{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T04:19:31Z","timestamp":1791433171557,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2-3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,1]],"date-time":"2014-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1414800000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["schres-journal.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Schizophrenia Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.08.022","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,24]],"date-time":"2014-09-24T16:18:33Z","timestamp":1411575513000},"page":"465-470","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Executive function as predictors of persistent thought disorder in first-episode schizophrenia: A one-year follow-up study"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"159","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1117-6506","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jia-Qi","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christy Lai-Ming","family":"Hui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Longenecker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edwin Ho-Ming","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wing-Chung","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sherry Kit-Wa","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric Yu-Hai","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.08.022_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-006-9002-x","article-title":"Executive function and the frontal lobes: a meta-analytic review","volume":"16","author":"Alvarez","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuropsychol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.08.022_bb9000","series-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"1994"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.08.022_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1979.01780120045006","article-title":"Thought, language, and communication disorders: I. Clinical assessment, definition of terms, and evaluation of their reliability","volume":"36","author":"Andreasen","year":"1979","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.08.022_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1979.01780120055007","article-title":"Thought, language, and communication disorders: II. Diagnostic significance","volume":"36","author":"Andreasen","year":"1979","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.08.022_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/12.3.348","article-title":"Thought, language, and communication in schizophrenia: Diagnosis and prognosis","volume":"12","author":"Andreasen","year":"1986","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.08.022_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1017\/S003329170400279X","article-title":"Formal thought disorder in schizophrenia: an executive or a semantic deficit?","volume":"35","author":"Barrera","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.08.022_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2006.09.017","article-title":"Two new scales of formal thought disorder in schizophrenia","volume":"157","author":"Barrera","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.08.022_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03213783","article-title":"Completion norms for 329 sentence contexts","volume":"8","author":"Bloom","year":"1980","journal-title":"Mem. Cogn."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.08.022_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.162.4.793","article-title":"The longitudinal course of thought disorder in geriatric patients with chronic schizophrenia","volume":"162","author":"Bowie","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.08.022_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2011.04.014","article-title":"Disconnected and underproductive speech in schizophrenia: unique relationships across multiple indicators of social functioning","volume":"131","author":"Bowie","year":"2011","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.08.022_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(95)00104-2","article-title":"Response suppression, initiation and strategy use following frontal lobe lesions","volume":"34","author":"Burgess","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.08.022_bb0050","series-title":"Modified Six Elements Test. Behavioral Assessment of the Dysexecutive Syndrome","author":"Burgess","year":"1996"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.08.022_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.182.3.233","article-title":"Disintegration of the components of language as the path to a revision of Bleuler's and Schneider's concepts of schizophrenia","volume":"182","author":"Ceccherini-Nelli","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.08.022_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2006.09.017","article-title":"Schneider's first rank symptoms and continuous performance disturbance as indices of dysconnectivity of left-and right-hemispheric components of language in schizophrenia","volume":"90","author":"Ceccherini-Nelli","year":"2007","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.08.022_bb0085","series-title":"Schizophrenic Psychology: New Research","first-page":"1","article-title":"Fractionation of executive function in schizophrenia: relationships to clinical and neurological manifestations","author":"Chan","year":"2006"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.08.022_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-004-0492-3","article-title":"Executive dysfunctions in schizophrenia","volume":"254","author":"Chan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.08.022_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2005.09.020","article-title":"Specific executive dysfunction in patients with first-episode medication-na\u00efve schizophrenia","volume":"82","author":"Chan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.08.022_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2011.12.022","article-title":"Executive function in first-episode schizophrenia: a three-year prospective study of the Hayling Sentence Completion Test","volume":"135","author":"Chan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.08.022_bb0090","first-page":"4","article-title":"Language disorganisation in schizophrenia: validation and assessment with a new clinical rating instrument","volume":"6","author":"Chen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Hong Kong J. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.08.022_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.97.4.437","article-title":"Reference performance and positive and negative thought disorder: A follow-up study of manics and schizophrenics","volume":"97","author":"Docherty","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Psychol."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.08.022_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-198608000-00001","article-title":"The consistency of thought disorder in mania and schizophrenia: II An assessment at consecutive admissions","volume":"174","author":"Earle-Boyer","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Nerv. Ment. Dis."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.08.022_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-9964(02)00302-X","article-title":"The factor structure for the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) in recent-onset psychosis","volume":"61","author":"Emsley","year":"2003","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.08.022_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1997.01830140071013","article-title":"Auditory working memory and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test performance in schizophrenia","volume":"54","author":"Gold","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.08.022_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2006.09.001","article-title":"Disorders in planning and strategy application in frontal lobe lesion patients","volume":"63","author":"Gouveia","year":"2007","journal-title":"Brain Cogn."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.08.022_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/12.3.373","article-title":"Schizophrenic thought disorder at followup: its persistence and prognostic significance","volume":"12","author":"Harrow","year":"1986","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.08.022_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-198408000-00003","article-title":"The consistency of thought disorder in mania and schizophrenia: an assessment of acute psychotics","volume":"172","author":"Harvey","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Nerv. Ment. Dis."