{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T05:27:06Z","timestamp":1781674026564,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":108,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,1]],"date-time":"2011-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1306886400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2011.02.015","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,9]],"date-time":"2011-04-09T09:04:39Z","timestamp":1302339879000},"page":"2262-2289","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1349,"title":["A review on biomass as a fuel for boilers"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"R.","family":"Saidur","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E.A.","family":"Abdelaziz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Demirbas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.S.","family":"Hossain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Mekhilef","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2011.02.015_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1016\/S0961-9534(03)00088-6","article-title":"Sustainable biomass production for energy in Malaysia","volume":"25","author":"Koh","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biomass Bioenergy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2011.02.015_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2009.04.015","article-title":"Woody biomass and bioenergy potentials in Southeast Asia between 1990 and 2020","volume":"86","author":"Sasaki","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2011.02.015_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2008.11.007","article-title":"A combined process integration and fuel switching strategy for emissions reduction in chemical process plants","volume":"34","author":"Mahmoud","year":"2009","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2011.02.015_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuproc.2008.07.012","article-title":"Biomass combustion in fluidized bed boilers: potential problems and remedies","volume":"90","author":"Khan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Fuel Process Technol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2011.02.015_bib0025","unstructured":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Industrial boiler efficiency. http:\/\/www.epa.gov\/climateleaders\/documents\/resources\/industrial_boiler_protocol.pdf; 2008 [accessed 01.03.10]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2011.02.015_bib0030","unstructured":"Einstein D, Worrell E, Marta Khrushch. Steam systems in industry: energy use and energy efficiency improvement potentials, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. http:\/\/www.osti.gov\/bridge\/servlets\/purl\/789187-uTGqsP\/native\/; 2009 [accessed 17.05.10]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2011.02.015_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2746","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2009.12.018","article-title":"Energy use, energy savings and emission analysis in the Malaysian rubber producing industries","volume":"87","author":"Saidur","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2011.02.015_bib0040","unstructured":"Oregon. Biomass energy. http:\/\/www.oregon.gov\/ENERGY\/RENEW\/Biomass\/BiomassHome.shtml; 2010 [accessed 05.01.10]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2011.02.015_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2009.11.006","article-title":"Biomass energy and the environmental impacts associated with its production and utilization","volume":"14","author":"Abbasi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Renew Sustain Energy Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2011.02.015_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pecs.2003.10.004","article-title":"Combustion characteristics of different biomass fuels","volume":"30","author":"Demirbas","year":"2004","journal-title":"Prog Energy Combust Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2011.02.015_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kopetz H. Biomass \u2013 a burning issue 2007:52\u201385. Available from: www.re-focus.net [accessed 22.02.10].","DOI":"10.1016\/S1471-0846(07)70052-5"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2011.02.015_bib0060","unstructured":"AIE Australian institute of energy. Fact sheet 8: biomass. http:\/\/aie.org.au\/Content\/NavigationMenu\/Resources\/SchoolProjects\/FS8_BIOMASS.pdf; 2010 [accessed 20.03.10]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2011.02.015_bib0065","unstructured":"TNP. The need project: biomass. http:\/\/www.need.org\/needpdf\/infobook_activities\/SecInfo\/BiomassS.pdf; 2010 [accessed 25.12.09]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2011.02.015_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pecs.2005.02.002","article-title":"Potential applications of renewable energy sources, biomass combustion problems in boiler power systems and combustion related environmental issues","volume":"31","author":"Demirbas","year":"2005","journal-title":"Prog Energy Combust Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2011.02.015_bib0075","unstructured":"Faninger G. Towards sustainability development in Austria: renewable energy contributions. Institute for Interdisciplinary Research and Continuing Education, University of Klagenfurt: Austria; 2003."