{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T13:18:43Z","timestamp":1792329523225,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1-3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,9,1]],"date-time":"2006-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1157068800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Schizophrenia Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2006.06.012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,19]],"date-time":"2006-07-19T15:01:58Z","timestamp":1153321318000},"page":"172-180","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Are neurologic examination abnormalities heritable? A preliminary study"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"86","author":[{"given":"R.D.","family":"Sanders","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Y.H.","family":"Joo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Almasy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Wood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.S.","family":"Keshavan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.F.","family":"Pogue-Geile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.C.","family":"Gur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.E.","family":"Gur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V.L.","family":"Nimgaonkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2006.06.012_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.1086\/301844","article-title":"Multipoint quantitative-trait linkage analysis in general pedigrees","volume":"62","author":"Almasy","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2006.06.012_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.156.9.1349","article-title":"Prediction of neuropsychological performance by neurological signs in schizophrenia","volume":"156","author":"Arango","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2006.06.012_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2337","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.162.12.2337","article-title":"Neurological soft signs in first-episode schizophrenia: a follow-up study","volume":"162","author":"Bachmann","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2006.06.012_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2003.08.009","article-title":"Gender and procreation among patients with schizophrenia","volume":"68","author":"Bhatia","year":"2004","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2006.06.012_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2004.00298.x","article-title":"Neurological soft signs discriminating mood disorders from first episode schizophrenia","volume":"110","author":"Boks","year":"2004","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr. Scand."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2006.06.012_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.3928\/0048-5713-20030301-06","article-title":"Assessment tools for soft signs","volume":"33","author":"Bombin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Ann."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2006.06.012_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1781(89)90148-0","article-title":"The Neurological Evaluation Scale (NES): a structured instrument for the assessment of neurological signs in schizophrenia","volume":"27","author":"Buchanan","year":"1989","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2006.06.012_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1994.03950100052005","article-title":"Neuropsychological impairments in deficit vs. nondeficit forms of schizophrenia","volume":"51","author":"Buchanan","year":"1994","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2006.06.012_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.150.9.1343","article-title":"Parkinsonism in neuroleptic-naive schizophrenic patients","volume":"150","author":"Caligiuri","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2006.06.012_bib9","first-page":"265","article-title":"Motor abnormalities in family members of patients with schizophrenia (abstract)","volume":"31","author":"Caligiuri","year":"2005","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2006.06.012_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.3928\/0048-5713-20030301-05","article-title":"Neurologic soft signs in schizophrenia: research findings and clinical relevance","volume":"33","author":"Candela","year":"2003","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Ann."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2006.06.012_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1781(95)02535-2","article-title":"The Cambridge Neurological Inventory: a clinical instrument for assessment of soft neurological signs in psychiatric patients","volume":"56","author":"Chen","year":"1995","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2006.06.012_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0447.2000.102005342.x","article-title":"Progressive deterioration of soft neurological signs in chronic schizophrenic patients","volume":"102","author":"Chen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr. Scand."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2006.06.012_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-200002000-00004","article-title":"Soft neurological signs in schizophrenic patients and their nonpsychotic siblings","volume":"188","author":"Chen","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. of Nerv. Ment. Dis."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2006.06.012_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/11.12.1373","article-title":"Association and linkage analyses of RGS4 polymorphisms in schizophrenia","volume":"11","author":"Chowdari","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2006.06.012_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"s50","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.181.43.s50","article-title":"Neurological soft signs in first-episode psychosis: a systematic review","volume":"43","author":"Dazzan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatr., Suppl."