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.08.022_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/16.1.147","article-title":"Cognitive deficits and thought disorder: II. An 8-month followup study","volume":"16","author":"Harvey","year":"1990","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.08.022_bb0140","series-title":"Structured Therapy for the Enhancement of Purposeful Speech (STEPS): A Step in the Right Direction to Treating Formal Thought Disorder in Schizophrenia","author":"Holshausen","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.08.022_bb0250","series-title":"The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale\u2010Revised (Cantonese Version)","author":"Hong Kong Psychological Society","year":"1989"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.08.022_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/13.2.261","article-title":"The positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia","volume":"13","author":"Kay","year":"1987","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.08.022_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.111.2.211","article-title":"Cognitive impairments associated with formal thought disorder in people with schizophrenia","volume":"111","author":"Kerns","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Psychol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.08.022_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.112.3.339","article-title":"The relationship between formal thought disorder and executive functioning component processes","volume":"112","author":"Kerns","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Psychol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.08.022_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1159\/000089455","article-title":"Delusions in individuals with schizophrenia: factor structure, clinical correlates, and putative neurobiology","volume":"38","author":"Kimhy","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychopathology"},{"issue":"01","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.08.022_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291700012976","article-title":"Schizophrenic syndromes, cognitive performance and neurological dysfunction","volume":"17","author":"Liddle","year":"1987","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.08.022_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.151.2.145","article-title":"The symptoms of chronic schizophrenia. A re-examination of the positive-negative dichotomy","volume":"151","author":"Liddle","year":"1987","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.08.022_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.157.4.558","article-title":"Syndromes of chronic schizophrenia","volume":"157","author":"Liddle","year":"1990","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.08.022_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2010.11.023","article-title":"Executive function in first-episode schizophrenia: a three-year longitudinal study of an ecologically valid test","volume":"126","author":"Liu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.08.022_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1080\/13546800042000115","article-title":"Further investigation of the supervisory attentional system in schizophrenia: Planning, inhibition, and rule abstraction","volume":"6","author":"Marczewski","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cogn. Neuropsychiatry"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.08.022_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1987.01800190071011","article-title":"Schizophrenic thought disorder at follow-up: a persistent or episodic course?","volume":"44","author":"Marengo","year":"1987","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.08.022_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/23.2.273","article-title":"Longitudinal courses of thought disorder in schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder","volume":"23","author":"Marengo","year":"1997","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.08.022_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.158.3.307","article-title":"Ordering thoughts on thought disorder","volume":"158","author":"McGrath","year":"1991","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.08.022_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1080\/135468097396306","article-title":"Thought disorder and executive ability","volume":"2","author":"McGrath","year":"1997","journal-title":"Cogn. Neuropsychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.08.022_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1006\/cogp.1999.0734","article-title":"The unity and diversity of executive functions and their contributions to complex \u201cfrontal lobe\u201d tasks: a latent variable analysis","volume":"41","author":"Miyake","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cogn. Psychol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.08.022_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-9338(01)00591-0","article-title":"Neuropsychological correlates of schizophrenic syndromes in patients treated with atypical neuroleptics","volume":"16","author":"Moritz","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.08.022_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-9452(76)80035-4","article-title":"A modified card sorting test sensitive to frontal lobe defects","volume":"12","author":"Nelson","year":"1976","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.08.022_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-9964(97)00101-1","article-title":"A neuropsychological analysis of schizophrenic thought disorder","volume":"29","author":"Nestor","year":"1998","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.08.022_bb0230","first-page":"1","article-title":"Attention to action: willed and automatic control of behavior","volume":"vol. 4","author":"Norman","year":"1986"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.08.022_bb0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1176\/jnp.12.1.4","article-title":"Cognitive correlates of the negative, disorganized, and psychotic symptom dimensions of schizophrenia","volume":"12","author":"O'Leary","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosci."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.08.022_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/0920-9964(94)90091-4","article-title":"Sustained attention and positive formal thought disorder in schizophrenia","volume":"13","author":"Pandurangi","year":"1994","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.08.022_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-199905000-00003","article-title":"Thought disorder and psychosocial functioning in schizophrenia: the concurrent and predictive relationships","volume":"187","author":"Racenstein","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Nerv. Ment. Dis."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.08.022_bb0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0173(01)00044-3","article-title":"The cognitive neuroscience of sustained attention: where top-down meets bottom-up","volume":"35","author":"Sarter","year":"2001","journal-title":"Brain Res. Rev."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.08.022_bb0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291705006884","article-title":"Thought disorder in schizophrenia is associated with both executive dysfunction and circumscribed impairments in semantic function","volume":"36","author":"Stirling","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.08.022_bb0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1177\/155005940803900214","article-title":"Hallucinations, thought disorders, and the language domain in schizophrenia","volume":"39","author":"Strik","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin EEG Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.08.022_bb0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1995.tb38140.x","article-title":"A multidisciplinary approach to anterior attentional functions","volume":"769","author":"Stuss","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.08.022_bb0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2006.03.007","article-title":"Neurocognitive and social cognitive correlates of formal thought disorder in schizophrenia patients","volume":"85","author":"Subotnik","year":"2006","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.08.022_bb0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(87)90024-8","article-title":"Frontal lesions and sustained attention","volume":"25","author":"Wilkins","year":"1987","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"}],"container-title":["Schizophrenia Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0920996414004587?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0920996414004587?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,29]],"date-time":"2018-09-29T08:23:38Z","timestamp":1538209418000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0920996414004587"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,11]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2-3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,11]]}},"alternative-id":["S0920996414004587"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.schres.2014.08.022","relation":{},"ISSN":["0920-9964"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0920-9964","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Executive function as predictors of persistent thought disorder in first-episode schizophrenia: A one-year follow-up study","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Schizophrenia Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.schres.2014.08.022","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}