{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T04:19:31Z","timestamp":1791433171542,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1-3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,1]],"date-time":"2014-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1417392000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,1]],"date-time":"2014-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1417392000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,5]],"date-time":"2014-11-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1415145600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Schizophrenia Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.10.024","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,17]],"date-time":"2014-11-17T18:30:25Z","timestamp":1416249025000},"page":"216-221","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":156,"title":["A rating scale for the assessment of objective and subjective formal Thought and Language Disorder (TALD)"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"160","author":[{"given":"Tilo","family":"Kircher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Axel","family":"Krug","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mirjam","family":"Stratmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sayed","family":"Ghazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Schales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Frauenheim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lena","family":"Turner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"F\u00e4hrmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tobias","family":"Hornig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Katzev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Grosvald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R\u00fcdiger","family":"M\u00fcller-Isberner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arne","family":"Nagels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.10.024_bb0005","series-title":"The Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS)","author":"Andreasen","year":"1984"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.10.024_bb0010","series-title":"The Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms (SAPS)","author":"Andreasen","year":"1984"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.10.024_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/12.3.473","article-title":"Scale for the assessment of thought, language and communication","volume":"12","author":"Andreasen","year":"1986","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.10.024_bb0020","series-title":"Lehrbuch Psychiatrie","author":"Andreasen","year":"1991"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.10.024_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/12.3.348","article-title":"Thought, language, and communication in schizophrenia: diagnosis and prognosis","volume":"12","author":"Andreasen","year":"1986","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.10.024_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1080\/00048670802119721","article-title":"Factor structure of the Greek translation of the scale for the assessment of thought, language and communication","volume":"42","author":"Andreou","year":"2008","journal-title":"Aust. N. Z. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.10.024_bb0035","series-title":"Basiswissen Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie","author":"Arolt","year":"2004"},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.10.024_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2006.09.017","article-title":"Two new scales of formal thought disorder in schizophrenia","volume":"157","author":"Barrera","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.10.024_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2005.01.020","article-title":"Scale for the evaluation of communication disorders in patients with schizophrenia: a validation study","volume":"77","author":"Bazin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.10.024_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.94.1.3","article-title":"Formal thought disorder in schizophrenics and their twins","volume":"94","author":"Berenbaum","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.10.024_bb0055","series-title":"Psychische Erkrankungen. Klinik und Therapie","author":"Berger","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.10.024_bb0060","series-title":"Dementia praecox oder Gruppe der Schizophrenien","author":"Bleuler","year":"1911"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.10.024_bb0065","series-title":"Lehrbuch der Psychiatrie","author":"Bleuler","year":"1916"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.10.024_bb0070","first-page":"4","article-title":"Language disorganisation in schizophrenia: validation and assessment with a new clinical rating instrument","volume":"6","author":"Chen","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.10.024_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1007\/s004060050066","article-title":"Thought disorder in schizophrenia. Testing models through confirmatory factor analysis","volume":"249","author":"Cuesta","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.10.024_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1136","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbr092","article-title":"Testing the hypothesis that formal thought disorders are severe mood disorders","volume":"37","author":"Cuesta","year":"2011","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.10.024_bb0085","series-title":"Lishman's organic psychiatry","author":"David","year":"2009"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.10.024_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1996.01830040094014","article-title":"Communication disturbances in schizophrenia and mania","volume":"53","author":"Docherty","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.10.024_bb0095","series-title":"Lehrbuch der Psychiatrie\/Psychotherapie","author":"D\u00f6rner","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.10.024_bb0100","series-title":"Psychiatrie \u2014 systematisch","author":"Ebert","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.10.024_bb0105","series-title":"Signs and Symptoms in Psychiatry","article-title":"Fish's clinical psychopathology","author":"Fish","year":"1984"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.10.024_bb0110","series-title":"New Oxford Textbook of Psychiatry","author":"Gelder","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.10.024_bb0115","series-title":"Language and Thought in Schizophrenia. CA","article-title":"Methodological approach to the study of schizophrenic thought disorder","author":"Goldstein","year":"1944"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.10.024_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-1781(00)00239-0","article-title":"Factor analysis of the communications disturbance index","volume":"101","author":"Gordinier","year":"2001","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.10.024_bb0125","series-title":"Bonner Skala f\u00fcr die Beurteilung von Basissymptomen \u2014 BSABS","author":"Gross","year":"1987"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.10.024_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.23.1.56","article-title":"A rating scale for depression","volume":"23","author":"Hamilton","year":"1960","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.10.024_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1781(92)90048-8","article-title":"Empirical assessment of the factorial structure of clinical symptoms in schizophrenic patients: formal thought disorder","volume":"44","author":"Harvey","year":"1992","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.10.024_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/12.3.360","article-title":"Quality of thought disorder in differential diagnosis","volume":"12","author":"Holzman","year":"1986","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.10.024_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.107.045633","article-title":"Structural and metabolic changes in language areas linked to formal thought disorder","volume":"194","author":"Horn","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.10.024_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2010.01.016","article-title":"Gray matter volume differences specific to formal thought disorder in schizophrenia","volume":"182","author":"Horn","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.10.024_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1159\/000337133","article-title":"Semantic network