{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T23:04:45Z","timestamp":1790723085752,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":114,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]],"date-time":"2020-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598918400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]],"date-time":"2020-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598918400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Schizophrenia Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.09.003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,18]],"date-time":"2020-09-18T09:25:36Z","timestamp":1600421136000},"page":"29-42","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":77,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Evidence for altered energy metabolism, increased lactate, and decreased pH in schizophrenia brain: A focused review and meta-analysis of human postmortem and magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"223","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9760-1635","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brandon S.","family":"Pruett","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James H.","family":"Meador-Woodruff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.09.003_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2013.08.011","article-title":"White matter metabolism differentiates schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: a preliminary PET study","volume":"214","author":"Altamura","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"issue":"9067","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.09.003_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1730","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)08258-X","article-title":"Hypofrontality in schizophrenia: distributed dysfunctional circuits in neuroleptic-naive patients","volume":"349","author":"Andreasen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.09.003_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1007\/s10522-017-9692-x","article-title":"A disease with a sweet tooth: exploring the Warburg effect in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"18","author":"Atlante","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biogerontology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.09.003_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/S0197-0186(02)00061-X","article-title":"Evidence that acidosis alters the high-affinity dopamine uptake in rat striatal slices and synaptosomes by different mechanisms partially related to oxidative damage","volume":"42","author":"Barrier","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.09.003_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2009.01.017","article-title":"Metabolic abnormalities in fronto-striatal-thalamic white matter tracts in schizophrenia","volume":"109","author":"Beasley","year":"2009","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.09.003_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1007\/s10561-010-9210-8","article-title":"Postmortem interval effect on RNA and gene expression in human brain tissue","volume":"12","author":"Birdsill","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Bank."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.09.003_bb0035","series-title":"Effect Sizes Based on Means, Introduction to Meta-Analysis","first-page":"21","author":"Borenstein","year":"2009"},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.09.003_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2007.07.018","article-title":"Obstetric conditions and risk of first admission with schizophrenia: a Danish national register based study","volume":"97","author":"Byrne","year":"2007","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.09.003_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(92)90139-Q","article-title":"31Phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the temporal lobes in schizophrenia","volume":"32","author":"Calabrese","year":"1992","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.09.003_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.159.7.1080","article-title":"Obstetric complications and schizophrenia: historical and meta-analytic review","volume":"159","author":"Cannon","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.09.003_bb0055","first-page":"935","article-title":"Prefrontal and temporal blood flow in schizophrenia: resting and activation technetium-99m-HMPAO SPECT patterns in young neuroleptic-naive patients with acute disease","volume":"35","author":"Catafau","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.09.003_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbrainres.2005.04.017","article-title":"A microarray study of post-mortem mRNA degradation in mouse brain tissue","volume":"138","author":"Catts","year":"2005","journal-title":"Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.09.003_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sby058","article-title":"Global epidemiology and burden of schizophrenia: findings from the global burden of disease study 2016","volume":"44","author":"Charlson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.09.003_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2017.02.024","article-title":"Brain bioenergetics and redox state measured by (31)P magnetic resonance spectroscopy in unaffected siblings of patients with psychotic disorders","volume":"187","author":"Chouinard","year":"2017","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.09.003_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdevneu.2010.08.007","article-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction and pathology in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia","volume":"29","author":"Clay","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Dev. Neurosci."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.09.003_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.15m10278","article-title":"The economic burden of schizophrenia in the United States in 2013","volume":"77","author":"Cloutier","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiat."