{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T06:13:05Z","timestamp":1790835185925,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1-3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,1]],"date-time":"2013-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1362096000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Schizophrenia Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2012.12.024","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,26]],"date-time":"2013-01-26T11:51:00Z","timestamp":1359201060000},"page":"51-62","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":84,"title":["A virtual reality-based vocational training system (VRVTS) for people with schizophrenia in vocational rehabilitation"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"144","author":[{"given":"Mayie M.Y.","family":"Tsang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David W.K.","family":"Man","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2012.12.024_bb0005","series-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2012.12.024_bb0210","author":"Analysis"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2012.12.024_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1682\/JRRD.2005.03.0061","article-title":"Neurocognitive enhancement therapy with work therapy: productivity outcomes at 6- and 12-month follow-ups","volume":"42","author":"Bell","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Rehabil. Res. Dev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2012.12.024_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.151.1.40","article-title":"The neuropsychological signature of schizophrenia: generalized or differential deficit?","volume":"151","author":"Blanchard","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2012.12.024_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3956(94)90012-4","article-title":"Schizophrenic individuals' cognitive functioning and performance in interpersonal interactions and skills training procedures","volume":"28","author":"Bowen","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2012.12.024_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2009.02.016","article-title":"Pathways of functional outcomes in schizophrenia: the role of premorbid functioning, negative symptoms and intelligence","volume":"110","author":"Brill","year":"2009","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2012.12.024_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.20490","article-title":"Discrete dynamic Bayesian network analysis of fMRI data","volume":"30","author":"Burge","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2012.12.024_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2005.08.011","article-title":"The components of executive functioning in a cohort of patients with chronic schizophrenia: a multiple single-case study design","volume":"81","author":"Chan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2012.12.024_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2004.08.006","article-title":"Factor structure of essential social skills to be salespersons in retail market: implications for psychiatric rehabilitation","volume":"36","author":"Cheung","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Behav. Ther. Exp. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2012.12.024_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbq078","article-title":"Expectancy\u2013value theory in persistence of learning effects in schizophrenia: role of task value and perceived competency","volume":"36","author":"Choi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2012.12.024_bb0050","series-title":"Statistical Power Analysis in Behavioral Sciences","author":"Cohen","year":"1988"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2012.12.024_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579499002175","article-title":"Cognitive and behavioral precursors of schizophrenia","volume":"11","author":"Cornblatt","year":"1999","journal-title":"Dev. Psychopathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2012.12.024_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7894(05)80142-X","article-title":"Learning medication self-management skills in schizophrenia: relationships with cognitive deficits and psychiatric symptoms","volume":"25","author":"Corrigan","year":"1994","journal-title":"Behav. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2012.12.024_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1274","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.153.10.1274","article-title":"Cognitive functioning in late-life schizophrenia: a comparison of elderly schizophrenic patients and patients with Alzheimer's disease","volume":"153","author":"Davidson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2012.12.024_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1080\/02699050500488215","article-title":"Computerized errorless learning-based memory rehabilitation for Chinese patients with brain injury: preliminary quasi-experimental clinical design","volume":"20","author":"Dou","year":"2006","journal-title":"Brain Inj."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2012.12.024_bb0330","first-page":"123","article-title":"Performance of patients with schizophrenia on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WEST)","volume":"26","author":"Everett","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Psychiatry Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2012.12.024_bb0075","article-title":"Belief, Attitude, Intention, and Behavior: an Introduction to Theory and Research","author":"Fishbein","year":"1975"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2012.12.024_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1097\/00001199-200603000-00008","article-title":"Treatment of post TBI executive dysfunction: application of theory to clinical practice","volume":"4","author":"Gordon","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Head Trauma Rehabil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2012.12.024_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.153.3.321","article-title":"What are the functional consequences of risperidone and olanzapine on cognitive functioning in neurocognitive deficits in schizophrenia","volume":"153","author":"Green","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2012.12.024_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.schbul.a033380","article-title":"Should schizophrenia be treated as a neurocognitive disorder?","volume":"25","author":"Green","year":"1999","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2012.12.024_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.schbul.a033430","article-title":"Neurocognitive deficits and functional outcome in schizophrenia: are we measuring the \u201cright stuff\u201d?","volume":"26","author":"Green","year":"2000","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2012.12.024_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.3233\/JVR-2004-00254","article-title":"The Vocational Cognitive Rating Scale: a scale