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2011.02.015_bib0085","unstructured":"Capehart BL, Turner WC, Kennedy WJ. Guide to energy management. 5th ed. The Fairmont Press; 2005."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2011.02.015_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2009.10.010","article-title":"Banana biomass as potential renewable energy resource: a Malaysian case study","volume":"14","author":"Tock","year":"2010","journal-title":"Renew Sustain Energy Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2011.02.015_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/S0360-1285(00)00020-4","article-title":"Co-firing of coal and biomass fuel blends","volume":"27","author":"Sami","year":"2001","journal-title":"Prog Energy Combust Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2011.02.015_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1385\/ABAB:113:1-3:055","article-title":"A new class of plants for a biofuel feedstock energy crop","volume":"113","author":"Kamm","year":"2004","journal-title":"Appl Biochem Biotechnol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2011.02.015_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/S0961-9534(99)00058-6","article-title":"Environmental and socioeconomic aspects in the strategic analysis of a biomass power plant integration","volume":"17","author":"Varela","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biomass Bioenergy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2011.02.015_bib0110","unstructured":"NEF. Biomass. http:\/\/www.nef.org.uk\/greenschool\/documents\/Biomass.pdf; 2010 [accessed 25.03.10]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2011.02.015_bib0115","unstructured":"Boyle G. Renewable energy Power for a sustainable future. Oxford University Press: UK; 2004."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2011.02.015_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2009.10.022","article-title":"An overview of the chemical composition of biomass","volume":"89","author":"Vassilev","year":"2010","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2011.02.015_bib0125","unstructured":"EM Energy Matters. Biomass: advantage and disadvantage. http:\/\/library.thinkquest.org\/20331\/types\/biomass\/advant.html; 2010 [accessed 25.02.10]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2011.02.015_bib0130","unstructured":"AES Alternative Energy Resources. Advantages of biomass. http:\/\/www.alternate-energy-sources.com\/advantage-of-biomass-energy.html; 2010 [accessed 12.02.10]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2011.02.015_bib0135","unstructured":"BRP Biomass Research Project. Biomass (incineration): advantages and disadvantages. http:\/\/science134.tripod.com\/id9.html; 2010 [accessed 25.01.10]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2011.02.015_bib0140","unstructured":"APO Asian Productivity Organization. Reusing biomass waste in industrial boilers for energy recovery. http:\/\/www.apo-tokyo.org\/biomassboiler\/D0_online-resources.htm; 2010 [accessed 28.03.10]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2011.02.015_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2009.11.038","article-title":"Overview of recent advances in thermo-chemical conversion of biomass","volume":"51","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Energy Convers Manage."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2011.02.015_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-8904(02)00168-1","article-title":"Relationships between lignin contents and fixed carbon contents of biomass samples","volume":"44","author":"Demirbas","year":"2003","journal-title":"Energy Convers Manage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2011.02.015_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1465","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-8904(02)00144-9","article-title":"Sustainable cofiring of biomass with coal","volume":"44","author":"Demirbas","year":"2003","journal-title":"Energy Convers Manage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2011.02.015_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1885","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-2361(01)00070-9","article-title":"Yields of hydrogen-rich gaseous product via pyrolysis from selected biomass samples","volume":"80","author":"Demirbas","year":"2001","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2011.02.015_bib0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-2361(97)85520-2","article-title":"Calculation of higher heating values of biomass fuels","volume":"76","author":"Demirbas","year":"1996","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2011.02.015_bib0170","series-title":"Thesis, Texas A&M University","article-title":"An integrated approach for techno-economic and environmental analysis of energy from biomass and fossil fuels","author":"Mohan","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2011.02.015_bib0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1021\/ef0502397","article-title":"Pyrolysis of wood\/biomass for bio-oil: a critical review","volume":"20","author":"Mohan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Energy Fuels"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2011.02.015_bib0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/S0961-9534(02)00073-9","article-title":"Biomass yield and quality of 20 switchgrass populations in southern Iowa, USA","volume":"23","author":"Lemus","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biomass