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.09.003_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20204","article-title":"Effects of antipsychotics, antidepressants and mood stabilizers on risk for physical diseases in people with schizophrenia, depression and bipolar disorder","volume":"14","author":"Correll","year":"2015","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.09.003_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2018.08.006","article-title":"Antioxidant defense in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: a meta-analysis of MRS studies of anterior cingulate glutathione","volume":"91","author":"Das","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prog. Neuro-Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.09.003_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e949","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2016.226","article-title":"Evidence for impaired glucose metabolism in the striatum, obtained postmortem, from some subjects with schizophrenia","volume":"6","author":"Dean","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.09.003_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(94)90613-0","article-title":"31phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the frontal and parietal lobes in chronic schizophrenia","volume":"36","author":"Deicken","year":"1994","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.09.003_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.152.1.126","article-title":"Basal ganglia phosphorous metabolism in chronic schizophrenia","volume":"152","author":"Deicken","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.09.003_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(94)00372-A","article-title":"Asymmetry of temporal lobe phosphorous metabolism in schizophrenia: a 31phosphorous magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging study","volume":"38","author":"Deicken","year":"1995","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.09.003_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1681","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-018-0041-9","article-title":"Brain lactate and pH in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: a systematic review of findings from magnetic resonance studies","volume":"43","author":"Dogan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.09.003_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2013.2287","article-title":"In vivo evidence for cerebral bioenergetic abnormalities in schizophrenia measured using 31P magnetization transfer spectroscopy","volume":"71","author":"Du","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiat."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.09.003_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00043.2017","article-title":"Gestational hypoxia and developmental plasticity","volume":"98","author":"Ducsay","year":"2018","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.09.003_bb0130","first-page":"1","article-title":"Guidelines for calculating effect sizes for practice-based research syntheses","volume":"3","author":"Dunst","year":"2004","journal-title":"Centerscope"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.09.003_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1097\/YCO.0000000000000054","article-title":"Oxidative stress and schizophrenia: recent breakthroughs from an old story","volume":"27","author":"Emiliani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Psychiat."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.09.003_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2010.06.031","article-title":"The neuroproteomics of schizophrenia","volume":"69","author":"English","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.09.003_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1997.tb09904.x","article-title":"Psychopathological and SPECT findings in never-treated schizophrenia","volume":"96","author":"Erkwoh","year":"1997","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr. Scand."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.09.003_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022809716834","article-title":"Effect of low pH on glutamate uptake and release in isolated presynaptic endings from rat brain","volume":"28","author":"Fedorovich","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.09.003_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2016.11.011","article-title":"Metabolic profile alterations in the postmortem brains of patients with schizophrenia using capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry","volume":"183","author":"Fujii","year":"2017","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.09.003_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1992.tb03297.x","article-title":"Study of chronic schizophrenics using 31P magnetic resonance chemical shift imaging","volume":"86","author":"Fujimoto","year":"1992","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr. Scand."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.09.003_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0101652","article-title":"Quantitative analyses of schizophrenia-associated metabolites in serum: serum D-lactate levels are negatively correlated with gamma-glutamylcysteine in medicated schizophrenia patients","volume":"9","author":"Fukushima","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.09.003_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1017\/S1461145710000805","article-title":"Decreased levels of glutathione, the major brain antioxidant, in post-mortem prefrontal cortex from patients with psychiatric disorders","volume":"14","author":"Gawryluk","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.09.003_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.137.3.8603600","article-title":"The effects of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1, IGF-2, and des-IGF-1 on neuronal loss after hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in adult rats: evidence for a role for IGF binding proteins","volume":"137","author":"Guan","year":"1996","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.09.003_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2017.167","article-title":"Decreased brain pH as a shared endophenotype of psychiatric disorders","volume":"43","author":"Hagihara","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.09.003_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2007.11.017","article-title":"Increased lactate levels and reduced pH in postmortem brains of schizophrenics: medication confounds","volume":"169","author":"Halim","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Methods"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.09.003_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(95)12102-A","article-title":"The relative importance of premortem acidosis and postmortem interval for human brain gene expression studies: selective mRNA vulnerability and comparison with their encoded proteins","volume":"200","author":"Harrison","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.09.003_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1510","DOI":"10.1111\/cas.13990","article-title":"Hypoxia\/pseudohypoxia-mediated activation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha in cancer","volume":"110","author":"Hayashi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Sci."