{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T10:28:27Z","timestamp":1790677707090,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,1]],"date-time":"2020-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1596240000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,1]],"date-time":"2020-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1596240000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Schizophrenia Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.05.003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,26]],"date-time":"2020-05-26T02:46:33Z","timestamp":1590461193000},"page":"342-353","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Chronic fatigue and fibromyalgia symptoms are key components of deficit schizophrenia and are strongly associated with activated immune-inflammatory pathways"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"222","author":[{"given":"Abbas F.","family":"Almulla","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hussein Kadhem","family":"Al-Hakeim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mokhlad Swadi","family":"Abed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andre F.","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Maes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.05.003_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-019-01647-0","article-title":"Development of a novel neuro-immune and opioid-associated fingerprint with a cross-validated ability to identify and authenticate unknown patients with major depression: far beyond differentiation, discrimination, and classification","author":"Al-Hakeim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.05.003_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2174\/1568026620666200128143948","article-title":"Construction of a neuro-immune-cognitive pathway-phenotype underpinning the phenome of deficit schizophrenia","author":"Al-Hakeim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Med. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.05.003_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s12640-019-00112-z","article-title":"The Neuro-immune fingerprint of major neuro-cognitive psychosis or deficit schizophrenia: a supervised machine learning study","author":"Al-Hakeim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurotox. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.05.003_bb0020","series-title":"Schizophrenia Phenomenology Revisited: Positive and Negative Symptoms Are Strongly Related Reflective Manifestations of an Underlying Single Trait Indicating Overall Severity of Schizophrenia","author":"Almulla","year":"2019"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.05.003_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2012.02.023","article-title":"Biological underpinnings of the commonalities in depression, somatization, and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome","volume":"78","author":"Anderson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.05.003_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2012.07.016","article-title":"Schizophrenia is primed for an increased expression of depression through activation of immuno-inflammatory, oxidative and nitrosative stress, and tryptophan catabolite pathways","volume":"42","author":"Anderson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prog. Neuro-Psychopharmacology Biol. Psychiatry."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.05.003_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.12182","article-title":"Biological phenotypes underpin the physio-somatic symptoms of somatization, depression, and chronic fatigue syndrome","volume":"129","author":"Anderson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr. Scand."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.05.003_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1192\/S0007125000291496","article-title":"The scale for the assessment of negative symptoms (SANS): conceptual and theoretical foundations","volume":"7","author":"Andreasen","year":"1989","journal-title":"Brit. J. Psychiatry Suppl."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.05.003_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/12.3.348","article-title":"Thought, language, and communication in schizophrenia: diagnosis and prognosis","volume":"12","author":"Andreasen","year":"1986","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.05.003_bb0050","series-title":"The Cognitive Neuroscience of Thought Disorder in Schizophrenia. The Oxford Handbook of Thinking and Reasoning","author":"Bachman","year":"2012"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.05.003_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x","article-title":"Controlling the false discovery rate: a practical and powerful approach to multiple testing","volume":"57","author":"Benjamini","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Royal Statistics Soc. Series b (Methodological)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.05.003_bb0060","author":"CAMO"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.05.003_bb0065","first-page":"256","article-title":"Comorbidity investigations of gastrointestinal disorders with mental disorders in patients or animals","volume":"6","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Depress. Anxiety."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.05.003_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291709992054","article-title":"Cognitive functioning in chronic fatigue syndrome: a meta-analysis","volume":"40","author":"Cockshell","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.05.003_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2007.02.033","article-title":"Functional neuroimaging correlates of mental fatigue induced by cognition among chronic fatigue syndrome patients and controls","volume":"36","author":"Cook","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.05.003_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881107077716","article-title":"From prediction error to psychosis: ketamine as a pharmacological model of delusions","volume":"21","author":"Corlett","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Psychopharmacol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.05.003_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/11.3.471","article-title":"The two-syndrome concept: origins and current status","volume":"11","author":"Crow","year":"1985","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.05.003_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1781(95)02712-6","article-title":"Cognitive disorders in the positive, negative, and disorganization syndromes of schizophrenia","volume":"58","author":"Cuesta","year":"1995","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.05.003_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617704101124","article-title":"Working memory deficits in chronic fatigue syndrome: differentiating between speed and accuracy of information processing","volume":"10","author":"Deluca","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Int. Neuropsychol. Soc."