Bioenergy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2011.02.015_bib0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-8904(01)00200-X","article-title":"Combustion characteristics of different biomass materials","volume":"44","author":"Acma","year":"2003","journal-title":"Energy Convers Manage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2011.02.015_bib0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2009.11.039","article-title":"The prediction of elemental composition of biomass based on proximate analysis","volume":"51","author":"Shen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Energy Convers Manage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2011.02.015_bib0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2005.01.041","article-title":"Prediction of heating values of biomass fuel from elemental composition","volume":"544","author":"Friedl","year":"2005","journal-title":"Anal Chim Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2011.02.015_bib0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1007\/s10098-009-0220-9","article-title":"Combustion of agro-waste with coal in a fluidized bed","volume":"12","author":"Atimtay","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clean Technol Environ Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2011.02.015_bib0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1793","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2008.11.027","article-title":"Ultimate analysis and heating value prediction of straw by near infrared spectroscopy","volume":"29","author":"Huang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Waste Manage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2011.02.015_bib0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-3820(97)00059-3","article-title":"Combustion properties of biomass","volume":"54","author":"Jenkins","year":"1998","journal-title":"Fuel Process Technol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2011.02.015_bib0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1710","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2006.12.029","article-title":"A correlation for calculating elemental composition from proximate analysis of biomass materials","volume":"86","author":"Parikh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2011.02.015_bib0220","unstructured":"Faaij A. Energy from biomass and waste. Ph.D. thesis, Utrecht University. http:\/\/www.chem.uu.nl\/nws\/www\/publica\/Publicaties%201997\/97046_a.htm; 1997 [accessed 21.01.10]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2011.02.015_bib0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biombioe.2004.04.009","article-title":"Economics of biomass energy utilization in combustion and gasification plants: effects of logistic variables","volume":"28","author":"Caputo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biomass Bioenergy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2011.02.015_bib0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1007\/s11027-005-9004-7","article-title":"Modern biomass conversion technology","volume":"11","author":"Faaij","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mitig Adapt Strat Global Change"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2011.02.015_bib0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2009.08.014","article-title":"Main routes for the thermo-conversion of biomass into fuels and chemicals","volume":"50","author":"Balat","year":"2009","journal-title":"Energy Convers Manage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2011.02.015_bib0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-8524(01)00120-1","article-title":"Energy production from biomass (part 3): gasification technologies","volume":"83","author":"McKendry","year":"2002","journal-title":"Bioresour Technol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2011.02.015_bib0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-8904(00)00050-9","article-title":"Relationships between lignin contents and heating values of biomass","volume":"42","author":"Demirbas","year":"2001","journal-title":"Energy Convers Manage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2011.02.015_bib0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2009.05.008","article-title":"Calorific value estimation of biomass from their proximate analyses data","volume":"35","author":"Erol","year":"2010","journal-title":"Renew Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2011.02.015_bib0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biombioe.2004.11.008","article-title":"Estimating the higher heating value of biomass fuels from basic analysis data","volume":"28","author":"Sheng","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biomass Bioenergy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2011.02.015_bib0260","unstructured":"Wai KC. Effect of co-combustion of coal and biomass on combustion performance and pollutant emissions. Thesis, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology; 2005."