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.09.003_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2010.71","article-title":"Impaired glycolytic response in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of first-onset antipsychotic-naive schizophrenia patients","volume":"16","author":"Herberth","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.09.003_bb0205","series-title":"Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 6.0. Cochrane","article-title":"Choosing effect measures and computing estimates of effect","author":"Higgins","year":"2019"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.09.003_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1002\/hup.2517","article-title":"The effects of pioglitazone adjuvant therapy on negative symptoms of patients with chronic schizophrenia: a double-blind and placebo-controlled trial","volume":"31","author":"Iranpour","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hum. Psychopharmacol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.09.003_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddi022","article-title":"Altered expression of mitochondria-related genes in postmortem brains of patients with bipolar disorder or schizophrenia, as revealed by large-scale DNA microarray analysis","volume":"14","author":"Iwamoto","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.09.003_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0270(97)00115-5","article-title":"Multivariate analysis of RNA levels from postmortem human brains as measured by three different methods of RT-PCR","volume":"77","author":"Johnston","year":"1997","journal-title":"Stanley Neuropathol. Consortium. J Neurosci. Methods"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.09.003_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-018-0123-9","article-title":"DISC1 regulates lactate metabolism in astrocytes: implications for psychiatric disorders","volume":"8","author":"Jouroukhin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.09.003_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/0925-4927(95)02752-J","article-title":"Lateralized abnormality of high-energy phosphate and bilateral reduction of phosphomonoester measured by phosphorus-31 magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the frontal lobes in schizophrenia","volume":"61","author":"Kato","year":"1995","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.09.003_bb0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2015.06.022","article-title":"Implications for reactive oxygen species in schizophrenia pathogenesis","volume":"176","author":"Koga","year":"2016","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"issue":"Suppl. 47","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.09.003_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S64","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.184.47.s64","article-title":"Diabetes mellitus and schizophrenia: historical perspective","author":"Kohen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.09.003_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1111\/pcn.12671","article-title":"Lactate in bipolar disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"72","author":"Kuang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.09.003_bb0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddh065","article-title":"Systematic changes in gene expression in postmortem human brains associated with tissue pH and terminal medical conditions","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.09.003_bb0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1576","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3973","article-title":"Genome-wide association analysis identifies 30 new susceptibility loci for schizophrenia","volume":"49","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.09.003_bb0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2018.07.037","article-title":"Glucose and insulin-related traits, type 2 diabetes and risk of schizophrenia: a mendelian randomization study","volume":"34","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.09.003_bb0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibs.2015.12.001","article-title":"The Warburg effect: how does it benefit cancer cells?","volume":"41","author":"Liberti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Biochem. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.09.003_bb0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2014.11.001","article-title":"Epigenetic programming of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy in response to fetal hypoxia","volume":"124","author":"Ma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.09.003_bb0275","first-page":"1","article-title":"Synaptic proteome alterations in the primary auditory cortex of individuals with schizophrenia","author":"MacDonald","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiat."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.09.003_bb0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.03.035","article-title":"A cellular perspective on brain energy metabolism and functional imaging","volume":"86","author":"Magistretti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.09.003_bb0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-015-1307-x","article-title":"Hypoxia, cancer metabolism and the therapeutic benefit of targeting lactate\/H(+) symporters","volume":"94","author":"Marchiq","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mol. Med. (Berl)"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.09.003_bb0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2006.05.043","article-title":"Brain pH has a significant impact on human postmortem hippocampal gene expression profiles","volume":"1106","author":"Mexal","year":"2006","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.09.003_bb0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1492(199605)9:3<121::AID-NBM409>3.0.CO;2-F","article-title":"Metabolic alterations in brain autopsies: proton NMR identification of free glycerol","volume":"9","author":"Michaelis","year":"1996","journal-title":"NMR Biomed."