{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T23:03:08Z","timestamp":1790636588091,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002367","name":"CAS","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002367","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"NSFC","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Science Bulletin"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.scib.2026.08.004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T23:22:58Z","timestamp":1785885778000},"page":"4410-4415","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Probing the sound speed and clustering of dark energy"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"71","author":[{"given":"Yuhang","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingqing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel N.","family":"Saridakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi-Fu","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.scib.2026.08.004_b0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"083515","DOI":"10.1103\/tr6y-kpc6","article-title":"DESI DR2 results. II. Measurements of baryon acoustic oscillations and cosmological constraints","volume":"112","author":"Abdul Karim","year":"2025","journal-title":"Phys Rev D"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scib.2026.08.004_b0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1142\/S0218271801000822","article-title":"Accelerating universes with scaling dark matter","volume":"10","author":"Chevallier","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int J Mod Phys D"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scib.2026.08.004_b0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"091301","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.90.091301","article-title":"Exploring the expansion history of the universe","volume":"90","author":"Linder","year":"2003","journal-title":"Phys Rev Lett"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scib.2026.08.004_b0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physletb.2004.12.071","article-title":"Dark energy constraints from the cosmic age and supernova","volume":"607","author":"Feng","year":"2005","journal-title":"Phys Lett B"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scib.2026.08.004_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"047301","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevD.71.047301","article-title":"Crossing the phantom divide: dark energy internal degrees of freedom","volume":"71","author":"Hu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Phys Rev D"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scib.2026.08.004_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"083511","DOI":"10.1103\/w4c6-1r5j","article-title":"Extended dark energy analysis using DESI DR2 BAO measurements","volume":"112","author":"Lodha","year":"2025","journal-title":"Phys Rev D"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scib.2026.08.004_b0035","unstructured":"DESI Collaboration, Gu G, et al. Dynamical dark energy in light of the DESI DR2 baryonic acoustic oscillations measurements. Nat Astron 2025;9:1879\u20131889. [Erratum: Nature Astron. 9, 1898 (2025)]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scib.2026.08.004_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"050","DOI":"10.1088\/1475-7516\/2025\/08\/050","article-title":"Gaussian process reconstructions and model building of quintom dark energy from latest cosmological observations","volume":"08","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Cosmol Astropart Phys"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scib.2026.08.004_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1093\/mnras\/staf301","article-title":"Evolving dark energy or supernovae systematics?","volume":"538","author":"Efstathiou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mon Not Roy Astron Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scib.2026.08.004_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"stag632","DOI":"10.1093\/mnras\/stag632","article-title":"The dark energy survey supernova program: a reanalysis of cosmology results and evidence for evolving dark energy with an updated type ia supernova calibration","volume":"548","author":"Popovic","year":"2026","journal-title":"Mon Not Roy Astron Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scib.2026.08.004_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251003","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.133.251003","article-title":"Interacting dark energy after DESI baryon acoustic oscillation measurements","volume":"133","author":"Giar\u00e8","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phys Rev Lett"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scib.2026.08.004_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181002","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.134.181002","article-title":"Hints of nonminimally coupled gravity in DESI 2024 baryon acoustic oscillation measurements","volume":"134","author":"Ye","year":"2025","journal-title":"Phys Rev Lett"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scib.2026.08.004_b0065","unstructured":"Lu Z, Simon T, Zhang P. Preference for evolving dark energy in light of the galaxy bispectrum. arxiv:2503.04602."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scib.2026.08.004_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"023515","DOI":"10.1103\/5y21-k39n","article-title":"Interacting dark energy after DESI DR2: a challenge for \u039bCDM paradigm?","volume":"113","author":"Pan","year":"2026","journal-title":"Phys Rev D"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scib.2026.08.004_b0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181001","DOI":"10.1103\/w4qb-plk8","article-title":"Apparent w<-1 and a lower S8 from dark axion and dark baryons interactions","volume":"135","author":"Khoury","year":"2025","journal-title":"Phys Rev Lett"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scib.2026.08.004_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dark.2026.102254","article-title":"Robust evidence for dynamical dark energy in light of DESI DR2 and joint ACT, SPT, and Planck data","volume":"52","author":"Li","year":"2026","journal-title":"Phys Dark Univ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scib.2026.08.004_b0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physrep.2010.04.001","article-title":"Quintom cosmology: theoretical implications and observations","volume":"493","author":"Cai","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phys Rept"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scib.2026.08.004_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"023515","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevD.71.023515","article-title":"Can