{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T21:44:47Z","timestamp":1784065487405,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100020595","name":"National Science and Technology Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NSTC 113-2314-B-006-073-"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSTC 113-2314-B-006-073-"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100020595","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Schizophrenia Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2025.11.002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]],"date-time":"2025-11-19T15:26:16Z","timestamp":1763565976000},"page":"16-20","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Assessing plasma and brain glutamate in treatment resistant and non-resistant schizophrenia: a peripheral-central disconnect"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"287","author":[{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Abdullah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shih-Hsien","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li-Chung","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yen Kuang","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2025.11.002_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1515\/revneuro-2015-0010","article-title":"Magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the brain: a review of physical principles and technical methods","volume":"26","author":"Buonocore","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2025.11.002_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6460","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-022-02976-3","article-title":"Linking inflammation, aberrant glutamate-dopamine interaction, and post-synaptic changes: translational relevance for schizophrenia and antipsychotic treatment: a systematic review","volume":"59","author":"de Bartolomeis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2025.11.002_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12792","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-39881-1","article-title":"Association between increased anterior cingulate glutamate and psychotic-like experiences, but not autistic traits in healthy volunteers","volume":"13","author":"Demler","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2025.11.002_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1640","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-020-0704-x","article-title":"Early treatment response in first episode psychosis: a 7-T magnetic resonance spectroscopic study of glutathione and glutamate","volume":"25","author":"Dempster","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2025.11.002_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-023-01741-x","article-title":"Glutamatergic basis of antipsychotic response in first-episode psychosis: a dual voxel study of the anterior cingulate cortex","volume":"49","author":"Fan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2025.11.002_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E367","DOI":"10.1503\/jpn.240094","article-title":"Glutamate levels and symptom burden in high-risk and first-episode schizophrenia: a dual-voxel study of the anterior cingulate cortex","volume":"49","author":"Fan","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Psychiatry Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2025.11.002_bb0035","article-title":"Decreased free D-aspartate levels in the blood serum of patients with schizophrenia","volume":"15","author":"Garofalo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Psych."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2025.11.002_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2023.111640","article-title":"Non-linear variations in glutamate dynamics during a cognitive task engagement in schizophrenia","volume":"332","author":"Graham","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res. Neuroimaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2025.11.002_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo12050459","article-title":"Glutamate efflux across the blood\u2013brain barrier: new perspectives on the relationship between depression and the glutamatergic system","volume":"12","author":"Gruenbaum","year":"2022","journal-title":"Metabolites"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2025.11.002_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867s","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2009.27462BB","article-title":"The blood-brain barrier and glutamate","volume":"90","author":"Hawkins","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2025.11.002_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2016.16050503","article-title":"Treatment-resistant schizophrenia: treatment response and resistance in psychosis (TRRIP) working group consensus guidelines on diagnosis and terminology","volume":"174","author":"Howes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2025.11.002_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.12547","article-title":"The glutamate hypothesis of schizophrenia: evidence from human brain tissue studies","volume":"1338","author":"Hu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2025.11.002_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.110159","article-title":"The integrated model of glutamate and dopamine hypothesis for schizophrenia: prediction and personalized medicine for prevent potential treatment-resistant patients","volume":"143","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2025.11.002_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3220","DOI":"10.1017\/S003329172100533X","article-title":"Altered glutamate level and its association with working memory among patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS): a proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study","volume":"53","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2025.11.002_bb0080","article-title":"Progressive changes in glutamate concentration in early stages of schizophrenia: a longitudinal 7-tesla MRS study","volume":"2","author":"Jeon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2025.11.002_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.5071","article-title":"Precision of metabolite-selective MRS measurements of glutamate, GABA and glutathione: a review of human brain studies","volume":"37","author":"Kanagasabai","year":"2024","journal-title":"NMR Biomed."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2025.11.002_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2294","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25042294","article-title":"Association of blood metabolomics biomarkers with brain metabolites and patient-reported outcomes as a new approach in individualized diagnosis of schizophrenia","volume":"25","author":"Krzy\u015bciak","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2025.11.002_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2022.954898","article-title":"Widespread cortical thinning, excessive glutamate and impaired linguistic functioning in schizophrenia: a cluster analytic approach","volume":"16","author":"Liang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2025.11.002_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2039","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-023-01991-7","article-title":"Variability and magnitude of brain glutamate levels in schizophrenia: a meta and mega-analysis","volume":"28","author":"Merritt","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2025.11.002_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X18666201015161919","article-title":"Peripheral and central glutamate dyshomeostasis in neurodegenerative disorders","volume":"19","author":"Onaolapo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2025.11.002_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1192\/j.eurpsy.2023.2408","article-title":"Cortical morphological heterogeneity of schizophrenia and its relationship with glutamatergic receptor variations","volume":"66","author":"Ouyang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2025.11.002_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bionps.2020.100015","article-title":"Prefrontal cortical alterations of glutamate and GABA neurotransmission in schizophrenia: insights for rational biomarker development","volume":"3","author":"Schoonover","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomark Neuropsychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2025.11.002_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1139\/jpn.0645","article-title":"The relation between peripheral and central glutamate and glutamine in healthy male volunteers","volume":"31","author":"Shulman","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Psychiatry Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2025.11.002_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2021.06.008","article-title":"Medial prefrontal cortex glutamate is reduced in schizophrenia and moderated by measurement quality: a meta-analysis of proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies","volume":"90","author":"Smucny","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2025.11.002_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1159\/000364828","article-title":"Peripheral glutamate levels in schizophrenia: evidence from a meta-analysis","volume":"70","author":"Song","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuropsychobiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2025.11.002_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1649","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11071649","article-title":"Association between brain and plasma glutamine levels in healthy young subjects investigated by MRS and LC\/MS","volume":"11","author":"Takado","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2025.11.002_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9193","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23169193","article-title":"Neurospecific molecules measured in periphery in humans: how do they correlate with the brain levels? A systematic review","volume":"23","author":"Tikhonova","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2025.11.002_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2018","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-023-01969-5","article-title":"Longitudinal changes in brain metabolites in healthy controls and patients with first episode psychosis: a 7-Tesla MRS study","volume":"28","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.schres.2025.11.002_bb0150","article-title":"Relationship between blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier integrity, cardiometabolic, and inflammatory factors in schizophrenia-spectrum disorders","volume":"47","author":"Yakimov","year":"2025","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun Health"}],"container-title":["Schizophrenia Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0920996425003792?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0920996425003792?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]],"date-time":"2025-12-23T12:32:08Z","timestamp":1766493128000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0920996425003792"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":29,"alternative-id":["S0920996425003792"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.schres.2025.11.002","relation":{},"ISSN":["0920-9964"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0920-9964","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Assessing plasma and brain glutamate in treatment resistant and non-resistant schizophrenia: a peripheral-central disconnect","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Schizophrenia Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.schres.2025.11.002","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}