{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T12:55:20Z","timestamp":1782392120965,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]],"date-time":"2021-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633046400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]],"date-time":"2021-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633046400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]],"date-time":"2021-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633046400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]],"date-time":"2021-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633046400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]],"date-time":"2021-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633046400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]],"date-time":"2021-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633046400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]],"date-time":"2021-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633046400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2021.111378","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,23]],"date-time":"2021-06-23T07:12:29Z","timestamp":1624432349000},"page":"111378","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Blockchain applications for climate protection: A global empirical investigation"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"149","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0270-0660","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gregor","family":"Dorfleitner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Franziska","family":"Muck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4734-5917","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabel","family":"Scheckenbach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2021.111378_b1","series-title":"Climate change 2014: synthesis report. Contribution of working groups I, II and III to the fifth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change","first-page":"1","author":"IPCC","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2021.111378_b2","series-title":"Communication from the commission\u2013com(2019) 640 final","first-page":"1","article-title":"The European green deal","author":"European Commission","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2021.111378_b3","series-title":"2019 European election results - comparative tool","author":"European Parliament","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2021.111378_b4","series-title":"Adoption of the Paris agreement (Report No. FCCC\/CP\/2015\/L.9\/ Rev.1)","author":"United Nations Framework Convention for Climate Change","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2021.111378_b5","series-title":"Blockchain and emerging digital technologies for enhancing post-2020 climate markets","author":"Dong","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2021.111378_b6","series-title":"World economic forum","first-page":"1","article-title":"Building block(chain)s for a better planet","author":"Herweijer","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2021.111378_b7","series-title":"The rise of green finance in Europe: opportunities and challenges for issuers, investors and marketplaces","first-page":"207","article-title":"Fintech, digitalization and blockchain: possible applications for green finance","author":"Dorfleitner","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2021.111378_b8","series-title":"How blockchain technology could boost climate action","author":"United Nations Climate Change","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2021.111378_b9","series-title":"Mind the gap - bridging the climate financing gap with innovative financial mechanism","author":"Acharya","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2021.111378_b10","series-title":"Blockchain for social impact \u2013 moving beyond the hype","first-page":"1","author":"Galen","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2021.111378_b11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2018.10.014","article-title":"Blockchain technology in the energy sector: A systematic review of challenges and opportunities","volume":"100","author":"Andoni","year":"2019","journal-title":"Renew Sustainable Energy Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2021.111378_b12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maupin J. The G20 countries should engage with blockchain technologies to build an inclusive, transparent and accountable digital economy for all, Kiel Institute for the World Economy - Economics Discussion Papers, No 2017 - 48.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.2935261"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2021.111378_b13","series-title":"Navigating blockchain and climate action","first-page":"1","author":"Fuessler","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2021.111378_b14","series-title":"Qualitative inhaltsanalyse: Grundlagen und techniken","author":"Mayring","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2021.111378_b15","series-title":"The future of financial services: How disruptive innovations are reshaping the way financial services are structured, provisioned and consumed","first-page":"1","author":"World Economic Forum","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2021.111378_b16","series-title":"Bitcoin: A peer-to-peer electronic cash system","author":"Nakamoto","year":"2009"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2021.111378_b17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1080\/08911916.2019.1624320","article-title":"Cryptocurrencies and blockchain: opportunities and limits of a new monetary regime","volume":"48","author":"Malherbe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Political Economy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2021.111378_b18","first-page":"32","article-title":"Blockchain characteristics and consensus in modern business processes","volume":"13","author":"Viriyasitavat","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Ind Inf Integr"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2021.111378_b19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1662","DOI":"10.1093\/rfs\/hhy095","article-title":"The blockchain folk theorem","volume":"32","author":"Biais","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev Financ Stud"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2021.111378_b20","unstructured":"Shanaev S, Sharma S, Valluri S, Shuraeva A. Proof-of-What? Detecting original consensus algorithms in cryptocurrencies with a four-factor model, Working Paper. Available at: https:\/\/ssrn.com\/abstract=3395008."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2021.111378_b21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1504\/IJWGS.2018.095647","article-title":"Blockchain challenges and opportunities: A survey","volume":"14","author":"Zheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Web Grid Serv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2021.111378_b22","unstructured":"Pike D, Nosker P, Boehm D, Grisham D, Woods S, Marston J. Proof-of-stake-time, White Paper, pp. 1\u201315."