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2006.06.012_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2272(1997)14:6<987::AID-GEPI71>3.0.CO;2-G","article-title":"A variance component approach to dichotomous trait linkage analysis using a threshold model","volume":"14","author":"Duggirala","year":"1997","journal-title":"Genet. Epidemiol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2006.06.012_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(01)01133-7","article-title":"Relative risk for cognitive impairments in siblings of patients with schizophrenia","volume":"50","author":"Egan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2006.06.012_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1827","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.158.11.1827","article-title":"Relative risk of neurological signs in siblings of patients with schizophrenia","volume":"158","author":"Egan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2006.06.012_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.153.4.526","article-title":"Soft signs and neuropsychological performance in schizophrenia","volume":"153","author":"Flashman","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2006.06.012_bib21","series-title":"Luria\u2013Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery Manual \u2014 Forms I and II","author":"Golden","year":"1985"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2006.06.012_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2004.08.016","article-title":"The effects of antipsychotic medication on factor and cluster structure of neurologic examination abnormalities in schizophrenia","volume":"75","author":"Goldstein","year":"2005","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2006.06.012_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.160.4.636","article-title":"The endophenotype concept in psychiatry: etymology and strategic intentions","volume":"160","author":"Gottesman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2006.06.012_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-9964(03)00099-9","article-title":"Neurological and morphological anomalies and the genetic liability to schizophrenia: a composite phenotype","volume":"67","author":"Gourion","year":"2004","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"issue":"Pt 2","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2006.06.012_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/121.2.191","article-title":"Neurological abnormalities in familial and sporadic schizophrenia","volume":"121","author":"Griffiths","year":"1998","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2006.06.012_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.152.2.191","article-title":"Neurological soft signs in neuroleptic-naive and neuroleptic-treated schizophrenic patients and in normal comparison subjects","volume":"152","author":"Gupta","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2006.06.012_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-133X(01)00279-2","article-title":"Computerized neurocognitive scanning: II. The profile of schizophrenia","volume":"25","author":"Gur","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2006.06.012_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-133X(01)00278-0","article-title":"Computerized neurocognitive scanning: I. Methodology and validation in healthy people","volume":"25","author":"Gur","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2006.06.012_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.145.1.11","article-title":"Significance and meaning of neurological signs in schizophrenia","volume":"145","author":"Heinrichs","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2006.06.012_bib30","series-title":"In Search of Madness: Schizophrenia and Neuroscience","author":"Heinrichs","year":"2001"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2006.06.012_bib31","first-page":"20","article-title":"Some suggestions regarding the clinical interpretation of the Trail Making Test","volume":"1","author":"Horton","year":"1979","journal-title":"Clin. Neuropsychol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2006.06.012_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.155.1.84","article-title":"Neurological abnormalities in schizophrenic patients and their siblings","volume":"155","author":"Ismail","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2006.06.012_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-9964(03)80053-1","article-title":"Test\u2013retest stability of the neurologic examination in stable schizophrenia (abstract)","volume":"60","author":"Jampala","year":"2003","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2006.06.012_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1298","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.160.7.1298","article-title":"Diagnostic specificity and neuroanatomical validity of neurological abnormalities in first-episode psychoses","volume":"160","author":"Keshavan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2006.06.012_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.178.6.524","article-title":"Neurodevelopmental indices and the development of psychotic symptoms in subjects at high risk of schizophrenia","volume":"178","author":"Lawrie","year":"2001","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2006.06.012_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1999.tb10832.x","article-title":"Neurological abnormalities in schizophrenic patients: a prospective follow-up study 5 years after first admission","volume":"100","author":"Madsen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr. Scand."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2006.06.012_bib37","unstructured":"Maxwell M., 1992. Family Interview for Genetic Studies (FIGS) : a manual for FIGS. Bethesda, Maryland, Clinical Neurogenetics Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2006.06.012_bib38","series-title":"Evidence-Based Physical Diagnosis","author":"McGee","year":"2001"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2006.06.012_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(90)90573-K","article-title":"Neurological signs and the positive\u2013negative dimension in schizophrenia","volume":"28","author":"Merriam","year":"1990","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2006.06.012_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02190275","article-title":"Neurological soft signs in schizophrenia: assessment and correlates","volume":"246","author":"Mohr","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2006.06.012_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.157.2.272","article-title":"Genetic influence on laterality in schizophrenia? A twin study of neurological soft signs","volume":"157","author":"Niethammer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2006.06.012_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1994.03950110009002","article-title":"Diagnostic