{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T22:07:27Z","timestamp":1794002847807,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2-3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,1]],"date-time":"2016-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1475280000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,13]],"date-time":"2016-06-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1465776000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["G0700995"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G0700995"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"National Institute for Health and Care Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009362","name":"South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009362","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000764","name":"King's College London","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000764","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Schizophrenia Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2016.06.005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,25]],"date-time":"2016-06-25T06:47:14Z","timestamp":1466837234000},"page":"171-176","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":96,"title":["Adversity in childhood linked to elevated striatal dopamine function in adulthood"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"176","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2939-064X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alice","family":"Egerton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucia R.","family":"Valmaggia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oliver D.","family":"Howes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fern","family":"Day","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher A.","family":"Chaddock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Allen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toby T.","family":"Winton-Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael A.P.","family":"Bloomfield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sagnik","family":"Bhattacharyya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jack","family":"Chilcott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia M.","family":"Lappin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robin M.","family":"Murray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip","family":"McGuire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"4428","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2016.06.005_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7188649","article-title":"Interchangeability of stress and amphetamine in sensitization","volume":"207","author":"Antelman","year":"1980","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"Pt 4","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2016.06.005_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1348\/014466505X35344","article-title":"The childhood experience of care and abuse questionnaire (CECA.Q): validation in a community series","volume":"44","author":"Bifulco","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Psychol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2016.06.005_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbr003","article-title":"Testing the psychosis continuum: differential impact of genetic and nongenetic risk factors and comorbid psychopathology across the entire spectrum of psychosis","volume":"38","author":"Binbay","year":"2012","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2016.06.005_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2013.07.016","article-title":"Caregiver instability and early life changes among infants reported to the child welfare system","volume":"38","author":"Casanueva","year":"2014","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2016.06.005_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2012.11.017","article-title":"Presynaptic striatal dopamine dysfunction in people at ultra-high risk for psychosis: findings in a second cohort","volume":"74","author":"Egerton","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2016.06.005_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbp103","article-title":"Reliability and comparability of psychosis patients' retrospective reports of childhood abuse","volume":"37","author":"Fisher","year":"2011","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2016.06.005_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-013-0689-8","article-title":"Trauma and current symptoms of PTSD in a South East London community","volume":"48","author":"Frissa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Soc. Psychiatry Psychiatr. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2016.06.005_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2014.1325","article-title":"Increased release of dopamine in the striata of young adults with hearing impairment and its relevance for the social defeat hypothesis of schizophrenia","author":"Gevonden","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2016.06.005_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8341.1959.tb00467.x","article-title":"The assessment of anxiety states by rating","volume":"32","author":"Hamilton","year":"1959","journal-title":"Br. J. Med. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2016.06.005_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.23.1.56","article-title":"A rating scale for depression","volume":"23","author":"Hamilton","year":"1960","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2016.06.005_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.10123","article-title":"Three-dimensional maximum probability atlas of the human brain, with particular reference to the temporal lobe","volume":"19","author":"Hammers","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2016.06.005_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbp006","article-title":"The dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia: version III\u2013the final common pathway","volume":"35","author":"Howes","year":"2009","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2016.06.005_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S7","DOI":"10.1017\/S1461145704004122","article-title":"Pathways to schizophrenia: the impact of environmental factors","volume":"7","author":"Howes","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2016.06.005_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2008.514","article-title":"Elevated striatal dopamine function linked to prodromal signs of schizophrenia","volume":"66","author":"Howes","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2016.06.005_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2011.20","article-title":"Progressive increase in striatal dopamine synthesis capacity as patients develop psychosis: a PET study","author":"Howes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2016.06.005_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2011.11010160","article-title":"Dopamine synthesis capacity before onset of psychosis: a prospective [18F]-DOPA PET imaging study","author":"Howes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2016.06.005_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2012.169","article-title":"The nature of dopamine dysfunction in schizophrenia and what this means for treatment: meta-analysis of imaging studies","volume":"69","author":"Howes","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2016.06.005_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/13.2.261","article-title":"The positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia","volume":"13","author":"Kay","year":"1987","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2016.06.005_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2010.10","article-title":"Increased synaptic dopamine function in associative regions of the striatum in schizophrenia","volume":"67","author":"Kegeles","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2016.06.005_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1097\/01.nmd.0000188970.11916.76","article-title":"Reported history of child sexual abuse in schizophrenia: associations with heightened symptom levels and poorer participation over four months in vocational rehabilitation","volume":"193","author":"Lysaker","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Nerv. Ment. Dis."