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.09.003_bb0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2718","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.22-07-02718.2002","article-title":"Gene expression profiling reveals alterations of specific metabolic pathways in schizophrenia","volume":"22","author":"Middleton","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.09.003_bb0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbr148","article-title":"Prevalence of metabolic syndrome and metabolic abnormalities in schizophrenia and related disorders\u2014a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"39","author":"Mitchell","year":"2013","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.09.003_bb0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2990.2008.01003a.x","article-title":"pH measurement as quality control on human post mortem brain tissue: a study of the BrainNet Europe consortium","volume":"35","author":"Monoranu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol."},{"issue":"38","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.09.003_bb0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23240","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M115.672360","article-title":"Mitochondrial citrate transporter-dependent metabolic signature in the 22q11.2 deletion syndrome","volume":"290","author":"Napoli","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.09.003_bb0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0028427","article-title":"Lactate produced by glycogenolysis in astrocytes regulates memory processing","volume":"6","author":"Newman","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.09.003_bb0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(91)90256-L","article-title":"Initial investigation of the left temporoparietal region in schizophrenia by 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy","volume":"29","author":"O\u2019Callaghan","year":"1991","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.09.003_bb0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1172","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2015.1737","article-title":"Premature mortality among adults with schizophrenia in the United States","volume":"72","author":"Olfson","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiat."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.09.003_bb0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1186\/s13148-019-0674-5","article-title":"Prenatal adverse environment is associated with epigenetic age deceleration at birth and hypomethylation at the hypoxia-responsive EP300 gene","volume":"11","author":"Palma-Gudiel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Epigenetics"},{"issue":"4\u20135","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.09.003_bb0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1159\/000017324","article-title":"Evidence supporting the existence of an activity-dependent astrocyte-neuron lactate shuttle","volume":"20","author":"Pellerin","year":"1998","journal-title":"Dev. Neurosci."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.09.003_bb0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4002098","article-title":"Prominent synaptic and metabolic abnormalities revealed by proteomic analysis of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder","volume":"13","author":"Pennington","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.09.003_bb0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.35.6.781","article-title":"Cerebral intracellular pH by 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy","volume":"35","author":"Petroff","year":"1985","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.09.003_bb0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/0730-725X(88)90443-2","article-title":"Considerations for brain pH assessment by 31P NMR","volume":"6","author":"Pettegrew","year":"1988","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Imaging"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.09.003_bb0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1991.01810300075011","article-title":"Alterations in brain high-energy phosphate and membrane phospholipid metabolism in first-episode, drug-naive schizophrenics. A pilot study of the dorsal prefrontal cortex by in vivo phosphorus 31 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy","volume":"48","author":"Pettegrew","year":"1991","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.09.003_bb0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2016.3803","article-title":"Impaired glucose homeostasis in first-episode schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"74","author":"Pillinger","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiat."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.09.003_bb0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4001511","article-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction in schizophrenia: evidence for compromised brain metabolism and oxidative stress","volume":"9","author":"Prabakaran","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.09.003_bb0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-328X(03)00337-1","article-title":"Quantifying mRNA in postmortem human brain: influence of gender, age at death, postmortem interval, brain pH, agonal state and inter-lobe mRNA variance","volume":"118","author":"Preece","year":"2003","journal-title":"Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.09.003_bb0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2019.03.004","article-title":"Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia: relationship to mitochondrial impairment","volume":"112","author":"Puthumana","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"issue":"1373","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.09.003_bb0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1996.0156","article-title":"Is pH a biochemical marker of IQ?","volume":"263","author":"Rae","year":"1996","journal-title":"Proc. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.09.003_bb0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2014.11.005","article-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction in schizophrenia: pathways, mechanisms and implications","volume":"48","author":"Rajasekaran","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.09.003_bb0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4001517","article-title":"Post-mortem evidence from human brain tissue of disturbed glucose metabolism in mood and psychotic disorders","volume":"9","author":"Regenold","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.09.003_bb0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2008.11.010","article-title":"Elevated cerebrospinal fluid lactate concentrations in patients with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia: implications for the mitochondrial dysfunction hypothesis","volume":"65","author":"Regenold","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.09.003_bb0405","series-title":"(RevMan) [Computer Program]","author":"Review Manager","year":"2014"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.09.003_bb0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1492(199912)12:8<483::AID-NBM589>3.0.CO;2-D","article-title":"Frontal lobe in vivo (31)P-MRS reveals gender differences in healthy controls, not in schizophrenics","volume":"12","author":"Riehemann","year":"1999","journal-title":"NMR Biomed."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.09.003_bb0415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4927(02)00007-0","article-title":"Do neuroleptics alter the cerebral intracellular pH value in schizophrenics?\u2014a 31P-MRS study on three different patient groups","volume":"114","author":"Riehemann","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res. Neuroimaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.09.003_bb0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2017.01.056","article-title":"Postmortem studies on mitochondria in schizophrenia","volume":"187","author":"Roberts","year":"2017","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"issue":"5907","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.09.003_bb0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1551","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1164022","article-title":"Astroglial metabolic networks sustain hippocampal synaptic transmission","volume":"322","author":"Rouach","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.09.003_bb0430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e967","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2016.239","article-title":"Elevated brain lactate in schizophrenia: a 7 T magnetic resonance spectroscopy study","volume":"6","author":"Rowland","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.09.003_bb0435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1781(94)90095-7","article-title":"Regional cerebral blood flow distribution in newly diagnosed schizophrenia and schizophreniform disorder","volume":"53","author":"Rubin","year":"1994","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.09.003_bb0440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e141","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0020141","article-title":"A systematic review of the prevalence of schizophrenia","volume":"2","author":"Saha","year":"2005","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.09.003_bb0445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2006.02.022","article-title":"Gene regulation by hypoxia and the neurodevelopmental origin of schizophrenia","volume":"84","author":"Schmidt-Kastner","year":"2006","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.09.003_bb0450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1194","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2011.183","article-title":"An environmental analysis of genes associated with schizophrenia: hypoxia and vascular factors as interacting elements in the neurodevelopmental model","volume":"17","author":"Schmidt-Kastner","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.09.003_bb0455","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/0925-4927(94)90016-7","article-title":"Correlations of phosphomonoesters measured by phosphorus-31 magnetic resonance spectroscopy in the frontal lobes and negative symptoms in schizophrenia","volume":"55","author":"Shioiri","year":"1994","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.09.003_bb0460","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4927(97)00064-4","article-title":"Multiple regression analysis of relationship between frontal lobe phosphorus metabolism and clinical symptoms in patients with schizophrenia","volume":"76","author":"Shioiri","year":"1997","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.09.003_bb0465","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2004.03524.x","article-title":"In vivo 31P NMR spectroscopy shows an increase in glycerophosphorylcholine concentration without alterations in mitochondrial function in the prefrontal cortex of medicated schizophrenic patients at rest","volume":"20","author":"Shirayama","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.09.003_bb0470","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2012.10.023","article-title":"Effects of pioglitazone on metabolic abnormalities, psychopathology, and cognitive function in schizophrenic patients treated with antipsychotic medication: a randomized double-blind study","volume":"143","author":"Smith","year":"2013","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.09.003_bb0475","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2006.00947.x","article-title":"Negative symptoms of schizophrenia: a problem that will not go away","volume":"115","author":"Stahl","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr. Scand."