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.05.003_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.2174\/187152707779940835","article-title":"Effects of psychiatric medications on sleep and sleep disorders","volume":"6","author":"DeMartinis","year":"2007","journal-title":"CNS Neurol. Disord. Drug Targets"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.05.003_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617701733024","article-title":"Working memory deficits associated with chronic fatigue syndrome","volume":"7","author":"Dobbs","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Int. Neuropsychol. Soc."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.05.003_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v60n1105","article-title":"Depressive and anxiety symptoms in patients with schizophrenia and schizophreniform disorder","volume":"60","author":"Emsley","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.05.003_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.7334\/psicothema2016.304","article-title":"Program FACTOR at 10: origins, development and future directions","volume":"29","author":"Ferrando","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psicothema"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.05.003_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1037\/a0015544","article-title":"Episodic memory and impairment of an early encoding process in schizophrenia","volume":"24","author":"Grillon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuropsychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.05.003_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8341.1959.tb00467.x","article-title":"The assessment of anxiety states by rating","volume":"32","author":"Hamilton","year":"1959","journal-title":"Br. J. Med. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.05.003_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.23.1.56","article-title":"A rating scale for depression","volume":"23","author":"Hamilton","year":"1960","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.05.003_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbj011","article-title":"Negative symptoms and cognitive deficits: what is the nature of their relationship?","volume":"32","author":"Harvey","year":"2006","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.05.003_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1007\/s10597-014-9746-3","article-title":"A psychometric study of the multidimensional fatigue inventory to assess fatigue in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders","volume":"51","author":"Hedlund","year":"2015","journal-title":"Community Ment. Health J."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.05.003_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1007\/s001270200013","article-title":"A factor analysis of chronic fatigue symptoms in a community-based sample","volume":"37","author":"Jason","year":"2002","journal-title":"Soc. Psychiatry Psychiatr. Epidemiol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.05.003_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-017-9982-7","article-title":"Physio-somatic symptoms in schizophrenia: association with depression, anxiety, neurocognitive deficits and the tryptophan catabolite pathway","volume":"32","author":"Kanchanatawan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Metab. Brain Dis."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.05.003_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-018-0208-4","article-title":"Deficit schizophrenia is a discrete diagnostic category defined by neuro-immune and neurocognitive features: results of supervised machine learning","volume":"33","author":"Kanchanatawan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Metab. Brain Dis."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.05.003_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1111\/jep.12945","article-title":"Towards a new classification of stable phase schizophrenia into major and simple neuro-cognitive psychosis: results of unsupervised machine learning analysis","volume":"24","author":"Kanchanatawan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Eval. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.05.003_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1007\/s12640-018-9868-4","volume":"33","author":"Kanchanatawan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurotox. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.05.003_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-018-0339-7","article-title":"Supervised machine learning to decipher the complex associations between neuro-immune biomarkers and quality of life in schizophrenia","volume":"34","author":"Kanchanatawan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Metab. Brain Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.05.003_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/13.2.261","article-title":"The positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia","volume":"13","author":"Kay","year":"1987","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.05.003_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-25758-2_2","article-title":"Cognitive impairment in schizophrenia","volume":"213","author":"Keefe","year":"2012","journal-title":"Handb. Exp. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.05.003_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2003.09.011","article-title":"The brief assessment of cognition in schizophrenia: reliability, sensitivity, and comparison with a standard neurocognitive battery","volume":"68","author":"Keefe","year":"2004","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.05.003_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(18)30059-2","article-title":"Formal thought disorders: from phenomenology to neurobiology","volume":"5","author":"Kircher","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.05.003_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1781(89)90153-4","article-title":"The schedule for the deficit syndrome: an instrument for research in schizophrenia","volume":"30","author":"Kirkpatrick","year":"1989","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.05.003_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2005.02.011","article-title":"Objective evidence of cognitive complaints in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: a BOLD fMRI study of verbal working memory","volume":"26","author":"Lange","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.05.003_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1080\/00273171.2018.1484339","article-title":"A general approach for fitting pure exploratory bifactor models","volume":"54","author":"Lorenzo-Seva","year":"2019","journal-title":"Multivariate Behav. Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.05.003_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2010.06.023","article-title":"An intriguing and hitherto unexplained co-occurrence: depression and chronic fatigue syndrome are manifestations of shared inflammatory, oxidative and nitrosative (IO&NS) pathways","volume":"35","author":"Maes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prog. Neuro-Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.05.003_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1159\/000343982","article-title":"Inflammatory and oxidative and nitrosative stress cascades as new drug targets in myalgic encephalomyelitis and chronic fatigue syndrome","volume":"28","author":"Maes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mod Trends Pharmacopsychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.05.003_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-8-35","article-title":"Chronic fatigue syndrome: Harvey and Wessely\u2019s (bio)psychosocial model versus a bio(psychosocial) model based on inflammatory and oxidative and nitrosative stress pathways","volume":"8","author":"Maes","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.05.003_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/0920-9964(96)00029-1","article-title":"Lower plasma CC16, a natural anti-inflammatory protein, and increased plasma interleukin-1 receptor antagonist in schizophrenia: effects of antipsychotic drugs","volume":"21","author":"Maes","year":"1996","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.05.003_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-9964(00)00094-3","article-title":"Increased serum interleukin-8 and interleukin- 10 in schizophrenic patients resistant to treatment with neuroleptics and the stimulatory effects of clozapine on serum leukemia inhibitory factor receptor","volume":"54","author":"Maes","year":"2002","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.05.003_bb0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2006.08.021","article-title":"Increased serum IgA and IgM against LPS of enterobacteria in chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS): indication for the involvement of gram-negative enterobacteria in the etiology of CFS and for the presence of an increased gut-intestinal permeability","volume":"99","author":"Maes","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.05.003_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1159\/000336803","article-title":"Inflammatory and cell-mediated immune biomarkers in myalgic encephalomyelitis\/chronic fatigue syndrome and depression: inflammatory markers are higher in myalgic encephalomyelitis\/chronic fatigue syndrome than in depression","volume":"81","author":"Maes","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychother. Psychosom."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.05.003_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2013.03.029","article-title":"In myalgic encephalomyelitis\/chronic fatigue syndrome, increased autoimmune activity against 5-HT is associated with immuno-inflammatory pathways and bacterial translocation","volume":"150","author":"Maes","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.05.003_bb0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5122","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-018-1437-6","article-title":"In schizophrenia, deficits in natural IgM Isotype antibodies including those directed to malondialdehyde and azelaic acid strongly predict negative symptoms, neurocognitive impairments, and the deficit syndrome","volume":"56","author":"Maes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.05.003_bb0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1080\/14737159.2020.1681976","article-title":"Is a diagnostic blood test for chronic fatigue syndrome on the horizon?","volume":"19","author":"Maes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Expert. Rev. Mol. Diagn."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.05.003_bb0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1007\/s12640-019-00054-6","article-title":"Breakdown of the paracellular tight and adherens junctions in the gut and blood brain barrier and damage to the vascular barrier in patients with deficit schizophrenia","volume":"36","author":"Maes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurotox. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.05.003_bb0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1515\/bmc-2019-0023","article-title":"Schizophrenia phenomenology comprises a bifactorial general severity and a single-group factor, which are differently associated with neurotoxic immune and immune-regulatory pathways","volume":"10","author":"Maes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomol. Concepts."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.05.003_bb0270","first-page":"1","article-title":"In schizophrenia, psychomotor retardation is associated with executive and memory impairments, negative and psychotic symptoms, neurotoxic immune products and lower natural IgM to malondialdehyde","volume":"7","author":"Maes","year":"2020","journal-title":"World J. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.05.003_bb0275","series-title":"Negative Symptoms in Schizophrenia: Relationship to Positive Symptoms and Outcome","first-page":"71","article-title":"Methodological problems in identifying and measuring first-rank symptoms of schizophrenia","author":"Mellor","year":"1991"},{"issue":"34","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.05.003_bb0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E7150","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1710519114","article-title":"Cytokine signature associated with disease severity in chronic fatigue syndrome patients","volume":"114","author":"Montoya","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.05.003_bb0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-11-205","article-title":"Myalgic encephalomyelitis\/chronic fatigue syndrome and encephalomyelitis disseminata\/multiple sclerosis show remarkable levels of similarity in phenomenology and neuroimmune characteristics","volume":"17","author":"Morris","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.05.003_bb0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2018.12.008","article-title":"Activation of the immune-inflammatory response system and the compensatory immune-regulatory system in antipsychotic naive first episode psychosis","volume":"29","author":"Noto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.05.003_bb0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.2466\/pr0.1962.10.3.799","article-title":"The brief psychiatric rating scale","volume":"10","author":"Overall","year":"1962","journal-title":"Psycholog. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.05.003_bb0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2011.07.030","article-title":"Insomnia is frequent in schizophrenia and associated with night eating and obesity","volume":"133","author":"Palmese","year":"2011","journal-title":"Schizophrenia Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.05.003_bb0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2010.12.3\/areichenberg","article-title":"The assessment of neuropsychological functioning in schizophrenia","volume":"12","author":"Reichenberg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dialogues Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.05.003_bb0310","author":"Ringle"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.05.003_bb0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.2147\/PROM.S155642","article-title":"Chronic fatigue syndrome and quality of life","volume":"9","author":"Roberts","year":"2018","journal-title":"Patient Relat Outcome Meas"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.05.003_bb0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-017-1371-9","article-title":"Cytokine signatures in chronic fatigue syndrome patients: a case control study and the effect of anakinra treatment","volume":"15","author":"Roerink","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.05.003_bb0325","series-title":"Different Phenotypes of Schizophrenia: The IRS-CIRS Theory of Schizophrenia. Preprints","article-title":"The role of aberrations in the Immune-inflammatory Reflex System (IRS) and the compensatory immune-regulatory reflex system","author":"Roomruangwong","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.05.003_bb0326","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-019-01737-z","article-title":"The role of aberrations in the Immune-Inflammatory Response System (IRS) and the Compensatory Immune-Regulatory Reflex System (CIRS) in different phenotypes of schizophrenia: the IRS-CIRS theory of schizophrenia","volume":"57","author":"Roomruangwong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.05.003_bb0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1076\/jcen.25.7.949.16482","article-title":"Organizational and visual memory deficits in schizophrenia and bipolar psychoses using the Rey-Osterrieth complex figure: effects of duration of illness","volume":"25","author":"Seidman","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.05.003_bb0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.2174\/1871527317666181119115532","article-title":"A new schizophrenia model: immune activation is associated with induction of different neurotoxic products which together determine memory impairments and schizophrenia symptom dimensions","volume":"18","author":"Sirivichayakul","year":"2019","journal-title":"CNS Neurol. Disord. Drug Targets."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.05.003_bb0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1007\/s12640-018-9937-8","volume":"35","author":"Sirivichayakul","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurotox. Res."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.05.003_bb0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1492","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.157.9.1492","article-title":"Clarifying the relationship between unexplained chronic fatigue and psychiatric morbidity: results from a community survey in Great Britain","volume":"157","author":"Skapinakis","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.05.003_bb0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1159\/000448957","article-title":"Gut microbiota, bacterial translocation, and interactions with diet: pathophysiological links between major depressive disorder and non-communicable medical comorbidities","volume":"86","author":"Slyepchenko","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychother. Psychosom."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.05.003_bb0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-9877(95)90062-4","article-title":"The macrophage-T-lymphocyte theory of schizophrenia: additional evidence","volume":"45","author":"Smith","year":"1995","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.05.003_bb0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2753.2012.01844.x","article-title":"The challenge of psychiatric nosology and diagnosis","volume":"18","author":"Stoyanov","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Eval. Clin. Practice"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.05.003_bb0370","series-title":"New Developments in Clinical Psychology Research","first-page":"195","article-title":"The translational validation as novel approach to integration of neuroscience and psychiatry","author":"Stoyanov","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.05.003_bb0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"s21","DOI":"10.1097\/00004850-199803003-00004","article-title":"The role of negative symptoms and cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia outcome","volume":"13","author":"Tamminga","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int. Clin. Psychopharmacol."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.05.003_bb0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0138357","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0138357","article-title":"Neurocognitive impairments in deficit and non-deficit schizophrenia and their relationships with symptom dimensions and other clinical variables","volume":"10","author":"Yu","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.05.003_bb0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3999(01)00315-4","article-title":"A rating scale for fibromyalgia and chronic fatigue syndrome (the FibroFatigue scale)","volume":"52","author":"Zachrisson","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Psychosom. Res."}],"container-title":["Schizophrenia Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0920996420302553?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0920996420302553?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T19:42:39Z","timestamp":1760298159000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0920996420302553"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]},"references-count":77,"alternative-id":["S0920996420302553"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.schres.2020.05.003","relation":{},"ISSN":["0920-9964"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0920-9964","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Chronic fatigue and fibromyalgia symptoms are key components of deficit schizophrenia and are strongly associated with activated immune-inflammatory pathways","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Schizophrenia Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.schres.2020.05.003","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}