidomics: realizing the potential of lipid profiling","volume":"62","author":"Meikle","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2026.109124_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbalip.2020.158853","article-title":"Lipid metabolism and identification of biomarkers in asthma by lipidomic analysis. Biochimica et biophysica acta","volume":"1866","author":"Jiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Molecular and cell biology of lipids"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2026.109124_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2023.02.032","article-title":"Stratification of asthma by lipidomic profiling of induced sputum supernatant","volume":"152","author":"Brandsma","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2026.109124_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01752-2023","article-title":"LPG 18:0 is a general biomarker of asthma and inhibits the differentiation and function of regulatory T-cells","volume":"64","author":"Aili","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2026.109124_bib60","article-title":"Lysophospholipid metabolism, clinical characteristics, and artificial intelligence-based quantitative assessments of chest CT in patients with stable COPD and healthy smokers","volume":"15","author":"Zhou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2026.109124_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1936","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.10.024","article-title":"Ceramide in apoptosis and oxidative stress in allergic inflammation and asthma","volume":"147","author":"James","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2026.109124_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1186\/1465-9921-14-96","article-title":"Ceramides: a potential therapeutic target in pulmonary emphysema","volume":"14","author":"Tibboel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Respir. Res."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2026.109124_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12060833","article-title":"Metabolomic analysis of respiratory epithelial lining fluid in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary Disease-A systematic review","volume":"12","author":"Pulik","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cells"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2026.109124_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-020-01390-4","article-title":"Metabolomic fingerprinting and systemic inflammatory profiling of asthma COPD overlap (ACO)","volume":"21","author":"Ghosh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Respir. Res."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2026.109124_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1080\/02770903.2025.2612527","article-title":"Breath metabolomics to determine the sputum inflammatory markers of asthma and COPD","volume":"63","author":"Baharudin","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Asthma : official journal of the Association for the Care of Asthma"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2026.109124_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.70853","article-title":"The use of extracellular vesicles as a promising therapeutic approach for pulmonary diseases","volume":"8","author":"Chaleshtori","year":"2025","journal-title":"Health Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2026.109124_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1733","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00032.2024","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles and the lung: from disease pathogenesis to biomarkers and treatments","volume":"105","author":"Park","year":"2025","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2026.109124_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2020.00326","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles as mediators of cellular cross talk in the lung microenvironment","volume":"7","author":"Bartel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2026.109124_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10030622","article-title":"Side-directed release of differential extracellular vesicle-associated microRNA profiles from bronchial epithelial cells of healthy and asthmatic subjects","volume":"10","author":"Schindler","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2026.109124_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-020-01402-3","article-title":"T2 and T17 cytokines alter the cargo and function of airway epithelium-derived extracellular vesicles","volume":"21","author":"Ax","year":"2020","journal-title":"Respir. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2026.109124_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2024.107563","article-title":"Enhanced prothrombotic and proinflammatory activity of circulating extracellular vesicles in acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"223","author":"Nieri","year":"2024","journal-title":"Respir. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2026.109124_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1183\/23120541.00658-2020","article-title":"Proteomics of serum extracellular vesicles identifies a novel COPD biomarker, fibulin-3 from elastic fibres","volume":"7","author":"Koba","year":"2021","journal-title":"ERJ open research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2026.109124_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1724","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01724","article-title":"Cigarette smoke-induced pulmonary inflammation becomes systemic by circulating extracellular vesicles containing Wnt5a and inflammatory cytokines","volume":"9","author":"Feller","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2026.109124_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/s12950-022-00315-w","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles isolated from hyperuricemia patients might aggravate airway inflammation of COPD via senescence-associated pathway","volume":"19","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of inflammation (London, England)"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2026.109124_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13110945","article-title":"Altered extracellular vesicle-derived protein and microRNA signatures in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"13","author":"Bartel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cells"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2026.109124_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-025-03330-6","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid provide insights into the inhaled corticosteroids treatment response in COPD","volume":"26","author":"Fang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Respir. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2026.109124_bib77","article-title":"Serum exosomal microRNA-1258 may as a novel biomarker for the diagnosis of acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2026.109124_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.3390\/biom14081030","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles induce nuclear Factor-\u03baB activation and Interleukin-8 synthesis through miRNA-191-5p contributing to inflammatory processes: potential implications in the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"14","author":"Carpi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2026.109124_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222111830","article-title":"Distinct exosomal miRNA profiles from BALF and lung tissue of COPD and IPF patients","volume":"22","author":"Kaur","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2026.109124_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2079","DOI":"10.2147\/COPD.S364553","article-title":"Circ_0040929 serves as promising biomarker and potential target for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"17","author":"Miao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Chronic Obstr. Pulm. Dis."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2026.109124_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/1752-7163\/add0d3","article-title":"MicroRNA expression in exhaled breath condensate differentiates between asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"19","author":"Pattnaik","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Breath Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2026.109124_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1159\/000515346","article-title":"Voice for health: the use of vocal biomarkers from research to clinical practice","volume":"5","author":"Fagherazzi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Digit. Biomark."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2026.109124_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-022-00583-z","article-title":"Digital biomarkers: convergence of digital health technologies and biomarkers","volume":"5","author":"Vasudevan","year":"2022","journal-title":"npj Digit. Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2026.109124_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1177\/1535370217750088","article-title":"Biomarker definitions and their applications","volume":"243","author":"Califf","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp Biol Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2026.109124_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1412","DOI":"10.1093\/jamia\/ocz043","article-title":"Digital biomarkers from geolocation data in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia: a systematic review","volume":"26","author":"Fraccaro","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Inform. Assoc."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2026.109124_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/12785","article-title":"Current state of digital biomarker technologies for real-life, home-based monitoring of cognitive function for mild cognitive impairment to mild Alzheimer disease and implications for clinical care: systematic review","volume":"21","author":"Piau","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Med. Internet Res."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2026.109124_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11071275","article-title":"Digital biomarkers for neuromuscular disorders: a systematic scoping review","volume":"11","author":"Youn","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2026.109124_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2015.2427511","article-title":"A natural walking monitor for pulmonary patients using mobile phones","volume":"19","author":"Juen","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE J. Biomed. Health Inform."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2026.109124_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.2217\/nmt-2018-0021","article-title":"Speech disorders in Parkinson's disease: pathophysiology, medical management and surgical approaches","volume":"8","author":"Dashtipour","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurodegener. Dis. Manag."},{"issue":"Pt 12","key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2026.109124_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3727","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awt269","article-title":"Connected speech as a marker of disease progression in autopsy-proven Alzheimer's disease","volume":"136","author":"Ahmed","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain : a journal of neurology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2026.109124_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1159\/000510820","article-title":"Evaluation of speech-based digital biomarkers: review and recommendations","volume":"4","author":"Robin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Digit. Biomark."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2026.109124_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/1745-9974-2-8","article-title":"The automatic recognition and counting of cough","volume":"2","author":"Barry","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cough"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2026.109124_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2007.07.010","article-title":"Could formant frequencies of snore signals be an alternative means for the diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea?","volume":"9","author":"Ng","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sleep Med."},{"issue":"176","key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2026.109124_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1183\/16000617.0246-2024","article-title":"Audio-based digital biomarkers in diagnosing and managing respiratory diseases: a systematic review and bibliometric analysis","volume":"34","author":"Landry","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. Rev."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2026.109124_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1460","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2016.02.676","article-title":"Objective cough frequency, airway inflammation, and disease control in asthma","volume":"149","author":"Marsden","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2026.109124_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.2147\/JAA.S278155","article-title":"Nocturnal cough and sleep quality to assess asthma control and predict attacks","volume":"13","author":"Tinschert","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Asthma Aller"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2026.109124_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1080\/02770903.2024.2344156","article-title":"Acoustic biomarkers in asthma: a systematic review","volume":"61","author":"Wieczorek","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Asthma"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2026.109124_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26978","DOI":"10.3390\/s151026978","article-title":"Computerised analysis of telemonitored respiratory sounds for predicting acute exacerbations of COPD","volume":"15","author":"Fernandez-Granero","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2026.109124_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2977","DOI":"10.2147\/COPD.S377069","article-title":"Acoustic monitoring of night-time respiratory symptoms in 14 patients with exacerbated COPD over a 3-week period","volume":"17","author":"Boeselt","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Chronic Obstr. Pulm. Dis."