for the assessment of cognitive functioning at work for clients with severe mental illness","volume":"21","author":"Greig","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Vocat. Rehabil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2012.12.024_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-9964(02)00353-5","article-title":"Wisconsin Card Sorting Test performance in schizophrenia: the role of working memory","volume":"63","author":"Harman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2012.12.024_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.158.2.176","article-title":"Studies of cognitive change in patients with schizophrenia following novel antipsychotic treatment","volume":"158","author":"Harvey","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2012.12.024_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1109\/38.963458","article-title":"Treating psychological and physical disorders with VR","author":"Hodges","year":"2001","journal-title":"IEEE Comput. Graph. Appl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2012.12.024_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.61.9.866","article-title":"Cognitive enhancement therapy for schizophrenia: effects of a 2-year randomized trial on cognition and behavior","volume":"61","author":"Hogarty","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2012.12.024_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1089\/109493100316021","article-title":"Integration of psychodynamic and cognitive\u2013behavioral therapy in a virtual environment","volume":"3","author":"Kahan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cyberpsychology and Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2012.12.024_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.schbul.a033374","article-title":"The effects of atypical antipsychotic drugs on neurocognitive impairment in schizophrenia: a review and metaanalysis","volume":"25","author":"Keefe","year":"1999","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2012.12.024_bb0135","series-title":"Proc. 5th Intl Conf. Disability, Virtual Reality and Assoc. Tech., UK: Oxford","article-title":"Evaluation of a computer-assisted 2D interactive virtual reality system in training street survival skills of people with stroke","author":"Lam","year":"2004"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2012.12.024_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1093\/arclin\/acr038","article-title":"Test\u2013retest reliability of two attention tests in schizophrenia","volume":"26","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch. Clin. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2012.12.024_bb0145","series-title":"Digit Vigilance Test: Professional User's Guide","author":"Lewis","year":"1992"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2012.12.024_bb0150","series-title":"Presented at: Vocational Rehabilitation Research Colloquium","article-title":"\u201cRate-limiting\u201d factors in work capacity in schizophrenia: psychopathology and neurocognitive deficits","author":"Liberman","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2012.12.024_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1300\/J018v24n03_04","article-title":"Assessing Chinese adults' memory abilities: validation of the Rivermead Behavioural Memory Test","volume":"24","author":"Man","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Gerontol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2012.12.024_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.171.4.360","article-title":"Poor memory, negative symptoms and abnormal movements in never-treated Indian patients with schizophrenia","volume":"171","author":"McCreadie","year":"1997","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2012.12.024_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1162\/1054746011470235","article-title":"Using virtual environment in the assessment of executive dysfunction","volume":"10","author":"McGeorge","year":"2001","journal-title":"Presence"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2012.12.024_bb0170","first-page":"1","article-title":"Cognitive and clinical predictors of work outcomes in clients with schizophrenia receiving supported employment services: 4-year follow up","author":"McGurk","year":"2006","journal-title":"Adm. Policy Ment. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2012.12.024_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1791","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2007.07060906","article-title":"A meta-analysis of cognitive remediation in schizophrenia","volume":"164","author":"McGurk","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2012.12.024_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbq073","article-title":"In search of a theoretical structure for understanding motivation in schizophrenia","volume":"36","author":"Medalia","year":"2010","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2012.12.024_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.schbul.a006872","article-title":"The remediation of problem-solving skills in schizophrenia","volume":"27","author":"Medalia","year":"2001","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2012.12.024_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-005-0910-5","article-title":"Person-related predictors of employment outcomes after participation in psychiatric vocational rehabilitation programs: a systematic review","volume":"40","author":"Michon","year":"2005","journal-title":"Soc. Psychiatry Psychiatr. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2012.12.024_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.01.027","article-title":"A meta-analysis and critical review of the effects of conventional neuroleptic treatment on cognition in schizophrenia: opening a closed book","volume":"55","author":"Mishara","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2012.12.024_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-6870(02)00020-0","article-title":"Health and safety implications of virtual reality: a review of empirical evidence","volume":"33","author":"Nichols","year":"2002","journal-title":"Appl. Ergon."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2012.12.024_bb0205","series-title":"Virtual Environments in Clinical Psychology and Neuroscience","article-title":"Virtual reality therapy: an effective treatment for phobias","author":"North","year":"1998"},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2012.12.024_bb0215","first-page":"91","article-title":"Correlation of prepulse inhibition and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test in schizophrenia and controls: effects of smoking status","volume":"114","author":"Rabin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2012.12.024_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1089\/109493102760147213","article-title":"Virtual reality for health care: the status of research","volume":"5","author":"Riva","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cyberpsychol. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2012.12.024_bb0225","series-title":"Virtual Environments in Clinical Psychology and Neuroscience","article-title":"Experiential cognitive therapy: a VR based approach for the assessment and treatment of eating disorders","author":"Riva","year":"1998"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2012.12.024_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/00001199-199712000-00002","article-title":"Virtual reality and cognitive rehabilitation: a brief review of the future","volume":"12","author":"Rizzo","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Head Trauma Rehabil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2012.12.024_bb0235","series-title":"Virtual Environments in Clinical Psychology and Neuroscience","article-title":"Virtual environment in brain damage rehabilitation: a rationale from basic neuroscience","author":"Rose","year":"1998"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2012.12.024_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1994.03950020048005","article-title":"Neuropsychological deficits in neuroleptic naive patients with first-episode schizophrenia","volume":"51","author":"Saykin","year":"1994","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2012.12.024_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbr079","article-title":"Social cognition as a mediator variable between neurocognition and functional outcome in schizophrenia: empirical review and new results by structural equation modeling","volume":"37","author":"Schmidt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2012.12.024_bb0250","series-title":"Virtual Reality for the Treatment of Autism, Virtual Reality in Neuro-Psycho-Physiology","author":"Strickland","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2012.12.024_bb0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617799544068","article-title":"Detecting significant change in neuropsychological test performance: a comparison of four models","volume":"5","author":"Temkin","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Int. Neuropsychol. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2012.12.024_bb0260","series-title":"The Brief Neuropsychological Cognitive Examination","author":"Tonkonogy","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2012.12.024_bb0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1097\/00004356-200209000-00004","article-title":"Job profiles of people with severe mental illness: implication for rehabilitation","volume":"25","author":"Tsang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Rehabil. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2012.12.024_bb0265","first-page":"495","article-title":"Review on vocational predictors: a systematic review of predictors of vocational outcomes among individuals with schizophrenia: an update since 1998","volume":"44","author":"Tsang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Aust. N. Z. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2012.12.024_bb0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1080\/13803390490918534","article-title":"A longitudinal analysis of memory in patients with schizophrenia","volume":"27","author":"Tyson","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2012.12.024_bb0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-200008000-00007","article-title":"Do specific neurocognitive deficits predict specific domains of community function in schizophrenia?","volume":"188","author":"Velligan","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Nerv. Ment. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2012.12.024_bb0285","series-title":"The Rivermead Behavioral Memory Test","author":"Wilson","year":"1985"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2012.12.024_bb0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.3109\/09638289709166530","article-title":"Virtual reality, disability and rehabilitation","volume":"19","author":"Wilson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Disabil. Rehabil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2012.12.024_bb0295","first-page":"13","article-title":"A supported competitive employment program for individuals with chronic mental illness","volume":"11","author":"Wong","year":"2001","journal-title":"HK. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2012.12.024_bb0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1017\/S146114570500516X","article-title":"A meta-analysis of neuropsychological change to clozapine, olanzapine, quetiapine, and risperidone in schizophrenia","volume":"8","author":"Woodward","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Neuropychopharmacol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2012.12.024_bb0305","first-page":"10","article-title":"Neurocognitive profiles of rehabilitation clients with schizophrenia in Taiwan","volume":"76","author":"Wu","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Rehabil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2012.12.024_bb0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1097\/YCO.0b013e328322fbf4","article-title":"Cognitive remediation for schizophrenia: it is even more complicated","volume":"22","author":"Wykes","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2012.12.024_bb0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1097\/01.nmd.0000087182.29781.e0","article-title":"Effect of 1-Tryptophan on memory in patients with schizophrenia","volume":"191","author":"Yechiel","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Nerv. Ment. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2012.12.024_bb0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.3109\/02699050903379412","article-title":"Virtual Reality (VR)-based community living skills training for people with acquired brain injury: a pilot study","volume":"23","author":"Yip","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain Inj."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2012.12.024_bb0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9993(03)00203-X","article-title":"A virtual reality environment for evaluation of a daily living skill in brain injury rehabilitation: reliability and validity","volume":"84","author":"Zhang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."}],"container-title":["Schizophrenia Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S092099641300011X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S092099641300011X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,29]],"date-time":"2025-04-29T18:37:13Z","timestamp":1745951833000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S092099641300011X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,3]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1-3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,3]]}},"alternative-id":["S092099641300011X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.schres.2012.12.024","relation":{},"ISSN":["0920-9964"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0920-9964","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,3]]}}}