{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T19:02:05Z","timestamp":1788289325696,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,6,1]],"date-time":"2005-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1117584000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Schizophrenia Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2004.08.003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,9,14]],"date-time":"2004-09-14T22:04:48Z","timestamp":1095199488000},"page":"65-75","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":78,"title":["Relationship of neuromotor disturbances to psychosis symptoms in first-episode neuroleptic-na\u00efve schizophrenia patients"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"75","author":[{"given":"Leonardo","family":"Cortese","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael P.","family":"Caligiuri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashok K.","family":"Malla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rahul","family":"Manchanda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jatinder","family":"Takhar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raj","family":"Haricharan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2004.08.003_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-2236(89)90074-X","article-title":"The functional anatomy of basal ganglia disorders","volume":"12","author":"Albin","year":"1989","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2004.08.003_bib2","series-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical manual of Mental Disorders","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2004.08.003_bib3","series-title":"Schizophrenia: Positive and Negative Symptoms and Syndromes. Modern Problems in Pharmacopsychiatry","first-page":"73","article-title":"Method for assessing positive and negative symptoms","author":"Andreasen","year":"1990"},{"issue":"Suppl. 2","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2004.08.003_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S7","DOI":"10.1097\/00004850-199705002-00003","article-title":"Improvement of negative symptoms: concepts, definitions and assessment","volume":"12","author":"Andreasen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int. Clin. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2004.08.003_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1730","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)08258-X","article-title":"Hypofrontality in schizophrenia: distributed dysfunctional circuits in neuroleptic-naive patients","volume":"349","author":"Andreasen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2004.08.003_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-9964(99)00113-9","article-title":"The pathomorphology of schizophrenia and mood disorders: similarities and differences","volume":"39","author":"Baumann","year":"1999","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2004.08.003_bib7","series-title":"Development Disorders of the Frontostriatal System: Neuropsychological, Neuropsychiatric and Evolutionary Perspectives","author":"Bradshaw","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2004.08.003_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.22-01-00305.2002","article-title":"Differential metabolic activity in the striosomes and matrix compartments of the rat striatum during natural behaviors","volume":"22","author":"Brown","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2004.08.003_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(05)70351-8","article-title":"Schizophrenia, psychosis, and the basal ganglia","volume":"20","author":"Busatto","year":"1997","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Clin. North Am."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2004.08.003_bib10","series-title":"Neuroleptic-induced Movement Disorders: A Comprehensive Survey","first-page":"241","article-title":"Instrumental measurement of tardive dyskinesia","author":"Caligiuri","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2004.08.003_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1097\/00002826-199306000-00008","article-title":"Worsening of postural tremor in patients with levodopa-induced dyskinesia: a quantitative analysis","volume":"16","author":"Caligiuri","year":"1993","journal-title":"Clin. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2004.08.003_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(94)91199-1","article-title":"A disturbance in the control of muscle force in neuroleptic-na\u00efve schizophrenia patients","volume":"35","author":"Caligiuri","year":"1994","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2004.08.003_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.150.9.1343","article-title":"Parkinsonism in neuroleptic-naive schizophrenic patients","volume":"150","author":"Caligiuri","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2004.08.003_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1007\/s002130050320","article-title":"Reliability of an instrumental assessment of tardive dyskinesia: results from VA co-operative study #394","volume":"32","author":"Caligiuri","year":"1997","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2004.08.003_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-8986.3540431","article-title":"Scaling of movement velocity: a measure of neuromotor retardation in individuals with psychopathology","volume":"35","author":"Caligiuri","year":"1998","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2004.08.003_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1077(199910)14:7<491::AID-HUP134>3.0.CO;2-V","article-title":"Motor co-ordination deficits as predictors of schizophrenia among Finnish school children","volume":"14","author":"Cannon","year":"1999","journal-title":"Hum. Psychopharmacol. Clin. Exp."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2004.08.003_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1724","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.152.12.1724","article-title":"Prevalence and clinical correlates of extrapyramidal signs and spontaneous dyskinesia in never-medicated schizophrenic patients","volume":"152","author":"Chatterjee","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2004.08.003_bib18","first-page":"233","article-title":"The extrapyramidal symptom rating scale","volume":"7","author":"Chouinard","year":"1980","journal-title":"Can. J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2004.08.003_bib19","first-page":"S51","article-title":"Movement disorders and clinical correlates in drug-naive, first episode patients with psychosis","volume":"16","author":"Cortese","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2004.08.003_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(91)90295-W","article-title":"Limbic\/mesolimbic connections and the pathogenesis of schizophrenia","volume":"30","author":"Csernansky","year":"1991","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2004.08.003_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-2236(90)90110-V","article-title":"Primate models of movement disorders of basal ganglia origin","volume":"13","author":"DeLong","year":"1990","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2004.08.003_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02246179","article-title":"Movements in never-medicated schizophrenics: a preliminary study","volume":"123","author":"Fenn","year":"1996","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"issue":"Suppl. 4","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2004.08.003_bib23","first-page":"10","article-title":"Prevalence of spontaneous dyskinesia in schizophrenia","volume":"61","author":"Fenton","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2004.08.003_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1994.03950080055008","article-title":"Risk factors for spontaneous dyskinesia","volume":"51","author":"Fenton","year":"1994","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2004.08.003_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1614.2001.01004.x","article-title":"Depressive, positive, negative and parkinsonian symptoms in schizophrenia","volume":"36","author":"Fitzgerald","year":"2002","journal-title":"Aust. N. Z. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2004.08.003_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-2236(92)90355-C","article-title":"The neostriatal mosaic: multiple levels of compartmental organization","volume":"15","author":"Gerfen","year":"1992","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2004.08.003_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.155.9.1202","article-title":"Spontaneous abnormal involuntary movements in first-episode schizophrenia and schizophreniform disorder: baseline rate in a group of patients from an Irish catchment area","volume":"155","author":"Gervin","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2004.08.003_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1993.01820210073009","article-title":"Some conceptual and statistical issues in analysis of longitudinal psychiatric data","volume":"50","author":"Gibbons","year":"1993","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2004.08.003_bib29","series-title":"Models of Information Processing in Basal Ganglia","first-page":"103","article-title":"Adaptive neural networks in the basal ganglia","author":"Graybiel","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2004.08.003_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1398","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(94)90569-X","article-title":"Child developmental risk factors for adult schizophrenia in the British 1946 birth cohort","volume":"344","author":"Jones","year":"1994","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2004.08.003_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1097\/00004714-199708000-00011","article-title":"Extrapyramidal signs and clinical symptoms in first-episode schizophrenia: response to low-dose risperidone","volume":"17","author":"Kopala","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2004.08.003_bib32","series-title":"Dementia Praecox and Paraphrenia","author":"Kraepelin","year":"1919"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2004.08.003_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.158.4.625","article-title":"An MRI study of basal ganglia volumes in first-episode schizophrenia patients treated with risperidone","volume":"158","author":"Lang","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2004.08.003_bib34","series-title":"Frontal\u2013Subcortical Circuits in Psychiatric and Neurologic Disorders","author":"Lichter","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2004.08.003_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.139.1.7","article-title":"Formal thought disorder, the typetoken ratio and disturbed voluntary motor movement in schizophrenia","volume":"139","author":"Manschreck","year":"1981","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2004.08.003_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291700043300","article-title":"Disturbed voluntary motor activity in schizophrenic disorder","volume":"12","author":"Manschreck","year":"1982","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2004.08.003_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.168.2.221","article-title":"Abnormal movements in never-medicated Indian patients with schizophrenia","volume":"168","author":"McCreadie","year":"1996","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2004.08.003_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-0082(96)00042-1","article-title":"The basal ganglia: focused selection and inhibition of competing motor programs","volume":"50","author":"Mink","year":"1996","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2004.08.003_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/0301-0082(80)90018-0","article-title":"From motivation to action: functional interface between the limbic system and the motor system","volume":"14","author":"Mogensen","year":"1980","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2004.08.003_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02190275","article-title":"Neurological soft signs in schizophrenia: assessment and correlates","volume":"246","author":"Mohr","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Psychiatr. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2004.08.003_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1982.04290040052008","article-title":"Spontaneous involuntary disorders of movement: their prevalence, severity, and distribution in chronic schizophrenics with and without treatment with neuroleptics","volume":"39","author":"Owens","year":"1982","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2004.08.003_bib42","series-title":"Schizophrenia: A Neuropsychological Perspective","first-page":"317","article-title":"Neurocognitive and neurobehavioural patterns and the syndromes of schizophrenia: role of frontal\u2013subcortical networks","author":"Pantelis","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2004.08.003_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-9964(99)00047-X","article-title":"Negative parkinsonian, depressive and catatonic symptoms in schizophrenia: a conflict of paradigms revisited","volume":"40","author":"Peralta","year":"1999","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2004.08.003_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.157.9.1461","article-title":"Differentiating primary from secondary negative symptoms in schizophrenia: a study of neuroleptic-naive patients before and after treatment","volume":"157","author":"Peralta","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2004.08.003_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.1220","article-title":"Control of movement distance in Parkinson's disease","volume":"16","author":"Pfann","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2004.08.003_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.10218","article-title":"Effect of medication on EMG patterns in individuals with Parkinson's disease","volume":"17","author":"Robichaud","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2004.08.003_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1177\/107385849600200114","article-title":"Subcortical structures and neuropsychiatric illness","volume":"2","author":"Salloway","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2004.08.003_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1970.tb02066.x","article-title":"A rating scale for extrapyramidal side effects","volume":"212","author":"Simpson","year":"1970","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr. Scand., Suppl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2004.08.003_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291700011004","article-title":"Rich and mad in Victorian England","volume":"19","author":"Turner","year":"1989","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2004.08.003_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1981.01780370057006","article-title":"Attentional and neuromotor functions of schizophrenics, schizoaffectives, and patients with other affective disorders","volume":"38","author":"Walker","year":"1981","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2004.08.003_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.147.8.1052","article-title":"Prediction of adult-onset schizophrenia from childhood movies of the patients","volume":"147","author":"Walker","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2004.08.003_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/109.6.1209","article-title":"Changes in sensorimotor function associated with the degree of bradykinesia of Parkinson's disease","volume":"109","author":"Warabi","year":"1986","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2004.08.003_bib53","series-title":"Frontal\u2013Subcortical Circuits in Psychiatric and Neurological Disorders","first-page":"372","article-title":"The role of frontal\u2013subcortical circuits in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia","author":"West","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2004.08.003_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291703008225","article-title":"Prospective evaluation of neurological soft signs in first-episode schizophrenia in relation to psychopathology: state versus trait phenomena","volume":"33","author":"Whitty","year":"2003","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2004.08.003_bib55","first-page":"304","article-title":"Motor deficits and schizophrenia: the evidence from neuroleptic-naive patients and populations at risk","volume":"24","author":"Wolff","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Psychiatry Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2004.08.003_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.168.6.702","article-title":"Tardive dyskinesia and positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia","volume":"168","author":"Yuen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["Schizophrenia Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0920996404002725?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0920996404002725?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,3]],"date-time":"2019-02-03T22:25:10Z","timestamp":1549232710000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0920996404002725"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,6]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S0920996404002725"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.schres.2004.08.003","relation":{},"ISSN":["0920-9964"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0920-9964","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,6]]}}}