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2011.02.015_bib0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/0961-9534(96)00024-4","article-title":"Energy analysis of biomass production and transportation","volume":"11","author":"Borjesson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Biomass Bioenergy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2011.02.015_bib0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1715","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-2361(96)00158-5","article-title":"Heating value of biomass and biomass pyrolysis products","volume":"75","author":"Raveendran","year":"1996","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2011.02.015_bib0275","unstructured":"(HNEI) Hawaii Natural Energy Institute. Thermochemical conversion of biomass. http:\/\/www.hnei.hawaii.edu\/text\/bio.thermal.asp; 2010 [accessed 09.03.10]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2011.02.015_bib0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu G, Yan Y, Cornwell S, Whitehouse M, Riley G. Impact of co-firing coal and biomass on flame characteristics and stability. Fuel 2008;87:1133\u201340.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2007.07.005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2011.02.015_bib0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1021\/ef060435t","article-title":"Particulate emission reduction in small-scale biomass combustion plants by a condensing heat exchanger","volume":"22","author":"De Best","year":"2008","journal-title":"Energy Fuel"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2011.02.015_bib0290","unstructured":"National Certification Examination for Energy Managers and Energy Auditors. FBC Boilers. http:\/\/www.em-ea.org\/Guide%20Books\/book-2\/2.6%20FBC.pdf; 2010 [accessed 24.03.10]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2011.02.015_bib0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/S0961-9534(00)00057-X","article-title":"Biomass co-firing: economics, policy and opportunities","volume":"19","author":"Hughes","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biomass Bioenergy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2011.02.015_bib0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biombioe.2010.01.004","article-title":"An evaluation of biomass co-firing in Europe","volume":"34","author":"Al-Mansour","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biomass Bioenergy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2011.02.015_bib0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1007\/s11027-005-9003-8","article-title":"Global biomass energy potential","volume":"11","author":"Moreira","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mitig Adapt Strat Global Change"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2011.02.015_bib0310","unstructured":"Zhang O. Compacting biomass waste material for use as fuel. PHD Thesis, University of Missouri: Coloumbia; 2002."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2011.02.015_bib0315","unstructured":"PSU The Pennsylvania State University, The energy Institute, College of earth and Mineral Sciences. Biomass\/biofuels. http:\/\/www.energy.psu.edu\/tes\/biomass.html; 2010 [accessed 02.04.10]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2011.02.015_bib0320","unstructured":"Zutphen HV, Wibrans R. The carbon balance: the new centre of attention, Global Oils Fats Bus Mag 4(3). http:\/\/www.malaysiapalmoil.org\/pdf\/carboncapital%20solutions.pdf; 2007 [accessed 17.03.10]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2011.02.015_bib0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2009.05.008","article-title":"Oil palm biomass as a sustainable energy source: a Malaysian case study","volume":"34","author":"Shuit","year":"2009","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2011.02.015_bib0330","unstructured":"Abdelaziz EA. Energy economical and environmental analysis of industrial boilers. Master thesis. University of Malaya: Malaysia, 2010."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2011.02.015_bib0335","unstructured":"MAFOREST Massachusetts Forests Watch. Biomass incineration. http:\/\/www.maforests.org\/Facts.pdf [accessed 21.01.10]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2011.02.015_bib0340","unstructured":"Ravindrana NH, Hall DO. Biomass, energy, and environment: a developing country perspective from India. Earth scan, UK. http:\/\/books.google.com, 2008 [accessed 07.04.10]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2011.02.015_bib0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/0144-4565(84)90003-9","article-title":"Biomass for energy: the environmental issues","volume":"6","author":"Trimble","year":"1984","journal-title":"Biomass"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2011.02.015_bib0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-3820(97)00069-6","article-title":"Effect of co-combustion of biomass on emissions in pulverized fuel furnaces","volume":"54","author":"Spliethoff","year":"1998","journal-title":"Fuel Process Technol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2011.02.015_bib0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-3820(97)00067-2","article-title":"EU clean coal technology co-combustion of coal and biomass","volume":"54","author":"Hein","year":"1998","journal-title":"Fuel Process Technol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2011.02.015_bib0360","unstructured":"Daskalakis M, Iyer V. Finding energy savings with a biomass boiler. http:\/\/hpac.com\/bse\/finding-energy-savings-0609\/; 2009 [accessed 25.01.10]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2011.02.015_bib0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biombioe.2009.11.008","article-title":"Biomass energy: employment generation and its contribution to poverty alleviation","volume":"34","author":"Openshaw","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biomass