{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T16:25:44Z","timestamp":1791822344415,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1-3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,12,1]],"date-time":"2006-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1164931200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Schizophrenia Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2006.07.006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,18]],"date-time":"2006-08-18T11:13:23Z","timestamp":1155899603000},"page":"90-95","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":91,"title":["High rates of comorbidity are found in childhood-onset schizophrenia"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"88","author":[{"given":"Randal G.","family":"Ross","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shari","family":"Heinlein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hope","family":"Tregellas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2006.07.006_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.186.3.215","article-title":"Nicotine dependence and symptoms in schizophrenia: naturalistic study of complex interactions","volume":"186","author":"Aguilar","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2006.07.006_bib2","series-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2006.07.006_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/20.4.599","article-title":"Childhood-onset schizophenia: a followup study","volume":"20","author":"Asarnow","year":"1994","journal-title":"Schizo Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2006.07.006_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1177\/1359104505053759","article-title":"Schizophrenia in preschool children: 2 case reports with longitudinal follow-up for 5.92 and 8.6\u00a0years","volume":"10","author":"Beresford","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Child Psychol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2006.07.006_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.schbul.a033472","article-title":"At issue: hierarchical diagnosis in chronic schizophrenia: a clinical study of co-occurring syndromes","volume":"26","author":"Bermanzohn","year":"2000","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2006.07.006_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2004.08.003","article-title":"Clinical correlates of bipolar disorder in a large, referred sample of children and adolescents","volume":"39","author":"Biederman","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2006.07.006_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1987.tb02806.x","article-title":"Schizophrenia: lifetime co-morbidity in a community sample","volume":"4","author":"Bland","year":"1987","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr. Scand."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2006.07.006_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1987.tb02806.x","article-title":"Schizophrenia: lifetime comorbidity in a community sample","volume":"75","author":"Bland","year":"1987","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr. Scand."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2006.07.006_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2004.07.009","article-title":"Anxiety disorders in schizophrenia","volume":"45","author":"Braga","year":"2004","journal-title":"Compr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2006.07.006_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-1781(02)00298-6","article-title":"Depressive episodes in stable schizophrenia: critical evaluation of the DSM-IV and ICD-110 diagnostic criteria","volume":"117","author":"Bressan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"issue":"supplement 3","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2006.07.006_bib10","first-page":"26","article-title":"Substance abuse in schizophrenia: a review","volume":"59","author":"Buckley","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2006.07.006_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1002\/1096-8628(20001204)96:6<808::AID-AJMG23>3.0.CO;2-E","article-title":"NURR1 mutations in schizophrenia and manic depressive disorder","volume":"96","author":"Buervenich","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2006.07.006_bib12","first-page":"70","article-title":"Levodopa and levoamphetamine: a crossover study in young schizophrenic children","volume":"19","author":"Campbell","year":"1976","journal-title":"Curr. Ther. Res., Clin. Exp."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2006.07.006_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v59n0204","article-title":"Occurrence and clinical correlates of psychiatric comorbidity in patients with psychotic disorders","volume":"59","author":"Cassano","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2006.07.006_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.3109\/00048679809062708","article-title":"The prevalence of comorbid anxiety in schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder and bipolar disorder","volume":"32","author":"Cosoff","year":"1998","journal-title":"Aust. N. Z. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2006.07.006_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.159.4.592","article-title":"Obsessive\u2013compulsive and panic symptoms in patients with first-admission psychosis","volume":"159","author":"Craig","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2006.07.006_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.152.3.453","article-title":"Schizophrenia and smoking: an epidemiological survey in a state hospital","volume":"152","author":"deLeon","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2006.07.006_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-9964(98)00045-0","article-title":"Differential prevalence of cigarette smoking in patients with schizophrenia vs mood disorders","volume":"33","author":"Diwan","year":"1998","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2006.07.006_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/23.1.105","article-title":"The long-tem course of childhood-onset schizophrenia: a 42-year followup","volume":"23","author":"Eggers","year":"1997","journal-title":"Schizo Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2006.07.006_bib18","first-page":"1027","article-title":"Why patients smoke [Letter]","volume":"41","author":"Glynn","year":"1990","journal-title":"Hosp. Commun. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2006.07.006_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.149.9.1189","article-title":"Cigarette smoking in schizophrenia: relationship to psychopathology and medication side effects","volume":"149","author":"Goff","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2006.07.006_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-9964(01)00373-5","article-title":"Panic attacks in schizophrenia","volume":"58","author":"Goodwin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2006.07.006_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-9964(02)00292-X","article-title":"Anxiety and substance use comorbidity among inpatients with schizophrenia","volume":"61","author":"Goodwin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2006.07.006_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(02)00014-X","article-title":"Detection and management of comorbidity in patients with schizophrenia","volume":"26","author":"Green","year":"2003","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Clin. North Am."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2006.07.006_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.143.8.993","article-title":"Prevalence of smoking among psychiatric outpatients","volume":"143","author":"Hughes","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2006.07.006_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199707000-00021","article-title":"Schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia for school-age children\u2014present and lifetime version (K-SADS-PL): initial reliability and validity data","volume":"36","author":"Kaufman","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psych."