dark energy evolve to the phantom?","volume":"71","author":"Vikman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Phys Rev D"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scib.2026.08.004_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physletb.2005.01.017","article-title":"Cosmological evolution of a quintom model of dark energy","volume":"608","author":"Guo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Phys Lett B"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scib.2026.08.004_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1142\/S0217732306018469","article-title":"Two-field models of dark energy with equation of state across -1","volume":"21","author":"Zhang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mod Phys Lett A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scib.2026.08.004_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Valentino E, A. Anchordoqui L, Akarsu O, et al. Cosmology intertwined III: f\u03c38 and S8. Astropart Phys 2021;131:102604.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.astropartphys.2021.102604"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scib.2026.08.004_b0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123515","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevD.72.123515","article-title":"Perturbations of the quintom models of dark energy and the effects on observations","volume":"72","author":"Zhao","year":"2005","journal-title":"Phys Rev D"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scib.2026.08.004_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"043505","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevD.74.043505","article-title":"Can a galaxy redshift survey measure dark energy clustering?","volume":"74","author":"Takada","year":"2006","journal-title":"Phys Rev D"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scib.2026.08.004_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1142\/S0218271808012784","article-title":"Constraints on the sound speed of dynamical dark energy","volume":"17","author":"Xia","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Mod Phys D"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scib.2026.08.004_b0125","unstructured":"Basse T, Bjaelde O E, Hannestad S, et al. Confronting the sound speed of dark energy with future cluster surveys. arXiv:1205.0548."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scib.2026.08.004_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.3390\/universe8010022","article-title":"A short review on clustering dark energy","volume":"8","author":"Batista","year":"2021","journal-title":"Universe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scib.2026.08.004_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"063006","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevD.92.063006","article-title":"Using dark energy to suppress power at small scales","volume":"92","author":"Kunz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phys Rev D"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scib.2026.08.004_b0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"087303","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevD.78.087303","article-title":"Crossing the phantom divide with parameterized post-Friedmann dark energy","volume":"78","author":"Fang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Phys Rev D"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scib.2026.08.004_b0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103524","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevD.77.103524","article-title":"Parametrized post-Friedmann signatures of acceleration in the CMB","volume":"77","author":"Hu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Phys Rev D"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scib.2026.08.004_b0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"032","DOI":"10.1088\/1475-7516\/2013\/02\/032","article-title":"The effective field theory of dark energy","volume":"02","author":"Gubitosi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Cosmol Astropart Phys"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scib.2026.08.004_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"010","DOI":"10.1088\/1475-7516\/2013\/08\/010","article-title":"Dark energy or modified gravity? An effective field theory approach","volume":"08","author":"Bloomfield","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Cosmol Astropart Phys"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scib.2026.08.004_b0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"018","DOI":"10.1088\/1475-7516\/2009\/02\/018","article-title":"The effective theory of quintessence: the w<-1 side unveiled","volume":"02","author":"Creminelli","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Cosmol Astropart Phys"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scib.2026.08.004_b0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"027","DOI":"10.1088\/1475-7516\/2017\/03\/027","article-title":"On the stability conditions for theories of modified gravity in the presence of matter fields","volume":"03","author":"De Felice","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Cosmol Astropart Phys"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scib.2026.08.004_b0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A14","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/201525814","article-title":"Planck 2015 results. XIV. Dark energy and modified gravity","volume":"594","author":"Ade","year":"2016","journal-title":"Astron Astrophys"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scib.2026.08.004_b0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"026","DOI":"10.1088\/1475-7516\/2010\/10\/026","article-title":"Imperfect dark energy from kinetic gravity braiding","volume":"10","author":"Deffayet","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Cosmol Astropart Phys"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scib.2026.08.004_b0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"043502","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevD.79.043502","article-title":"Internal space structure generalization of the quintom cosmological scenario","volume":"79","author":"Chimento","year":"2009","journal-title":"Phys Rev D"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scib.2026.08.004_b0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"025","DOI":"10.1088\/1475-7516\/2013\/08\/025","article-title":"Essential building blocks of dark energy","volume":"08","author":"Gleyzes","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Cosmol Astropart Phys"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scib.2026.08.004_b0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"001","DOI":"10.1088\/1475-7516\/2018\/10\/001","article-title":"The effective field theory approach of teleparallel gravity, f(T) gravity and beyond","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Cosmol Astropart Phys"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scib.2026.08.004_b0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"050","DOI":"10.1088\/1475-7516\/2014\/07\/050","article-title":"Maximal freedom at minimum cost: linear large-scale structure in general modifications of gravity","volume":"07","author":"Bellini","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Cosmol Astropart Phys"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scib.2026.08.004_b0200","unstructured":"Hu B, Raveri M, Frusciante N, et al. EFTCAMB\/EFTCosmoMC: numerical notes v3.0. arXiv:1405.3590."