{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T03:09:58Z","timestamp":1790737798943,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,1]],"date-time":"2019-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1559347200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology of Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOST 106-2314-B-016-021-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 106-2314-B-016-021-MY3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010425","name":"Tri-Service General Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TSGH-C107-110"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TSGH-C107-110"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010425","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Defense Medical Research","award":["MAB-107-087"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MAB-107-087"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.jp","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.fr","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Schizophrenia Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2018.12.052","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,8]],"date-time":"2019-01-08T21:08:11Z","timestamp":1546981691000},"page":"430-438","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Enhancement of cognitive insight and higher-order neurocognitive function by fronto-temporal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in patients with schizophrenia"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"208","author":[{"given":"Chuan-Chia","family":"Chang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu-Chen","family":"Kao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Che-Yi","family":"Chao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5572-7109","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hsin-An","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2018.12.052_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4506","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/61\/12\/4506","article-title":"Spatial and polarity precision of concentric high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS)","volume":"61","author":"Alam","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2018.12.052_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.189.3.204","article-title":"Insight in psychosis and neuropsychological function: meta-analysis","volume":"189","author":"Aleman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2018.12.052_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.08.024","article-title":"The development of a self-reported scale for measuring functionality in patients with schizophrenia\u2013self-reported version of the graphic Personal and Social Performance (SRG-PSP) scale","volume":"159","author":"Bai","year":"2014","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2018.12.052_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-9964(03)00189-0","article-title":"A new instrument for measuring insight: the Beck Cognitive Insight Scale","volume":"68","author":"Beck","year":"2004","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2018.12.052_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.03.029","article-title":"Insight facilitation with add-on tDCS in schizophrenia","volume":"156","author":"Bose","year":"2014","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2018.12.052_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2012.11071091","article-title":"Examining transcranial direct-current stimulation (tDCS) as a treatment for hallucinations in schizophrenia","volume":"169","author":"Brunelin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2018.12.052_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2016.02.026","article-title":"Cognitive insight is associated with cortical thickness in first-episode psychosis","volume":"172","author":"Buchy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2018.12.052_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2219","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1460-9568.2003.02633.x","article-title":"Individual differences in prefrontal cortical activation on the Tower of London planning task: implication for effortful processing","volume":"17","author":"Cazalis","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2018.12.052_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyy074","article-title":"The effects of add-on fronto-temporal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on auditory verbal hallucinations, other psychopathological symptoms, and insight in schizophrenia: a randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled trial","volume":"21","author":"Chang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2018.12.052_bb0050","series-title":"Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences","author":"Cohen","year":"1988"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2018.12.052_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8721.ep10768783","article-title":"Statistical power analysis","volume":"1","author":"Cohen","year":"1992","journal-title":"Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci."},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2018.12.052_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2005.09.007","article-title":"Specific cognitive deficits and differential domains of social functioning impairment in schizophrenia","volume":"81","author":"Cohen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2018.12.052_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.106.024653","article-title":"Insight in psychosis: influence of cognitive ability and self-esteem","volume":"191","author":"Cooke","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2018.12.052_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2014.08.002","article-title":"A negative pilot study of daily bimodal transcranial direct current stimulation in schizophrenia","volume":"7","author":"Fitzgerald","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain Stimulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2018.12.052_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/sjp.2017.30","article-title":"Validation and Normalization of the Tower of London-Drexel University Test 2nd Edition in an Adult Population with Intellectual Disability","volume":"20","author":"Garcia-Alba","year":"2017","journal-title":"Span. J. Psychol."},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2018.12.052_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.10.015","article-title":"Impaired insight into illness and cognitive insight in schizophrenia spectrum disorders: resting state functional connectivity","volume":"160","author":"Gerretsen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2018.12.052_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scog.2018.02.003","article-title":"Effects of transcranial direct current stimulation on working memory and negative symptoms in schizophrenia: a phase II randomized sham-controlled trial","volume":"12","author":"Gomes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res. Cogn."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2018.12.052_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2013.12.003","article-title":"Differential associations of cognitive insight components with pretreatment characteristics in first-episode psychosis","volume":"215","author":"Gonzalez-Blanch","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2018.12.052_bb0095","series-title":"Manual, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test","author":"Heaton","year":"1993"},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2018.12.052_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.03.006","article-title":"An investigation into the effects of tDCS dose on cognitive performance over time in patients with schizophrenia","volume":"155","author":"Hoy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2018.12.052_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-10-27","article-title":"The Beck Cognitive Insight Scale (BCIS): translation and validation of the Taiwanese version","volume":"10","author":"Kao","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2018.12.052_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-11-170","article-title":"Assessing cognitive insight in nonpsychiatric individuals and outpatients with schizophrenia in Taiwan: an investigation using the Beck Cognitive Insight Scale","volume":"11","author":"Kao","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2018.12.052_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbp130","article-title":"The Schizophrenia Patient Outcomes Research Team (PORT): updated treatment recommendations 2009","volume":"36","author":"Kreyenbuhl","year":"2010","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2018.12.052_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2014.11.008","article-title":"Metacognitive training (MCT) for schizophrenia improves cognitive insight: a randomized controlled trial in a Chinese sample with schizophrenia spectrum disorders","volume":"64","author":"Lam","year":"2015","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Ther."