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2021.111378_b23","series-title":"FGV international intelligence unit and konrad adenauer stiftung E.V.","first-page":"1","article-title":"Blockchain contributions for the climate finance: introducing a debate","author":"Neves","year":"2018"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2021.111378_b24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1007\/s12599-017-0506-0","article-title":"A blockchain research framework","volume":"59","author":"Risius","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bus Inf Syst Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2021.111378_b25","unstructured":"Fabian B, Ermakova T, Sander U. Anonymity in Bitcoin? \u2013 the users\u2019 perspective. In: International conference on information systems 2016. 2016, p. 1\u201310, Istanbul, Turkey, https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/308648091_Anonymity_in_Bitcoin_-_The_Users\u2019_Perspective."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2021.111378_b26","series-title":"EY research: Initial coin offerings (ICOs)","author":"Ernst & Young","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2021.111378_b27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1007\/s11187-019-00176-3","article-title":"Initial coin offerings (ICOs): market cycles and relationship with bitcoin and ether","volume":"55","author":"Masiak","year":"2019","journal-title":"Small Bus Econ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2021.111378_b28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeconbus.2018.04.001","article-title":"Why do businesses go crypto? An empirical analysis of initial coin offerings","volume":"100","author":"Adhami","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Econ Bus"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2021.111378_b29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusvent.2018.09.007","article-title":"Initial coin offerings (ICOs) to finance new ventures","volume":"34","author":"Fisch","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Bus Venturing"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2021.111378_b30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1038\/s41558-019-0567-9","article-title":"Tackling climate change with blockchain","volume":"9","author":"Howson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature Clim Change"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2021.111378_b31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1145\/3024928","article-title":"Research for practice: cryptocurrencies, blockchains, and smart contracts; hardware for deep learning","volume":"60","author":"Bailis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Commun ACM"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2021.111378_b32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1093\/ijlit\/eax003","article-title":"Beyond bitcoin: An early overview on smart contracts","volume":"25","author":"Cuccuru","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Law Inf Technol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2021.111378_b33","first-page":"1","article-title":"Governance in the blockchain economy: A framework and research agenda","volume":"19","author":"Beck","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Assoc Inf Syst"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2021.111378_b34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.31585\/jbba-3-1-(8)2020","article-title":"Blockchain governance: What we can learn from the economics of corporate governance","volume":"3","author":"Allen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Br Blockchain Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2021.111378_b35","article-title":"Now the code runs itself: on-chain and off-chain governance of blockchain technologies","author":"Reijers","year":"2018","journal-title":"Topoi"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2021.111378_b36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1080\/10580530.2020.1720046","article-title":"Defining blockchain governance: A framework for analysis and comparison","volume":"38","author":"van Pelt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Inf Syst Manage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2021.111378_b37","series-title":"Transforming our world: the 2030 agenda for sustainable development: resolution adopted by the general assembly on 25 September 2015 (A\/70\/L.1)","author":"U.N. General Assembly","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2021.111378_b38","author":"IPCC","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2021.111378_b39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-019-03595-0","article-title":"Climate tipping points - too risky to bet against","volume":"575","author":"Lenton","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2021.111378_b40","series-title":"The future we want: Resolution adopted by the general assembly on 27 July 2012 (A\/66\/L.56)","author":"U.N. General Assembly","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2021.111378_b41","series-title":"GEO-6 assessment for the pan-European region","author":"UNEP\/UNECE","year":"2016"},{"issue":"6436","key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2021.111378_b42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aax3807","article-title":"Concerns of young protesters are justified","volume":"364","author":"Hagedorn","year":"2019","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2021.111378_b43","first-page":"75","article-title":"Utility of the blockchain for climate mitigation","volume":"1","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Br Blockchain Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2021.111378_b44","series-title":"Transforming climate finance and green investments with blockchains","author":"Marke","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2021.111378_b45","series-title":"Handbook of green finance","first-page":"315","article-title":"The role of fintech in unlocking green finance: policy insights for developing countries","author":"Nassiry","year":"2018"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2021.111378_b46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1080\/20430795.2018.1498617","article-title":"The green bond market: A potential source of climate finance for developing countries","volume":"9","author":"Banga","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Sustainable Finance Investment"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2021.111378_b47","series-title":"Blockchain potentials and limitations for selected climate policy instruments","author":"Braden","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2021.111378_b48","series-title":"High-impact projects","author":"Poseidon","year":"2019"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2021.111378_b49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1754","DOI":"10.1093\/rfs\/hhz007","article-title":"Blockchain disruption and smart contracts","volume":"32","author":"Cong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev Financ Stud"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2021.111378_b50","series-title":"IECON 2017\u201343rd