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2016.06.005_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1097\/01.WCB.0000048520.34839.1A","article-title":"Imaging human mesolimbic dopamine transmission with positron emission tomography. Part II: amphetamine-induced dopamine release in the functional subdivisions of the striatum","volume":"23","author":"Martinez","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab.: Off. J. Int. Soc. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2016.06.005_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/00004647-200109000-00002","article-title":"Imaging human mesolimbic dopamine transmission with positron emission tomography: I. Accuracy and precision of D(2) receptor parameter measurements in ventral striatum","volume":"21","author":"Mawlawi","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2016.06.005_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.10.009","article-title":"Increased stress-induced dopamine release in psychosis","volume":"71","author":"Mizrahi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2016.06.005_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2013.09.010","article-title":"Molecular genetic gene-environment studies using candidate genes in schizophrenia: a systematic review","volume":"150","author":"Modinos","year":"2013","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2016.06.005_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291713000767","article-title":"Modelling the interplay between childhood and adult adversity in pathways to psychosis: initial evidence from the AESOP study","volume":"44","author":"Morgan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2016.06.005_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2417","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-013-3407-z","article-title":"History of childhood adversity is positively associated with ventral striatal dopamine responses to amphetamine","volume":"231","author":"Oswald","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2016.06.005_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.1985.87","article-title":"Graphical evaluation of blood-to-brain transfer constants from multiple-time uptake data. Generalizations","volume":"5","author":"Patlak","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab.:Off. J. Int. Soc. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2016.06.005_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S164","DOI":"10.1177\/000486740003401S25","article-title":"Identification of young people at risk of psychosis: validation of Personal Assessment and Crisis Evaluation Clinic intake criteria","volume":"34","author":"Phillips","year":"2000","journal-title":"Aust. N. Z. J. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2016.06.005_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2825","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3422-03.2004","article-title":"Dopamine release in response to a psychological stress in humans and its relationship to early life maternal care: a positron emission tomography study using [11C]raclopride","volume":"24","author":"Pruessner","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2016.06.005_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.187.2.101","article-title":"Social defeat: risk factor for schizophrenia?","volume":"187","author":"Selten","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2016.06.005_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbt134","article-title":"The social defeat hypothesis of schizophrenia: an update","volume":"39","author":"Selten","year":"2013","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2016.06.005_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2033","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1301597","article-title":"Stress-induced dopamine release in humans at risk of psychosis: a [11C]raclopride PET study","volume":"33","author":"Soliman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2016.06.005_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/S1361-8415(96)80011-9","article-title":"Automated 3-D registration of MR and CT images of the head","volume":"1","author":"Studholme","year":"1996","journal-title":"Med. Image Anal."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2016.06.005_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.schbul.a007139","article-title":"Developmental pathology, dopamine, and stress: a model for the age of onset of schizophrenia symptoms","volume":"30","author":"Thompson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2016.06.005_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(96)00159-X","article-title":"Social defeat stress selectively alters mesocorticolimbic dopamine release: an in vivo microdialysis study","volume":"721","author":"Tidey","year":"1996","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2016.06.005_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1097\/00004647-199911000-00003","article-title":"Multiresolution analysis of emission tomography images in the wavelet domain","volume":"19","author":"Turkheimer","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2016.06.005_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.03.002","article-title":"Multi-resolution Bayesian regression in PET dynamic studies using wavelets","volume":"32","author":"Turkheimer","year":"2006","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2016.06.005_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4280","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5310-10.2011","article-title":"Aversive stimuli alter ventral tegmental area dopamine neuron activity via a common action in the ventral hippocampus","volume":"31","author":"Valenti","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2016.06.005_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1177\/070674371305800109","article-title":"Childhood trauma as a cause of psychosis: linking genes, psychology, and biology. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry","volume":"58","author":"van Winkel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rev. Can. Psychiatrie"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2016.06.005_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbs050","article-title":"Childhood adversities increase the risk of psychosis: a meta-analysis of patient-control, prospective- and cross-sectional cohort studies","volume":"38","author":"Varese","year":"2012","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2016.06.005_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.143.2.188","article-title":"Adult psychiatric disorder and childhood experiences. The validity of retrospective data","volume":"143","author":"Wolkind","year":"1983","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["Schizophrenia Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0920996416302729?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0920996416302729?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,17]],"date-time":"2022-11-17T13:35:12Z","timestamp":1668692112000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0920996416302729"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,10]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2-3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S0920996416302729"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.schres.2016.06.005","relation":{},"ISSN":["0920-9964"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0920-9964","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Adversity in childhood linked to elevated striatal dopamine function in adulthood","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Schizophrenia Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.schres.2016.06.005","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}