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scib.2026.08.004_b0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01807638","article-title":"Second-order scalar-tensor field equations in a four-dimensional space","volume":"10","author":"Horndeski","year":"1974","journal-title":"Int J Theor Phys"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scib.2026.08.004_b0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L13","DOI":"10.3847\/2041-8213\/aa920c","article-title":"Gravitational waves and gamma-rays from a binary neutron star merger: GW170817 and GRB 170817A","volume":"848","author":"Abbott","year":"2017","journal-title":"Astrophys J Lett"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scib.2026.08.004_b0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"015009","DOI":"10.1088\/0143-0807\/36\/1\/015009","article-title":"Classical and quantum ghosts","volume":"36","author":"Sbis\u00e0","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Phys"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scib.2026.08.004_b0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"043543","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevD.70.043543","article-title":"The Phantom menaced: constraints on low-energy effective ghosts","volume":"70","author":"Cline","year":"2004","journal-title":"Phys Rev D"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scib.2026.08.004_b0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"023509","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevD.68.023509","article-title":"Can the dark energy equation-of-state parameter w be less than -1?","volume":"68","author":"Carroll","year":"2003","journal-title":"Phys Rev D"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scib.2026.08.004_b0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"064001","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevD.94.064001","article-title":"Low energy ghosts and the Jeans\u2019 instability","volume":"94","author":"G\u00fcmr\u00fck\u00e7\u00fco\u011flu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phys Rev D"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scib.2026.08.004_b0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1007\/JHEP11(2011)156","article-title":"The imperfect fluid behind kinetic gravity braiding","volume":"11","author":"Pujolas","year":"2011","journal-title":"J High Energy Astrophys"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scib.2026.08.004_b0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"059","DOI":"10.1088\/1475-7516\/2014\/08\/059","article-title":"The observational status of Galileon gravity after Planck","volume":"08","author":"Barreira","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Cosmol Astropart Phys"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scib.2026.08.004_b0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"063522","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevD.92.063522","article-title":"Nonlinear evolution of the baryon acoustic oscillation scale in alternative theories of gravity","volume":"92","author":"Bellini","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phys Rev D"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scib.2026.08.004_b0250","unstructured":"Planck Collaboration, Aghanim N, et al. Planck 2018 results. VI. Cosmological parameters. Astron Astrophys 2020;641:A6. [Erratum: Astron. Astrophys. 652, C4 (2021)]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scib.2026.08.004_b0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3406","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevD.37.3406","article-title":"Cosmological consequences of a rolling homogeneous scalar field","volume":"37","author":"Ratra","year":"1988","journal-title":"Phys Rev D"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scib.2026.08.004_b0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1016\/0550-3213(88)90193-9","article-title":"Cosmology and the fate of dilatation symmetry","volume":"302","author":"Wetterich","year":"1988","journal-title":"Nucl Phys B"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scib.2026.08.004_b0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L74","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-3933.2007.00306.x","article-title":"Information criteria for astrophysical model selection","volume":"377","author":"Liddle","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mon Not Roy Astron Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scib.2026.08.004_b0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"083517","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevD.100.083517","article-title":"Bayesian analysis of f(T) gravity using f\u03c38 data","volume":"100","author":"Anagnostopoulos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phys Rev D"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scib.2026.08.004_b0275","unstructured":"Blot L, Gayoux T, Schmidt F, et al. Cosmological hydrodynamical simulations of clustering dark energy with Nefertiti. arXiv:2603.16248."}],"container-title":["Science Bulletin"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2095927326008704?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2095927326008704?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T20:34:21Z","timestamp":1789590861000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2095927326008704"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S2095927326008704"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scib.2026.08.004","relation":{},"ISSN":["2095-9273"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2095-9273","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Probing the sound speed and clustering of dark energy","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Science Bulletin","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scib.2026.08.004","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Science China Press. Published by Elsevier B.V. and Science China Press. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}