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2026.109124_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1007\/s00408-017-9996-2","article-title":"Continuous cough monitoring using ambient sound recording during convalescence from a COPD exacerbation","volume":"195","author":"Crooks","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lung"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2026.109124_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1566","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2018.2872038","article-title":"TussisWatch: a smart-phone system to identify cough episodes as early symptoms of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and congestive heart failure","volume":"23","author":"Windmon","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE J. Biomed. Health Inform."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2026.109124_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/clt2.70055","article-title":"Vocal biomarkers correlate with FEV1 variations during methacholine challenge","volume":"15","author":"Paoletti","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Allergy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2026.109124_bib103","article-title":"STARD 2015: an updated list of essential items for reporting diagnostic accuracy studies","volume":"351","author":"Bossuyt","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ (Clinical research ed.)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2026.109124_bib104","article-title":"TRIPOD+AI statement: updated guidance for reporting clinical prediction models that use regression or machine learning methods","volume":"385","author":"Collins","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMJ (Clinical research ed.)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2026.109124_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resmer.2022.100891","article-title":"Prevalence of a decreased FEV3\/FEV6 ratio in symptomatic smokers with preserved lung function","volume":"81","author":"Tenin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Respiratory medicine and research"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2026.109124_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2021.10.046","article-title":"Significance of FEV3\/FEV6 in recognition of early airway disease in smokers at risk of development of COPD: analysis of the SPIROMICS cohort","volume":"161","author":"Yee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2026.109124_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.04348","article-title":"FEV1\/FEV6 in primary care is a reliable and easy method for the diagnosis of COPD","volume":"61","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Respir. Care"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2026.109124_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2024.11.013","article-title":"Oscillometry in the diagnosis, assessment, and monitoring of asthma in children and adults","volume":"134","author":"Ducharme","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol. : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2026.109124_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1080\/17476348.2024.2380070","article-title":"Small airways disease in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"18","author":"Lazarinis","year":"2024","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Respir. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2026.109124_bib110","article-title":"Diagnosis and severity assessment of COPD using a novel fast-response capnometer and interpretable machine learning","volume":"21","author":"Talker","year":"2024","journal-title":"COPD J. Chronic Obstr. Pulm. Dis."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2026.109124_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8713","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-41699-6","article-title":"Quantification of smoking-related airway remodelling in COPD, using N-Tidal","volume":"16","author":"Lim","year":"2026","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2026.109124_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/20018525.2026.2661529","article-title":"Breath-by-breath: unmasking cardio-respiratory conditions through capnography waveforms - the general breathing record study","volume":"13","author":"Neville","year":"2026","journal-title":"European clinical respiratory journal"},{"issue":"Suppl 4","key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2026.109124_bib113","first-page":"A266","article-title":"M13 Accurate diagnosis of asthma using either single or longitudinal breath records captured on a novel fast response capnometer","volume":"78","author":"Broomfield","year":"2023","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"Suppl. 4","key":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2026.109124_bib114","first-page":"A299","article-title":"M23 Identification of asthma-COPD overlap using a novel hand-held capnometer and interpretable machine learning","volume":"79","author":"Leeran","year":"2024","journal-title":"Thorax"}],"container-title":["Respiratory Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0954611126004932?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0954611126004932?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T15:43:28Z","timestamp":1789055008000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0954611126004932"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"references-count":114,"alternative-id":["S0954611126004932"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rmed.2026.109124","relation":{},"ISSN":["0954-6111"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0954-6111","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Differential diagnosis of asthma and COPD: Established and emerging biomarkers and technologies","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Respiratory Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rmed.2026.109124","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"109124"}}