Bioenergy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2011.02.015_bib0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-2619(99)00077-X","article-title":"The likely adverse environmental impacts of renewable energy sources","volume":"65","author":"Abbasi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Appl Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2011.02.015_bib0375","first-page":"639","article-title":"The relative cost of biomass energy transport","volume":"137\u2013140","author":"Searcy","year":"2007","journal-title":"Appl Biochem Biotechnol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2011.02.015_bib0380","unstructured":"Mahmudi H, Flynn PC. Rail transport of biomass in Canada. http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/16915633; 2009 [accessed 05.03.10]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2011.02.015_bib0385","unstructured":"Shaw M. Feedstock and process variables influencing biomass densification. Thesis, University of Saskatchewan; 2008."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2011.02.015_bib0390","unstructured":"Hiltunen M, Bari\u0161i\u0107 V, Zabetta EC. Combustion of different types of biomass in CFB boilers. http:\/\/www.fwc.com\/publications\/tech_papers\/files\/TP_CFB_08_05.pdf; 2008 [accessed 05.03.10]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2011.02.015_bib0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/S0360-1285(00)00003-4","article-title":"The implications of chlorine-associated corrosion on the operation of biomass-fired boilers","volume":"26","author":"Nielsen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Prog. Energy Combust Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2011.02.015_bib0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2006.01.019","article-title":"Hybrid System for fouling control in biomass boilers","volume":"19","author":"Romeo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eng Appl Artif Intell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2011.02.015_bib0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-3820(97)00060-X","article-title":"The behavior of inorganic material in biomass-fired power boilers: field and laboratory experiences","volume":"54","author":"Baxter","year":"1998","journal-title":"Fuel Process Technol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2011.02.015_bib0410","unstructured":"Bakker RR. Biomass fuel leaching for the control of fouling, slaggging, and alggomeration in biomass power greneration. PHD Thesis, University of California Davis; 2000."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2011.02.015_bib0415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/0961-9534(95)00067-4","article-title":"Boiler deposits from firing biomass fuels","volume":"10","author":"Miles","year":"1995","journal-title":"Biomass Bioenergy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2011.02.015_bib0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biombioe.2009.01.008","article-title":"Fouling control in biomass boilers","volume":"33","author":"Romeo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biomass bioenergy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2011.02.015_bib0425","unstructured":"Barisic V, Amand L, Zabetta CE. The role of limestone in preventing agglomeration and slagging during CFB combustion of high-phosphorous fuels. http:\/\/fwcparts.com\/publications\/tech_papers\/files\/TP_CFB_08_03.pdf; 2008 [accessed 05.03.10]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2011.02.015_bib0430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2008.01.003","article-title":"Logistics issues of biomass: the storage problem and the multi-biomass supply chain","volume":"13","author":"Rentizelas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Renew Sustain Energy Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2011.02.015_bib0435","unstructured":"REW Renewable energy world. Biomass \u2013 an emerging fuel for power generation. http:\/\/www.renewableenergyworld; 2010 [accessed 15.03.10]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2011.02.015_bib0440","unstructured":"APO Asian Productivity Organization. Workshop on utilization of biomass for renewable energy, Katmandu, Nepal. http:\/\/webcache.googleusercontent.com; 2006 [accessed 25.04.10]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2011.02.015_bib0445","unstructured":"NRI. Renewable energy policy \u2013 India. http:\/\/www.nri.org\/projects\/biomass\/conference_papers\/policy_material_section_3.pdf; 2010 [accessed 05.06.10]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2011.02.015_bib0450","unstructured":"Shukla PR. Biomass energy in India: policies and prospects. http:\/\/www.decisioncraft.com\/energy\/papers\/ecc\/re\/biomass\/bpi.pdf; 2010 [accessed 05.06.10]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2011.02.015_bib0455","unstructured":"Shukla PR. Biomass energy in India: transition from traditional to modern. http:\/\/www.decisioncraft.com\/energy\/papers\/ecc\/re\/biomass\/bti.pdf; 2010 [accessed 05.06.10]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2011.02.015_bib0460","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Energy. Biomass policy. http:\/\/www1.eere.energy.gov\/biomass\/biomass_policy.html; 2010 [accessed 17.06.10]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2011.02.015_bib0465","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1007\/s11270-009-0211-9","article-title":"Mercury in biomass feedstock and combustion residuals","volume":"209","author":"Thy","year":"2009","journal-title":"Water, Air Soil Pollut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2011.02.015_bib0470","unstructured":"BEC Biomass Energy Crop & Biomass Power Working Group. A summary of NOx emissions reduction from biomass cofiring. www.treepower.org\/cofiring\/NOx-dayton.doc; 2010 [accessed 28.02.10]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2011.02.015_bib0475","unstructured":"Van Loo S, Koppejan J. The handbook of biomass combustion and co-firing. Earth scan, UK; 2008."