{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T16:26:47Z","timestamp":1790612807139,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,1]],"date-time":"2020-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1585699200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,1]],"date-time":"2020-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1585699200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Schizophrenia Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.01.002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,16]],"date-time":"2020-01-16T17:37:39Z","timestamp":1579196259000},"page":"195-200","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"special_numbering":"C","title":["A symptom combination predicting treatment-resistant schizophrenia \u2013 A strategy for real-world clinical practice"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"218","author":[{"given":"Bruno B.","family":"Ortiz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cinthia H.","family":"Higuchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2706-9118","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristiano","family":"Noto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan W.","family":"Joyce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christoph U.","family":"Correll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rodrigo A.","family":"Bressan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ary","family":"Gadelha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.01.002_bb9025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.162.3.441","article-title":"Remission in schizophrenia: Proposed criteria and rationale for consensus","author":"Andreasen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.01.002_bb9030","first-page":"41","article-title":"Disparity between general symptom relief and remission criteria in the positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS): A post-treatment bifactor item response theory model","volume":"14","author":"Anderson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Innov. Clin. Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.01.002_bb9000","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2018.06.012","article-title":"Molecular targets of atypical antipsychotics: From mechanism of action to clinical differences","author":"Aringhieri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.01.002_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2019.00067","article-title":"Predictive factors of treatment resistance in first episode of psychosis: a systematic review","volume":"10","author":"Bozzatello","year":"2019","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.01.002_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2014.16.4\/mcarbon","article-title":"Clinical predictors of therapeutic response to antipsychotics in schizophrenia","author":"Carbon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dialogues Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.01.002_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2018.05.011","article-title":"Formal thought disorder is related to aberrations in language-related white matter tracts in patients with schizophrenia","volume":"279","author":"Cavelti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res. - Neuroimaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.01.002_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1002\/hup.2469","article-title":"Rate and predictors of non-response to first-line antipsychotic treatment in first-episode schizophrenia","volume":"30","author":"Chiliza","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hum. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.01.002_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.3371\/1935-1232.10.3.163","article-title":"A guide to the management of clozapine-related tolerability and safety concerns","volume":"10","author":"Citrome","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Schizophr. Relat. Psychoses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.01.002_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1590\/S1516-44462001000300008","article-title":"Reliability of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV \u2013 Clinical Version translated into Portuguese","volume":"23","author":"Del-Ben","year":"2001","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Psiquiatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.01.002_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.06.011","article-title":"Antipsychotic treatment resistance in schizophrenia associated with elevated glutamate levels but normal dopamine function","author":"Demjaha","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.01.002_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1976.01770060086012","article-title":"The Global Assessment Scale","volume":"33","author":"Endicott","year":"1976","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.01.002_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000059.pub2","article-title":"Clozapine versus typical neuroleptic medication for schizophrenia","author":"Essali","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.01.002_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1080\/14656566.2018.1543409","article-title":"Resistance is not futile: treatment-refractory schizophrenia\u2013overview, evaluation and treatment","volume":"20","author":"Faden","year":"2019","journal-title":"Expert. Opin. Pharmacother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.01.002_bb0055","series-title":"DSM-IV-TR Guidebook","author":"First","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.01.002_bb9010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1097\/YIC.0000000000000188","article-title":"Patient attitudes to clozapine initiation","volume":"32","author":"Gee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. Clin. Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.01.002_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-016-1177-y","article-title":"Is treatment-resistant schizophrenia categorically distinct from treatment-responsive schizophrenia? A systematic review","volume":"17","author":"Gillespie","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.01.002_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.68303","article-title":"The business case for expanded clozapine utilization: in reply","volume":"68","author":"G\u00f6ren","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Serv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.01.002_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1177\/2045125318781475","article-title":"The acute efficacy of antipsychotics in schizophrenia: a review of recent meta-analyses","volume":"8","author":"Haddad","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.01.002_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0447.107.s416.5.x","article-title":"The Clinical Global Impression-Schizophrenia Scale: a simple instrument to measure the diversity of symptoms present in schizophrenia","volume":"107","author":"Haro","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr. Scand. Suppl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.01.002_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1590\/1516-4446-2013-1330","article-title":"Factor structure of the positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) in Brazil: convergent validation of the brazilian version","volume":"36","author":"Higuchi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Psiquiatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.01.002_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2016.16050503","article-title":"Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia: Treatment Response and Resistance in Psychosis (TRRIP) Working Group consensus guidelines on diagnosis and terminology","volume":"174","author":"Howes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.01.002_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.08.109","article-title":"Evaluation of a few discrete clinical markers may predict categorization of actively symptomatic non-acute schizophrenia patients as treatment resistant or responders: a study by ROC curve analysis and multivariate analyses","volume":"269","author":"Iasevoli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.01.002_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2018.00553","article-title":"Disease severity in treatment resistant schizophrenia patients is mainly affected by negative symptoms, which mediate the effects of cognitive dysfunctions and neurological soft signs","volume":"9","author":"Iasevoli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.01.002_bb9015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1177\/0706743718772522","article-title":"Delayed Initiation of Clozapine Continues to Be a Substantial Clinical Concern","volume":"63","author":"John","year":"2018","journal-title":"Can. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.01.002_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2015.2966","article-title":"The role of clozapine in treatment-resistant schizophrenia","volume":"73","author":"Kane","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.01.002_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.18com12123","article-title":"Clinical guidance on the identification and management of treatment-resistant schizophrenia","volume":"80","author":"Kane","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.01.002_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/13.2.261","article-title":"The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia","volume":"13","author":"Kay","year":"1987","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.01.002_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1097\/YIC.0b013e32836508e6","article-title":"The social and economic burden of treatment-resistant schizophrenia: a systematic literature review","volume":"29","author":"Kennedy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. Clin. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.01.002_bb0120","series-title":"The Lancet Psychiatry","article-title":"Formal thought disorders: from phenomenology to neurobiology","author":"Kircher","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.01.002_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-006-0704-0","article-title":"Disorganization and cognitive impairment in schizophrenia: independent symptom dimensions?","volume":"256","author":"Klingberg","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci."},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.01.002_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.13049su1c.02","article-title":"Measurements of response, remission, and recovery in schizophrenia and examples for their clinical application","volume":"75","author":"Leucht","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.01.002_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.focus.12.2.192","article-title":"Comparative efficacy and tolerability of 15 antipsychotic drugs in schizophrenia: a multiple-treatments meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Leucht","year":"2014","journal-title":"Focus (Madison)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.01.002_bb0140","first-page":"327","article-title":"Linguistic determinants of formal thought disorder in first episode psychosis","author":"Mackinley","year":"2020","journal-title":"Michael. Early Interv. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.01.002_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2019.1702","article-title":"Association with hospitalization and all-cause discontinuation among patients with schizophrenia on clozapine vs other oral second-generation antipsychotics: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies","volume":"76","author":"Masuda","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.01.002_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbv151","article-title":"Treatment-resistant schizophrenia patients show elevated anterior cingulate cortex glutamate compared to treatment-responsive","volume":"42","author":"Mouchlianitis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.01.002_bb9005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-016-0311-1","article-title":"Worldwide differences in regulations of clozapine use","author":"Nielsen","year":"2016","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.01.002_bb0160","article-title":"Treatment resistant schizophrenia: clinical, biological, and therapeutic perspectives","author":"Nucifora","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.01.002_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1590\/1516-4446-2013-1190","article-title":"Is disorganized schizophrenia a predictor of treatment resistance? Evidence from an observational study","volume":"35","author":"Ortiz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Psiquiatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.01.002_bb9020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2013.11.016","article-title":"Comparing PANSS scores and corresponding CGI scores between stable and acute schizophrenic patients","author":"Ortiz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.01.002_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbx089","article-title":"Motor abnormalities: from neurodevelopmental to neurodegenerative through \u201cfunctional\u201d (Neuro) psychiatric disorders","volume":"43","author":"Peralta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.01.002_bb9035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2008.01.023","article-title":"The genetics of symptom dimensions of schizophrenia : Review and meta-analysis","volume":"102","author":"Rietkerk","year":"2008","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.01.002_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2015.2955","article-title":"Efficacy, acceptability, and tolerability of antipsychotics in treatment-resistant schizophrenia: a network meta-analysis","author":"Samara","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.01.002_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2019.05.008","article-title":"Meta-analysis of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) factor structure","volume":"115","author":"Shafer","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.01.002_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-9964(02)00525-X","article-title":"Proverb interpretation in schizophrenia: the significance of symptomatology and cognitive processes","volume":"65","author":"Sponheim","year":"2003","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.01.002_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1080\/13546800244000148","article-title":"Neuroanatomical correlates of formal thought disorder in schizophrenia","volume":"8","author":"Subotnik","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cogn. Neuropsychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.01.002_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2006.03.007","article-title":"Neurocognitive and social cognitive correlates of formal thought disorder in schizophrenia patients","volume":"85","author":"Subotnik","year":"2006","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.01.002_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2017.1322","article-title":"Real-world effectiveness of antipsychotic treatments in a nationwide cohort of 29\u00a0823 patients with schizophrenia","volume":"74","author":"Tiihonen","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.01.002_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2010.05.033","article-title":"Disorganization and reality distortion in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis of the relationship between positive symptoms and neurocognitive deficits","volume":"121","author":"Ventura","year":"2010","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.01.002_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2019.03.008","article-title":"Disorganization and cognitive impairment in schizophrenia: new insights from electrophysiological findings","author":"Vignapiano","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Psychophysiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.01.002_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2012.01.031","article-title":"Searching for a consensus five-factor model of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale for schizophrenia","author":"Wallwork","year":"2012","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.01.002_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(15)00575-1","article-title":"Predictors of treatment resistance in patients with schizophrenia: a population-based cohort study","volume":"3","author":"Wimberley","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["Schizophrenia Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0920996420300177?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0920996420300177?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T19:35:42Z","timestamp":1760297742000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0920996420300177"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]},"references-count":51,"alternative-id":["S0920996420300177"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.schres.2020.01.002","relation":{},"ISSN":["0920-9964"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0920-9964","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"A symptom combination predicting treatment-resistant schizophrenia \u2013 A strategy for real-world clinical practice","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Schizophrenia Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.schres.2020.01.002","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}