disconnection in formal thought disorder","volume":"66","author":"Horn","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuropsychobiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.10.024_bb0160","series-title":"Psychiatrie","author":"Huber","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.10.024_bb0165","series-title":"Psychiatrie","author":"Huber","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.10.024_bb0170","series-title":"Allgemeine Psychopathologie","author":"Jaspers","year":"1919"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.10.024_bb0175","series-title":"Allgemeine Psychopathologie: Ein Leitfaden f\u00fcr Studierende, \u00c4rzte und Psychologen","author":"Jaspers","year":"1946"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.10.024_bb0180","series-title":"Assessing Schizophrenic Thinking","author":"Johnston","year":"1979"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.10.024_bb0185","series-title":"Synopsis of Psychiatry","author":"Kaplan","year":"1991"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.10.024_bb0190","series-title":"Klinische Psychiatrie","author":"Kaplan","year":"2000"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.10.024_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.58.8.769","article-title":"Neural correlates of formal thought disorder in schizophrenia: preliminary findings from a functional magnetic resonance imaging study","volume":"58","author":"Kircher","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.10.024_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1007\/s00115-003-1497-2","article-title":"Neural correlates of \u201cnegative\u201d formal thought disorder","volume":"74","author":"Kircher","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nervenarzt"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.10.024_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.186.3.209","article-title":"Neural correlates of syntax production in schizophrenia","volume":"186","author":"Kircher","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.10.024_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2008.02.003","article-title":"Hippocampal dysfunction during free word association in male patients with schizophrenia","volume":"101","author":"Kircher","year":"2008","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.10.024_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02189116","article-title":"Diagnostic validity of basic symptoms","volume":"246","author":"Klosterkotter","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.10.024_bb0220","series-title":"Psychiatrie - Ein Lehrbuch f\u00fcr Studirende und Aerzte","author":"Kraepelin","year":"1899"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.10.024_bb0225","series-title":"Psychiatrie - Ein Lehrbuch f\u00fcr Studirende und Aerzte","author":"Kraepelin","year":"1910"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.10.024_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.181.4.326","article-title":"Thought and language index: an instrument for assessing thought and language in schizophrenia","volume":"181","author":"Liddle","year":"2002","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.10.024_bb0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/12.3.497","article-title":"Evaluating bizarre-idiosyncratic thinking: a comprehensive index of positive thought disorder","volume":"12","author":"Marengo","year":"1986","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.10.024_bb0240","series-title":"Schizophrenic Speech","author":"McKenna","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.10.024_bb0250","series-title":"Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie","author":"M\u00f6ller","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.10.024_bb0245","series-title":"Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie","author":"M\u00f6ller","year":"2009"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.10.024_bb0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.08.021","article-title":"Neural correlates of S-ketamine induced psychosis during overt continuous verbal fluency","volume":"54","author":"Nagels","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.10.024_bb0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1159\/000345359","article-title":"The German translation and validation of the scale for the assessment of thought, language and communication (TLC): a factor analytic study","volume":"46","author":"Nagels","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychopathology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.10.024_bb0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/11.2.292","article-title":"Rating verbal communication impairment in schizophrenia and affective disorders","volume":"11","author":"Oltmanns","year":"1985","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.10.024_bb0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1159\/000088441","article-title":"EASE: examination of anomalous self-experience","volume":"38","author":"Parnas","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychopathology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.10.024_bb0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbs153","article-title":"Rediscovering psychopathology: the epistemology and phenomenology of the psychiatric object","volume":"39","author":"Parnas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.10.024_bb0280","series-title":"Psychopathologie","author":"Payk","year":"2010"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.10.024_bb0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-440X(92)90005-B","article-title":"Formal thought disorder in schizophrenia: a factor analytic study","volume":"33","author":"Peralta","year":"1992","journal-title":"Compr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.10.024_bb0290","series-title":"Handbook of psychiatric measures","author":"Rush","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.10.024_bb0295","series-title":"Allgemeine Psychopathologie - Eine Einf\u00fchrung","author":"Scharfetter","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.10.024_bb0300","series-title":"Klinische Psychopathologie","author":"Schneider","year":"1946"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.10.024_bb0305","series-title":"Oxford Handbook of Psychiatry","author":"Semple","year":"2009"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.10.024_bb0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1696","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.22015","article-title":"Neural integration of speech and gesture in schizophrenia: evidence for differential processing of metaphoric gestures","volume":"34","author":"Straube","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.10.024_bb0315","series-title":"Textbook of Psychiatry, 1","author":"Talbott","year":"1988"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.10.024_bb0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-199406000-00002","article-title":"Patterns of speech disorders in schizophrenia and mania","volume":"182","author":"Taylor","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Nerv. Ment. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.10.024_bb0325","series-title":"Das AMDP-System","author":"Trabert","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.10.024_bb0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.133.5.429","article-title":"A rating scale for mania: reliability, validity and sensitivity","volume":"133","author":"Young","year":"1978","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["Schizophrenia Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0920996414005933?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0920996414005933?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T19:25:49Z","timestamp":1760297149000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0920996414005933"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,12]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1-3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S0920996414005933"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.schres.2014.10.024","relation":{},"ISSN":["0920-9964"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0920-9964","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"A rating scale for the assessment of objective and subjective formal Thought and Language Disorder (TALD)","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Schizophrenia Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.schres.2014.10.024","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2014 Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}