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2011.02.015_bib0480","first-page":"129","article-title":"Environmental impacts of biofuels","volume":"26","author":"Sahin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Energy Edu Sci Technol PART A \u2013 Energy Sci Res"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2011.02.015_bib0485","first-page":"75","article-title":"Social, economic, environmental and policy aspects of biofuels","volume":"2","author":"Demirbas","year":"2010","journal-title":"Energy Edu Sci Technol Part B \u2013 Energy Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2011.02.015_bib0490","first-page":"1096","article-title":"Analysis of combustion products from the cofiring of coal with biomass fuels","author":"Belle-Oudry","year":"2000","journal-title":"Natl Renew Energy Lab"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2011.02.015_bib0495","first-page":"13","article-title":"Biofuels for future transportation necessity","volume":"26","author":"Demirbas","year":"2010","journal-title":"Energy Edu Sci Technol Part A \u2013 Energy Sci Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2011.02.015_bib0500","first-page":"117","article-title":"Biofuels for internal combustion engines","volume":"22","author":"Demirbas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Energy Edu Sci Technol Part A \u2013 Energy Sci Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2011.02.015_bib0505","first-page":"37","article-title":"Biomass business and operating","volume":"26","author":"Demirbas","year":"2010","journal-title":"Energy Edu Sci Technol Part A \u2013 Energy Sci Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2011.02.015_bib0510","first-page":"163","article-title":"Overview of bioethanol from biorenewable feedstocks: technology, economics, policy, and impacts","volume":"22","author":"Demirbas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Energy Edu Sci Technol Part A \u2013 Energy Sci Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2011.02.015_bib0515","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/S0961-9534(00)00087-8","article-title":"Environmental impact of modern biomass cogeneration in Southeast Asia","volume":"20","author":"Duval","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biomass Bioenergy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2011.02.015_bib0520","unstructured":"http:\/\/publications.environment-agency.gov.uk\/pdf\/GEHO0305BIWI-E-E.pdf; 2010 [accessed 05.03.10]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2011.02.015_bib0525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2032","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2007.02.011","article-title":"A technical and environmental analysis of co-combustion of coal and biomass in fluidised bed technologies","volume":"86","author":"McIlveen-Wright","year":"2007","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2011.02.015_bib0530","first-page":"85","article-title":"Prospects of biofuels for a sustainable energy future: A critical assessment","volume":"24","author":"Balat","year":"2010","journal-title":"Energy Edu Sci Technol Part A \u2013 Energy Sci Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2011.02.015_bib0535","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-3820(97)00064-7","article-title":"Biomass cofiring: status and prospects 1996","volume":"54","author":"Hughes","year":"1998","journal-title":"Fuel Process Technol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2011.02.015_bib0540","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3534","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2007.07.049","article-title":"Control methods for mitigating biomass ash-related problems in fluidized beds","volume":"99","author":"Vamvuka","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bioresour Technol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2011.02.015_bib0550","unstructured":"NYSERD New York State Energy Research and Development Authority. Biomass combustion in europe overview on technologies and regulations. http:\/\/www.nyserda.org; 2008 [accessed 05.03.10]."}],"container-title":["Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1364032111000578?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1364032111000578?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,9]],"date-time":"2019-06-09T22:23:01Z","timestamp":1560118981000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1364032111000578"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,6]]},"references-count":108,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S1364032111000578"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rser.2011.02.015","relation":{},"ISSN":["1364-0321"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1364-0321","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,6]]}}}