annual conference of the IEEE industrial electronics society","first-page":"6153","article-title":"Blockchain applications in microgrids an overview of current projects and concepts","author":"Goranovic","year":"2017"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2021.111378_b51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.4236\/jsea.2016.910036","article-title":"Blockchain platform for industrial internet of things","volume":"9","author":"Bahga","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Softw Eng Appl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2021.111378_b52","series-title":"Decentralized applications: Harnessing bitcoin\u2019s blockchain technology","author":"Raval","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2021.111378_b53","series-title":"What is ethereum?","author":"EthHub","year":"2019"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2021.111378_b54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2214","DOI":"10.3390\/su9122214","article-title":"Current trends in sustainability of bitcoins and related blockchain technology","volume":"9","author":"Giungato","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2021.111378_b55","unstructured":"Schletz M, Nassiry D, Lee M-K. Blockchain and tokenized securities: the potential for green finance, Asian Development Bank Working Paper Series, 1079."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2021.111378_b56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/s40804-019-00138-y","article-title":"The marriage of technology, markets and sustainable (and) social finance: insights from ICO markets for a new regulatory framework","volume":"20","author":"Chiu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur Bus Organ Law Rev"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2021.111378_b57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1647","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joule.2019.05.012","article-title":"The carbon footprint of bitcoin","volume":"3","author":"Stoll","year":"2019","journal-title":"Joule"},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2021.111378_b58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13598","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.9b05687","article-title":"Life cycle assessment of bitcoin mining","volume":"53","author":"K\u00f6hler","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2021.111378_b59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cosust.2017.04.011","article-title":"Sustainability of bitcoin and blockchains","volume":"28","author":"Vranken","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Opin Environ Sustain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2021.111378_b60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1038\/s41893-018-0152-7","article-title":"Quantification of energy and carbon costs for mining cryptocurrencies","volume":"1","author":"Krause","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature Sustainability"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2021.111378_b61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joule.2021.02.006","article-title":"Bitcoin boom: what rising prices mean for the network\u2019s energy consumption","volume":"5","author":"de\u00a0Vries","year":"2021","journal-title":"Joule"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2021.111378_b62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1007\/s00287-020-01321-z","article-title":"Recent developments in blockchain technology and their impact on energy consumption","volume":"43","author":"Sedlmeir","year":"2020","journal-title":"Inform Spektrum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2021.111378_b63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1007\/s12599-020-00656-x","article-title":"The energy consumption of bitcoin technology: Beyond myth","volume":"62","author":"Sedlmeir","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bus Inf Syst Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2021.111378_b64","series-title":"2018 IEEE international conference on internet of things (Ithings) and IEEE green computing and communications (Greencom) and IEEE cyber, physical and social computing (Cpscom) and IEEE smart data","first-page":"1691","article-title":"Modeling the energy consumption of blockchain consensus algorithms","author":"Cole","year":"2018"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2021.111378_b65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1843","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joule.2020.07.013","article-title":"Energy consumption of cryptocurrencies beyond bitcoin","volume":"4","author":"Gallersd\u00f6rfer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Joule"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2021.111378_b66","series-title":"Proof of work and mining","author":"Ethereum","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2021.111378_b67","series-title":"How ethereum mining works","author":"Hertig","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2021.111378_b68","series-title":"Official journal L124, 20\/05\/2003","first-page":"36","article-title":"Commission recommendation of 6 may 2003 concerning the definition of micro, small and medium-sized enterprises (notified under document number c(2003) 1422)","author":"Commission of the European Communities","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2021.111378_b69","series-title":"Mastering blockchain: distributed ledger technology, decentralization, and smart contracts explained","author":"Bashir","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2021.111378_b70","series-title":"Official journal of the European union","first-page":"1","article-title":"Directive (EU) 2018\/2001 of the European parliament and of the council of 11 december 2018 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources","author":"European Parliament","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rser.2021.111378_b71","series-title":"Official journal of the European union, Vol. L 158\/125","first-page":"1","article-title":"Directive (EU) 2019\/944 of the European parliament and of the council of 5 june 2019 on common rules for the internal market for electricity and amending directive 2012\/27\/EU","author":"European Parliament","year":"2019"}],"container-title":["Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1364032121006638?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1364032121006638?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]],"date-time":"2025-10-23T21:17:53Z","timestamp":1761254273000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1364032121006638"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"references-count":71,"alternative-id":["S1364032121006638"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rser.2021.111378","relation":{},"ISSN":["1364-0321"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1364-0321","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Blockchain applications for climate protection: A global empirical investigation","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rser.2021.111378","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"111378"}}