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2018.12.052_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0120478","article-title":"Altered neural basis of the reality processing and its relation to cognitive insight in schizophrenia","volume":"10","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2018.12.052_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.07.026","article-title":"Treating working memory deficits in schizophrenia: a review of the neurobiology","volume":"75","author":"Lett","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2018.12.052_bb0135","series-title":"Neuropsychological Assessment","author":"Lezak","year":"1995"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2018.12.052_bb0140","first-page":"983","article-title":"Not all differences between patients with schizophrenia and healthy subjects are pathological: performance on the Conners' continuous performance test","volume":"31","author":"Lopez-Luengo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch. Clin. Neuropsychol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2018.12.052_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1111\/eip.12042","article-title":"Insight and suicidality in first-episode psychosis: understanding the influence of suicidal history on insight dimensions at first presentation","volume":"8","author":"Lopez-Morinigo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Early Interv. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2018.12.052_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20508","article-title":"Insight in schizophrenia spectrum disorders: relationship with behavior, mood and perceived quality of life, underlying causes and emerging treatments","volume":"17","author":"Lysaker","year":"2018","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2018.12.052_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2017.00044","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation over the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia: a quantitative review of cognitive outcomes","volume":"11","author":"Mervis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2018.12.052_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbv114","article-title":"Effects of fronto-temporal transcranial direct current stimulation on auditory verbal hallucinations and resting-state functional connectivity of the left temporo-parietal junction in patients with schizophrenia","volume":"42","author":"Mondino","year":"2016","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2018.12.052_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2013.11.033","article-title":"Relationship between cognition, clinical and cognitive insight in psychotic disorders: a review and meta-analysis","volume":"152","author":"Nair","year":"2014","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"issue":"Pt 1","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2018.12.052_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2003.049916","article-title":"Pharmacological modulation of cortical excitability shifts induced by transcranial direct current stimulation in humans","volume":"553","author":"Nitsche","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2018.12.052_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2008.06.004","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation: state of the art 2008","volume":"1","author":"Nitsche","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain Stimulation"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2018.12.052_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1573","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291716003421","article-title":"Randomized control trial to assess the efficacy of metacognitive training compared with a psycho-educational group in people with a recent-onset psychosis","volume":"47","author":"Ochoa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2018.12.052_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2004.11.054","article-title":"Functional MRI BOLD response to Tower of London performance of first-episode schizophrenia patients using cortical pattern matching","volume":"26","author":"Rasser","year":"2005","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2018.12.052_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2013.07.009","article-title":"The global cognitive impairment in schizophrenia: consistent over decades and around the world","volume":"150","author":"Schaefer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2018.12.052_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2005.11.001","article-title":"Prefrontal subregions and dimensions of insight in first-episode schizophrenia--a pilot study","volume":"146","author":"Shad","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2018.12.052_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2015.06.011","article-title":"Effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on cognition, symptoms, and smoking in schizophrenia: a randomized controlled study","volume":"168","author":"Smith","year":"2015","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"issue":"Pt 4","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2018.12.052_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1348\/014466502760387533","article-title":"The concurrent validity of the Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF)","volume":"41","author":"Startup","year":"2002","journal-title":"Br. J Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2018.12.052_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scog.2016.08.001","article-title":"Cognitive insight and functional outcome in schizophrenia; a multi-center collaborative study with the specific level of functioning scale-Japanese version","volume":"6","author":"Sumiyoshi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res. Cogn."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2018.12.052_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0197715","article-title":"The right occipital lobe and poor insight in first-episode psychosis","volume":"13","author":"Tordesillas-Gutierrez","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2018.12.052_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2011.06.021","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation influences probabilistic association learning in schizophrenia","volume":"131","author":"Vercammen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2018.12.052_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2011.251","article-title":"Cognitive training for impaired neural systems in neuropsychiatric illness","volume":"37","author":"Vinogradov","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2018.12.052_bb0230","series-title":"WAIS-III: Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, Administration and Scoring Manual","author":"Wechsler","year":"1997"},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2018.12.052_bb0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2013.01.036","article-title":"Validation of the Taiwanese Mandarin version of the Personal and Social Performance scale in a sample of 655 stable schizophrenic patients","volume":"146","author":"Wu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2018.12.052_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2017.08.007","article-title":"Repeated transcranial direct current stimulation improves cognitive dysfunction and synaptic plasticity deficit in the prefrontal cortex of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats","volume":"10","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Stimulation"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2018.12.052_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1097\/NNR.0000000000000159","article-title":"Neurobiological basis of insight in schizophrenia: a systematic review","volume":"65","author":"Xavier","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nurs. Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2018.12.052_bb0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1007\/s12264-014-1502-8","article-title":"Prefrontal cortex and the dysconnectivity hypothesis of schizophrenia","volume":"31","author":"Zhou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurosci. Bull."}],"container-title":["Schizophrenia Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0920996418307709?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0920996418307709?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,7]],"date-time":"2019-08-07T23:40:53Z","timestamp":1565221253000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0920996418307709"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,6]]},"references-count":50,"alternative-id":["S0920996418307709"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.schres.2018.12.052","relation":{},"ISSN":["0920-9964"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0920-9964","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Enhancement of cognitive insight and higher-order neurocognitive function by fronto-temporal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in patients with schizophrenia","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Schizophrenia Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.schres.2018.12.052","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}