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.09.003_bb0480","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1995.03950170073010","article-title":"An in vivo study of the prefrontal cortex of schizophrenic patients at different stages of illness via phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy","volume":"52","author":"Stanley","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.09.003_bb0485","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2017.10.014","article-title":"Defects in bioenergetic coupling in schizophrenia","volume":"83","author":"Sullivan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.09.003_bb0490","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-018-0035-3","article-title":"Neuron-specific deficits of bioenergetic processes in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia","volume":"24","author":"Sullivan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.09.003_bb0495","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5087","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-41572-9","article-title":"Measurement of lactate levels in postmortem brain, iPSCs, and animal models of schizophrenia","volume":"9","author":"Sullivan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.09.003_bb0500","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4492","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-018-1390-4","article-title":"Connectivity analyses of bioenergetic changes in schizophrenia: identification of novel treatments","volume":"56","author":"Sullivan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.09.003_bb0505","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2011.02.018","article-title":"Astrocyte-neuron lactate transport is required for long-term memory formation","volume":"144","author":"Suzuki","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.09.003_bb0510","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2009.03.005","article-title":"Schizophrenia, \u201cjust the facts\u201d 4. Clinical features and conceptualization","volume":"110","author":"Tandon","year":"2009","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.09.003_bb0515","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2003.10.013","article-title":"Effect of agonal and postmortem factors on gene expression profile: quality control in microarray analyses of postmortem human brain","volume":"55","author":"Tomita","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.09.003_bb0520","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.03.070","article-title":"Increased blood lactate levels during exercise and mitochondrial DNA alterations converge on mitochondrial dysfunction in schizophrenia","volume":"220","author":"Valiente-Palleja","year":"2020","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.09.003_bb0525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13041-017-0343-6","article-title":"Warburg effect hypothesis in autism Spectrum disorders","volume":"11","author":"Vallee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Brain"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.09.003_bb0530","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4001830","article-title":"Mitochondrial-related gene expression changes are sensitive to agonal-pH state: implications for brain disorders","volume":"11","author":"Vawter","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.09.003_bb0535","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(96)00062-5","article-title":"31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of schizophrenics with a volume selective technique\u2014preliminary findings","volume":"41","author":"Volz","year":"1997","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.09.003_bb0540","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4927(97)00047-4","article-title":"Decreased energy demanding processes in the frontal lobes of schizophrenics due to neuroleptics? A 31P-magneto-resonance spectroscopic study","volume":"76","author":"Volz","year":"1997","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.09.003_bb0545","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(98)00061-4","article-title":"31Phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the dorsolateral prefrontal region in schizophrenics\u2014a study including 50 patients and 36 controls","volume":"44","author":"Volz","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.09.003_bb0550","article-title":"The astrocyte: powerhouse and recycling center","volume":"7","author":"Weber","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.09.003_bb0555","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1991.01810300090013","article-title":"Localized phosphorus 31 magnetic resonance spectroscopy in chronic schizophrenic patients and normal controls","volume":"48","author":"Williamson","year":"1991","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.09.003_bb0560","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5433","DOI":"10.1021\/pr2006796","article-title":"Metabolomic profiling to identify potential serum biomarkers for schizophrenia and risperidone action","volume":"10","author":"Xuan","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Proteome Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.09.003_bb0565","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.24869\/psyd.2020.46","article-title":"A meta-analysis of abnormal glucose metabolism in first-episode drug-naive schizophrenia","volume":"32","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Danub."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.09.003_bb0570","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.157.2.196","article-title":"Hypoxic-ischemia-related fetal\/neonatal complications and risk of schizophrenia and other nonaffective psychoses: a 19-year longitudinal study","volume":"157","author":"Zornberg","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["Schizophrenia Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S092099642030459X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S092099642030459X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T19:37:28Z","timestamp":1760297848000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S092099642030459X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]},"references-count":114,"alternative-id":["S092099642030459X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.schres.2020.09.003","relation":{},"ISSN":["0920-9964"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0920-9964","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Evidence for altered energy metabolism, increased lactate, and decreased pH in schizophrenia brain: A focused review and meta-analysis of human postmortem and magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Schizophrenia Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.schres.2020.09.003","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}