{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T15:49:10Z","timestamp":1777391350107,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002947","name":"Anhui Medical University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023xkj115"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023xkj115"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002947","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Schizophrenia Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2025.09.005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,6]],"date-time":"2025-09-06T16:24:05Z","timestamp":1757175845000},"page":"30-38","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Social isolation and its influencing factors among family caregivers of individuals with schizophrenia: A social-ecological systems theory perspective"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"285","author":[{"given":"Min","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dexiu","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ailing","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hua","family":"Qian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yifeng","family":"Hao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yajie","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lina","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chenxia","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ningning","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2025.09.005_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-017-1516-7","article-title":"Community-based psychosocial interventions for people with schizophrenia in low and middle-income countries: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"17","author":"Asher","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2025.09.005_bb0010","series-title":"The Ecology of Human Development: Experiments by Nature and Design","author":"Bronfenbrenner","year":"1979"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2025.09.005_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0201612","article-title":"Validation of an abbreviated version of the Lubben Social Network Scale (\u201cLSNS-6\u201d) and its associations with suicidality among older adults in China","volume":"13","author":"Chang","year":"2018","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2025.09.005_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph191911885","article-title":"Multidimensional factors affecting successful aging among empty-nesters in China based on social-ecological system theory","volume":"19","author":"Chang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2025.09.005_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1177\/00207640211006737","article-title":"Quality of life of family primary caregivers of individuals with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia in south of Brazil","volume":"68","author":"Cohen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Soc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2025.09.005_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.1.1.16","article-title":"The robustness of test statistics to nonnormality and specification error in confirmatory factor analysis","volume":"1","author":"Curran","year":"1996","journal-title":"Psychol. Methods"},{"issue":"9596","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2025.09.005_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61602-X","article-title":"The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies","volume":"370","author":"von Elm","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2025.09.005_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.3758\/BRM.41.4.1149","article-title":"Statistical power analyses using G*Power 3.1: tests for correlation and regression analyses","volume":"41","author":"Faul","year":"2009","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2025.09.005_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1920","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-023-02003-4","article-title":"Self-stigma in schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 37 studies from 25 high- and low-to-middle income countries","volume":"28","author":"Fond","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2025.09.005_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-021-02602-2","article-title":"Social isolation, social support and loneliness as predictors of cardiovascular disease incidence and mortality","volume":"21","author":"Freak-Poli","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2025.09.005_bb0055","article-title":"Improving care for deinstitutionalized people with mental disorders: experiences of the use of knowledge translation tools","volume":"12","author":"Fulone","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Psych."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2025.09.005_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1111\/jpm.12571","article-title":"Internalized stigma and its correlates among family caregivers of patients diagnosed with schizophrenia in Changsha, Hunan, China","volume":"27","author":"Guan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Ment. Health Nurs."},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2025.09.005_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1002\/ajcp.12698","article-title":"Social isolation and loneliness in family caregivers of people with severe mental illness: a scoping review","volume":"72","author":"Guan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Community Psychol."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2025.09.005_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aprim.2023.102679","article-title":"Associated factors of health-promoting lifestyle of the elderly based on the theory of social ecosystem","volume":"55","author":"Han","year":"2023","journal-title":"Aten. Primaria"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2025.09.005_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1007\/s10597-015-9848-6","article-title":"Quality of life and social isolation among caregivers of adults with schizophrenia: policy and outcomes","volume":"51","author":"Hayes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Community Ment. Health J."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2025.09.005_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp2208029","article-title":"Social isolation and loneliness as medical issues","volume":"388","author":"Holt-Lunstad","year":"2023","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2025.09.005_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2021.07.012","article-title":"Social isolation: an underappreciated determinant of physical health","volume":"43","author":"Holt-Lunstad","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Psychol."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2025.09.005_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2745","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-020-02518-1","article-title":"Caregiver burden and health-related quality of life among primary family caregivers of individuals with schizophrenia: a cross-sectional study","volume":"29","author":"Hsiao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Qual. Life Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2025.09.005_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1111\/pcn.12941","article-title":"Community transition at younger ages contributes to good cognitive function outcomes in long-term hospitalized patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorder: a 15-year follow-up study with group-based trajectory modeling","volume":"74","author":"Kida","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2025.09.005_bb0100","article-title":"Knowledge of mental illness and its associations among caregivers of patients with schizophrenia","volume":"16","author":"Kochhar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2025.09.005_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0217581","article-title":"The burden of care and the understanding of disease in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"14","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2025.09.005_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1177\/14713012211056288","article-title":"Themes describing social isolation in family caregivers of people living with dementia: a scoping review","volume":"21","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dementia (London)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2025.09.005_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.979136","article-title":"Factors affecting social isolation among the young adults in South Korea: a cross-sectional analysis","volume":"10","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2025.09.005_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbaa197","article-title":"Social isolation among spousal and adult-child caregivers: findings from the Canadian longitudinal study on aging","volume":"76","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. B Psychol. Sci. Soc. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2025.09.005_bb0125","article-title":"Associations between relapses and psychosocial outcomes in patients with schizophrenia in real-world settings in the United States","volume":"12","author":"Lin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Psych."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2025.09.005_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.schbul.a007098","article-title":"Measuring mental illness stigma","volume":"30","author":"Link","year":"2004","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2025.09.005_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/46.4.503","article-title":"Performance of an abbreviated version of the Lubben Social Network Scale among three European community-dwelling older adult populations","volume":"46","author":"Lubben","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gerontologist"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2025.09.005_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-7841-7","article-title":"Social engagement pattern, health behaviors and subjective well-being of older adults: an international perspective using WHO-SAGE survey data","volume":"20","author":"Luo","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2025.09.005_bb0145","article-title":"Moving psychiatric deinstitutionalization forward: a scoping review of barriers and facilitators","volume":"10","author":"Montenegro","year":"2023","journal-title":"Glob. Ment. Health. (Camb.)"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2025.09.005_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-022-00794-9","article-title":"Family caregiving and chronic illness management in schizophrenia: positive and negative aspects of caregiving","volume":"10","author":"Peng","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Psychol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2025.09.005_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19031862","article-title":"Disease-related risk factors for caregiver burden among family caregivers of persons with schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"19","author":"Peng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2025.09.005_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e6175","DOI":"10.1111\/hsc.14054","article-title":"Social isolation and health among family caregivers of older adults: less community participation may indicate poor self-reported health","volume":"30","author":"Pohl","year":"2022","journal-title":"Health Soc. Care Community"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2025.09.005_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbaf101","article-title":"The epidemiology of social isolation and loneliness among family and unpaid caregivers of older adults: findings from the National Study of Caregiving","volume":"80","author":"Qian","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. B Psychol. Sci. Soc. Sci."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2025.09.005_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1995","DOI":"10.1002\/nop2.1205","article-title":"Caregiver burden and the associated factors in the family caregivers of patients with schizophrenia","volume":"9","author":"Rahmani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nurs. Open"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2025.09.005_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1959","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-021-02174-x","article-title":"Social factors and the prevalence of social isolation in a population-based adult cohort","volume":"57","author":"R\u00f6hr","year":"2022","journal-title":"Soc. Psychiatry Psychiatr. Epidemiol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2025.09.005_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e164","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000200583","article-title":"Associations of social isolation and loneliness with later dementia","volume":"99","author":"Shen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2025.09.005_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5319","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-023-02138-4","article-title":"Incidence, prevalence, and global burden of schizophrenia - data, with critical appraisal, from the global burden of disease (GBD) 2019","volume":"28","author":"Solmi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2025.09.005_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/S1092852924000622","article-title":"What is schizophrenia - symptomatology","volume":"30","author":"Striebel","year":"2024","journal-title":"CNS Spectr."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2025.09.005_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahr.2021.100029","article-title":"Approaches to enhance social connection in older adults: an integrative review of literature","volume":"1","author":"Suragarn","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aging Health Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2025.09.005_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rpsm.2020.01.001","article-title":"Schizophrenia in ICD-11: comparison of ICD-10 and DSM-5","volume":"13","author":"Valle","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev. Psiquiatr. Salud. Ment. (Engl. Ed.)"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2025.09.005_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-023-01617-6","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of 90 cohort studies of social isolation, loneliness and mortality","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Hum. Behav."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2025.09.005_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1177\/00207640231152206","article-title":"Affiliate stigma and caregiving burden among family caregivers of persons with schizophrenia in rural China","volume":"69","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Soc. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2025.09.005_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/nhs.70137","article-title":"Exploring social isolation among patients with colorectal cancer and their spousal caregivers in China: an actor-partner interdependence model","volume":"27","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nurs. Health Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2025.09.005_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-12-37","article-title":"Quality of life of Chinese urban community residents: a psychometric study of the mainland Chinese version of the WHOQOL-BREF","volume":"12","author":"Xia","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Med. Res. Methodol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2025.09.005_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1007\/s11126-023-10029-8","article-title":"Effectiveness of community-based rehabilitation interventions on symptoms and functioning for people with schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"94","author":"Ye","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychiatry Q."},{"issue":"01","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2025.09.005_bb0230","first-page":"63","article-title":"Reliability and validity of the Chinese-version of the perceived devaluation-discrimination scale in community population","volume":"28","author":"Yin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chin. Ment. Health J."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2025.09.005_bb0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-024-02753-8","article-title":"Sequential mediation model of social support, care burden, and internalized stigma among family function and depression in caregivers of patients with schizophrenia: evidence from a cross-sectional study in Southwest China","volume":"60","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Soc. Psychiatry Psychiatr. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2025.09.005_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2024.1402159","article-title":"The impact of care-recipient relationship type on mental health burden of caregivers for schizophrenia patients: evidence from Beijing, China","volume":"15","author":"Zhu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."}],"container-title":["Schizophrenia Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0920996425003159?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0920996425003159?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T18:25:55Z","timestamp":1762539955000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0920996425003159"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"references-count":48,"alternative-id":["S0920996425003159"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.schres.2025.09.005","relation":{},"ISSN":["0920-9964"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0920-9964","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Social isolation and its influencing factors among family caregivers of individuals with schizophrenia: A social-ecological systems theory perspective","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Schizophrenia Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.schres.2025.09.005","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}