interview for genetic studies. Rationale, unique features, and training. NIMH Genetics Initiative","volume":"51","author":"Nurnberger","year":"1994","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2006.06.012_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2005.07.007","article-title":"Neurological abnormalities in schizophrenic twins","volume":"59","author":"Picchioni","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2006.06.012_bib44","first-page":"275","article-title":"Genetic liability to schizophrenia and executive functioning: initial results from a large-pedigree, multiplex sample (abstract)","volume":"31","author":"Pogue-Geile","year":"2005","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2006.06.012_bib45","series-title":"Quantitative examination of neurologic functions","author":"Potvin","year":"1985"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2006.06.012_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.157.5.735","article-title":"Neurological soft signs in schizophrenia","volume":"157","author":"Rossi","year":"1990","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2006.06.012_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-9964(97)00103-5","article-title":"Inter-rater reliability of the neurological examination in schizophrenia","volume":"29","author":"Sanders","year":"1998","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2006.06.012_bib47","first-page":"162","article-title":"Prognostic significance of neurologic examination abnormalities in neuroleptic-naive schizophrenia (abstract)","volume":"12","author":"Sanders","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosci."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2006.06.012_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-1781(00)00176-1","article-title":"Factor structure of neurologic examination abnormalities in unmedicated schizophrenia","volume":"95","author":"Sanders","year":"2000","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2006.06.012_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1176\/jnp.16.4.480","article-title":"Relationships between cognitive and neurological performance in neuroleptic-naive psychosis","volume":"16","author":"Sanders","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2006.06.012_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2003.10.007","article-title":"Abnormal neurological signs at the onset of psychosis","volume":"70","author":"Scheffer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2006.06.012_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/0920-9964(91)90017-L","article-title":"Neurological soft signs in schizophrenia","volume":"6","author":"Schroder","year":"1991","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2006.06.012_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(97)00442-3","article-title":"D2 dopamine receptor up-regulation, treatment response, neurological soft signs, and extrapyramidal side effects in schizophrenia: a follow-up study with 123I-iodobenzamide single photon emission computed tomography in the drug-naive state and after neuroleptic treatment","volume":"43","author":"Schroder","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2006.06.012_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-9964(01)00162-1","article-title":"A comparative profile analysis of neuropsychological functioning in patients with schizophrenia and bipolar psychoses","volume":"53","author":"Seidman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2006.06.012_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-3057(98)00230-5","article-title":"The dopamine D3\/D2 receptor agonist 7-OH-DPAT induces cognitive impairment in the marmoset","volume":"63","author":"Smith","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2006.06.012_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1080\/0266476042000184064","article-title":"Linear conditional expectation for discretized distributions","volume":"31","author":"Tarpey","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Appl. Stat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2006.06.012_bib57","series-title":"Schizophrenia and Manic-Depressive Disorder: the Biological Roots of Mental Illness as Revealed by the Landmark Study of Identical Twins","first-page":"127","author":"Torrey","year":"1994"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2006.06.012_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291703008225","article-title":"Prospective evaluation of neurological soft signs in first-episode schizophrenia in relation to psychopathology: state versus trait phenomena","volume":"33","author":"Whitty","year":"2003","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"issue":"Pt 6","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2006.06.012_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1529-8817.2004.00128.x","article-title":"Power of variance component linkage analysis-II. Discrete traits","volume":"68","author":"Williams","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann. Hum. Genet."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2006.06.012_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-9964(96)00095-3","article-title":"Neurocognitive deficits and neurological signs in schizophrenia","volume":"23","author":"Wong","year":"1997","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2006.06.012_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-9964(01)00338-3","article-title":"Neurological soft signs in schizophrenic patients and their nonpsychotic siblings","volume":"58","author":"Yazici","year":"2002","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."}],"container-title":["Schizophrenia Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0920996406002805?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0920996406002805?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,8]],"date-time":"2023-05-08T04:26:34Z","timestamp":1683519994000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0920996406002805"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,9]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1-3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S0920996406002805"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.schres.2006.06.012","relation":{},"ISSN":["0920-9964"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0920-9964","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,9]]}}}