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2006.07.006_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1643","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.150.11.1643","article-title":"Depression in first-episode schizophrenia","volume":"150","author":"Koreen","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2006.07.006_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.59.12.1085","article-title":"Promotor variants in the \u00e17 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit gene are associated with an inhibitory deficit found in schizophrenia","volume":"59","author":"Leonard","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2006.07.006_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(93)90192-G","article-title":"Methylphenidate increases thought disorder in recent onset schizophrenics, but not in normal controls","volume":"34","author":"Levy","year":"1993","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2006.07.006_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00216006","article-title":"Provacative tests with psychostimulant drugs in schizophrenia","volume":"91","author":"Lieberman","year":"1987","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2006.07.006_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2004.09.010","article-title":"Measurement and treatment research to improve cognition in schizophrenia: NIMH MATRICS initiative to support the development of agents for improving cognition in schizophrenia","volume":"72","author":"Marder","year":"2004","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2006.07.006_bib30","first-page":"9","article-title":"Frequency and differential diagnosis of depressive syndromes in schizophrenia","volume":"46","author":"Martin","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2006.07.006_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.169.3.361","article-title":"Long-term stability of diagnosis and symptom dimensions in a systematic sample of patients with onset of schizophrenia in childhood and early adolescence. I: Nosology, sex, and age of onset","volume":"169","author":"Maziade","year":"1996","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2006.07.006_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199406000-00003","article-title":"Looking for childhood-onset schizophrenia: the first 71 cases screened","volume":"33","author":"McKenna","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Am. Academy Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2006.07.006_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.160.5.1002","article-title":"Obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder in adolescent schizophrenia patients","volume":"160","author":"Nechmad","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2006.07.006_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0173(99)00032-6","article-title":"Lessons from childhood-onset schizophrenia","volume":"31","author":"Nicolson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Brain Res. Brain Res. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2006.07.006_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4603(83)90032-1","article-title":"Addictive behaviors among hospitalized psychiatric patients","volume":"8","author":"O'Farrell","year":"1983","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2006.07.006_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.161.1.53","article-title":"Social anxiety in outpatients with schizophrenia: a relevant cause of disability","volume":"161","author":"Pallanti","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2006.07.006_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291798007399","article-title":"Prevalence and severity of substance use disorders and onset of psychosis in first-admission psychotic patients","volume":"28","author":"Rabinowitz","year":"1998","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2006.07.006_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2511","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1990.03450190043026","article-title":"Comorbidty of mental disorders with alcohol and other drug abuse","volume":"264","author":"Regier","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2006.07.006_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.140.7.932","article-title":"Therapeutic response of a schizophrenic boy to a methylphenidate\u2013chlorpromazine combination","volume":"140","author":"Rogeness","year":"1983","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2006.07.006_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CHI.0000046818.95464.42","article-title":"Early expression of a pathophysiological feature of schizophrenia: saccadic intrusions into smooth pursuit eye movements in school-age children vulnerable to schizophrenia","volume":"42","author":"Ross","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psych."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2006.07.006_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8628(19990416)88:2<188::AID-AJMG17>3.0.CO;2-E","article-title":"Evidence for bilineal inheritance of physiological indicators of risk in childhood-onset schizophrenia","volume":"88","author":"Ross","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2006.07.006_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1089\/104454603322572633","article-title":"A one-year open-label trial of olanzapine in school-age children with schizophrenia","volume":"13","author":"Ross","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Child Adolesc. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2006.07.006_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.schbul.a007042","article-title":"Creating school-age versions of semistructured interviews for the prodrome to schizophrenia: lessons from case reviews","volume":"29","author":"Ross","year":"2003","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2006.07.006_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1354","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2005.01437.x","article-title":"Saccadic eye movement deficit identifies cognitive deficits in children with schizophrenia, but not in unaffected child relatives","volume":"46","author":"Ross","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2006.07.006_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-200205000-00011","article-title":"Childhood-onset schizophrenia: premorbid and prodromal diagnosis and treatment histories","volume":"41","author":"Schaeffer","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psych."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2006.07.006_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(91)90307-8","article-title":"Behavioral and biochemical effects of methylphenidate in schizophrenic and nonschizophrenic patients","volume":"30","author":"Sharma","year":"1991","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2006.07.006_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.150.5.752","article-title":"Comorbidity in psychosis at first hospitalization","volume":"150","author":"Strakowski","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2006.07.006_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1002\/da.10083","article-title":"Prevalence and relationship to delusions and hallucinations of anxiety disorders in schizophrenia","volume":"17","author":"Tibbo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Depress. Anxiety"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2006.07.006_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2004.14.448","article-title":"Stimulant drug treatment in childhood-onset schizophrenia with comorbid ADHD: an open-label case series","volume":"14","author":"Tossell","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Child Adolesc. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2006.07.006_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199105000-00017","article-title":"Childhood and adolescent schizophrenic, bipolar, and schizoaffective disorders: a clinical and outcome study","volume":"30","author":"Werry","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Am. Academy Child. Adolesc. Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["Schizophrenia Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0920996406003215?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0920996406003215?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,20]],"date-time":"2019-04-20T19:06:41Z","timestamp":1555787201000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0920996406003215"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,12]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1-3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S0920996406003215"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.schres.2006.07.006","relation":{},"ISSN":["0920-9964"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0920-9964","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,12]]}}}