{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T04:51:03Z","timestamp":1793422263798,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,1]],"date-time":"2019-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1551398400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,1]],"date-time":"2019-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1551398400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,1]],"date-time":"2019-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1551398400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,1]],"date-time":"2019-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1551398400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,1]],"date-time":"2019-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1551398400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,1]],"date-time":"2019-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1551398400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,1]],"date-time":"2019-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1551398400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009882","name":"Regione Lombardia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009882","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Science of The Total Environment"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.11.416","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,30]],"date-time":"2018-11-30T11:13:37Z","timestamp":1543576417000},"page":"1207-1222","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":65,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Groundwater diffuse pollution in functional urban areas: The need to define anthropogenic diffuse pollution background levels"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"656","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1065-9469","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arianna","family":"Azzellino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Loris","family":"Colombo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Lombi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valeria","family":"Marchesi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Piana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Merri","family":"Andrea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Alberti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.11.416_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pce.2010.12.004","article-title":"Characterizing soil salinity in irrigated agriculture using a remote sensing approach","author":"Abbas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Earth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.11.416_bb0010","series-title":"Computer-Aided Multivariate Analysis","first-page":"428","article-title":"Cluster analysis","author":"Afifi","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.11.416_bb0015","article-title":"Numerical modeling of regional groundwater flow in the Adda-Ticino Basin: advances and new results","volume":"41","author":"Alberti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rend. Online Soc. Geol. Ital."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.11.416_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.11.253","article-title":"Null-space Monte Carlo particle tracking to assess groundwater PCE (Tetrachloroethene) diffuse pollution in north-eastern Milan functional urban area","volume":"621","author":"Alberti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.11.416_bb0025","first-page":"27","article-title":"Model calibration using the automatic parameter estimation procedure (PEST) of the north-eastern zone of the Milan Functional Urban Area (Italy)","volume":"7","author":"Alberti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acque Sotter. - Ital. J. Groundw."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.11.416_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/10643389.2011.604259","article-title":"Groundwater pollution and quality monitoring approaches at the European level","author":"Balderacchi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.11.416_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2014.00032","article-title":"Does groundwater protection in Europe require new EU-wide environmental quality standards?","author":"Balderacchi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.11.416_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1021\/es00158a005","article-title":"Kinetics of the depletion of trichloroethene","volume":"21","author":"Barrlo-Lage","year":"1987","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.11.416_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2007.09.006","article-title":"Database development and 3D modeling of textural variations in heterogeneous, unconsolidated aquifer media: application to the Milan plain","author":"Bonomi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Comput. Geosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.11.416_bb0050","first-page":"2488","article-title":"Comparison of community similarity indexes","volume":"49","author":"Brock","year":"1977","journal-title":"Water Pollut. Control Fed."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.11.416_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2017.11.053","article-title":"Multivariate statistical analysis to characterize\/discriminate between anthropogenic and geogenic trace elements occurrence in the Campania Plain, Southern Italy","author":"Busico","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.11.416_bb0060","series-title":"Padans Aquifer Geology of the Lombardy Plain","author":"Carcano","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.11.416_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/0048-9697(95)04788-3","article-title":"Background heavy metal levels in estuarine sediments and organisms in Galicia (northwest Spain) as determined by modal analysis","author":"Carral","year":"1995","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.11.416_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1021\/es301839p","article-title":"Factors associated with sources, transport, and fate of chloroform and three other trihalomethanes in untreated groundwater used for drinking water","author":"Carter","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.11.416_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1029\/2005WR004224","article-title":"Plume persistence due to aquitard back diffusion following dense nonaqueous phase liquid source removal or isolation","author":"Chapman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.11.416_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconhyd.2012.04.006","article-title":"Testing high resolution numerical models for analysis of contaminant storage and release from low permeability zones","author":"Chapman","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Contam. Hydrol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.11.416_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tust.2018.05.007","article-title":"Stochastic modelling of groundwater flow for hazard assessment along the underground infrastructures in Milan (northern Italy)","volume":"79","author":"Colombo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Tunn. Undergr. Sp. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.11.416_bb0090","first-page":"223","article-title":"Biological remediation approach involving soils and groundwaters polluted with chlorinated solvents in a Mediterranean context","volume":"661","author":"Cort\u00e9s","year":"2011","journal-title":"Recent Adv. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.11.416_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2017.02.025","article-title":"Hydrogeochemical characterization and natural background levels in urbanized areas: Milan metropolitan area (northern Italy)","author":"De Caro","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.11.416_bb0100","first-page":"129","article-title":"Carta geotettonica della Valle d \u2019 Aosta","author":"De Giusti","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mem. Sci. Geol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.11.416_bb0105","series-title":"Natural Groundwater Quality","article-title":"Natural groundwater quality","author":"Edmunds","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.11.416_bb0110","series-title":"Nature's Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements","author":"Emsley","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.11.416_bb0115","first-page":"19","article-title":"Groundwater directive 2006\/118\/CE. Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on the Protection of Groundwater Against Pollution and Deterioration","volume":"19","author":"European Community","year":"2006","journal-title":"Off. J. Eur. Union"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.11.416_bb0120","series-title":"Indagine preliminare sull\u2019uso sostenibile delle falde profonde in provincia di Milano","author":"Francani","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.11.416_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1021\/es022466i","article-title":"In-situ treatment of chromium-contaminated groundwater","author":"Fruchter","year":"2002","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.11.416_bb0130","first-page":"207","article-title":"Some lessons from modeling ground water flow in the metropolitan area of Milano at different scales","author":"Giudici","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mem. Descr. della Cart. Geol. d'Italia LXXVI"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.11.416_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeochem.2013.10.002","article-title":"On the potential for the partial triadic analysis to grasp the spatio-temporal variability of groundwater hydrochemistry","author":"Gourdol","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Geochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.11.416_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-6584.2005.tb02287.x","article-title":"Mass and flux distributions from DNAPL zones in sandy aquifers","author":"Guilbeault","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ground Water"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.11.416_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2013.01.001","article-title":"Multiple sources of boron in urban surface waters and groundwaters","author":"Hasenmueller","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.11.416_bb0150","series-title":"Biodrainage - Principles, Experiences and Applications","author":"Heuperman","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.11.416_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2008.03.018","article-title":"European case studies supporting the derivation of natural background levels and groundwater threshold values for the protection of dependent ecosystems and human health","author":"Hinsby","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.11.416_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agwat.2006.04.007","article-title":"The agricultural impacts of irrigation induced waterlogging and soil salinity in the Arkansas Basin","volume":"85","author":"Houk","year":"2006","journal-title":"Agric. Water Manag."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.11.416_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1021\/es991178s","article-title":"Determination of compound-specific carbon isotope ratios of chlorinated methanes, ethanes, and ethenes in aqueous samples","author":"Hunkeler","year":"2000","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.11.416_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2113\/gseegeosci.21.2.75","article-title":"Sources and changes in groundwater quality with increasing urbanization, Northeastern Illinois","author":"Hwang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Eng. Geosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.11.416_bb0175","series-title":"Annual Survey on Movement and Calculation of the Resident Population","author":"ISTAT","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.11.416_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeochem.2007.11.015","article-title":"Chromium, chromium isotopes and selected trace elements, western Mojave Desert, USA","author":"Izbicki","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl. Geochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.11.416_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s00254-007-0795-6","article-title":"Major ion chemistry of groundwaters in the Damagh area, Hamadan, western Iran","author":"Jalali","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ. Geol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.11.416_bb0500","series-title":"9th International Symposium onWater\u2013Rock Interaction","first-page":"243","article-title":"Reverse ion exchange in deeply weathered porphyritic dacite fractured aquifer system, Yass, New South Wales, Australia","author":"Jankowski","year":"1998"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.11.416_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S0043-1354(99)00213-4","article-title":"Using a peat biobarrier to remediate PCE\/TCE contaminated aquifers","author":"Kao","year":"2000","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.11.416_bb0195","series-title":"An Illustrated Handbook of DNAPL Transport and Fate in the Subsurface","first-page":"133","author":"Kueper","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.11.416_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.3390\/w7031109","article-title":"Assessment of long-term evolution of groundwater hydrochemical characteristics using multiple approaches: a case study in Cangzhou, Northern China","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Water"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.11.416_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1021\/es00064a001","article-title":"Groundwater contamination: pump-and-treat remediation","author":"Mackay","year":"1989","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.11.416_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1007\/s00542-009-1006-z","article-title":"Reliability of RF MEMS switches due to charging effects and their circuital modelling","author":"Marcelli","year":"2010","journal-title":"Microsyst. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.11.416_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s002549900084","article-title":"Geochemical background - can we calculate it?","author":"Matschullat","year":"2000","journal-title":"Environ. Geol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.11.416_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-6592.2006.00054.x","article-title":"Performance of DNAPL source depletion technologies at 59 chlorinated solvent-impacted sites","author":"McGuire","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gr. Water Monit. Remediat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.11.416_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s10040-010-0614-0","article-title":"Hydrochemical system analysis of public supply well fields, to reveal water-quality patterns and define groundwater bodies: the Netherlands","author":"Mendizabal","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hydrogeol. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.11.416_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2012.03.015","article-title":"Natural background levels and threshold values of chemical species in three large-scale groundwater bodies in northern Italy","author":"Molinari","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.11.416_bb0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2013.12.125","article-title":"Assessment of natural background levels in potentially contaminated coastal aquifers","author":"Molinari","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.11.416_bb0240","series-title":"Final Report - BRIDGE (Background Criteria for the Identification of Groundwater Thresholds)","first-page":"13030","author":"Muller","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.11.416_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconhyd.2015.10.011","article-title":"Factors affecting gas migration and contaminant redistribution in heterogeneous porous media subject to electrical resistance heating","author":"Munholland","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Contam. Hydrol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.11.416_bb0250","series-title":"Chromium in the Natural and Human Environments","author":"Nriagu","year":"1988"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.11.416_bb0255","series-title":"Redefining \u201cUrban\u201d: A New Way to Measure Metropolitan Areas","first-page":"1","author":"OECD","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.11.416_bb0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2012.03.028","article-title":"Water quality sample collection, data treatment and results presentation for principal components analysis e literature review and Illinois River watershed case study","volume":"46","author":"Olsen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.11.416_bb0265","article-title":"Mechanisms of chromium toxicity, carcinogenicity and allergenicity: review of the literature from 1985 to 2000","author":"Paine","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hum. Exp. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.11.416_bb0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconhyd.2004.02.011","article-title":"Field study of TCE diffusion profiles below DNAPL to assess aquitard integrity","author":"Parker","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Contam. Hydrol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.11.416_bb0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2008.07.022","article-title":"Distribution of volatile organic compounds in Sicilian groundwaters analysed by head space-solid phase micro extraction coupled with gas chromatography mass spectrometry (SPME\/GC\/MS)","author":"Pecoraino","year":"2008","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.11.416_bb0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/gwmr.12017","article-title":"A revised conceptual model to reproduce the distribution of chlorinated solvents in the Rho Aquifer (Italy)","author":"Pedretti","year":"2013","journal-title":"Groundw. Monit. Remediat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.11.416_bb0285","first-page":"41","article-title":"3D reconstruction of the multi-layer aquifer in a Po Plain area","volume":"30","author":"Perego","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rend. Online Soc. Geol. Ital."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.11.416_bb0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s002549900081","article-title":"Normal and lognormal data distribution in geochemistry: death of a myth. Consequences for the statistical treatment of geochemical and environmental data","author":"Reimann","year":"2000","journal-title":"Environ. Geol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.11.416_bb0295","series-title":"Chemical Elements in the Environment","author":"Reinmann","year":"1998"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.11.416_bb0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1021\/es040016f","article-title":"Dissolution of an emplaced source of DNAPL in a natural aquifer setting","author":"Rivett","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.11.416_bb0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s00254-002-0545-8","article-title":"Comparative major ion geochemistry of Piedmont streams in the Atlanta, Georgia region: possible effects of urbanization","author":"Rose","year":"2002","journal-title":"Environ. Geol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.11.416_bb0310","series-title":"COMPSEC, A New Tool to Derive Natural Background Levels by the Component Separation Approach: Application in Two Different Hydrogeological Contexts in Northern Italy COMPSEC, A New Tool to Derive Natural Background Levels by the Component Separation","author":"Rotiroti","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.11.416_bb0315","series-title":"1984. Migration of Organic Fluids Immiscible with Water in the Unsaturated Zone","volume":"2\u20133","author":"Schwille","year":"1984"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.11.416_bb0320","series-title":"1988. Dense Chlorinated Solvents in Porous and Fractured Media: Model Experiments","author":"Schwille","year":"1988"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.11.416_bb0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2013.01.030","article-title":"Understanding processes governing water quality in catchments using principal component scores","author":"Selle","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.11.416_bb0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-014-3820-8","article-title":"Spatiotemporal variation of groundwater quality using integrated multivariate statistical and geostatistical approaches in Amol-Babol Plain","author":"Sheikhy Narany","year":"2014","journal-title":"Iran. Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.11.416_bb0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-6584.1976.tb03120.x","article-title":"Septic nitrogen and phosphorus removal test system","volume":"14","author":"Sikora","year":"1976","journal-title":"Groundwater"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.11.416_bb0340","article-title":"Mineralogical control of the chemical evolution of groundwter","volume":"512","author":"Spears","year":"1986","journal-title":"Solute Process."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.11.416_bb0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1007\/s10040-015-1236-3","article-title":"Groundwater vulnerability maps derived from a time-dependent method using satellite scatterometer data","volume":"23","author":"Stevenazzi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hydrogeol. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.11.416_bb0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224A","DOI":"10.1021\/es032488k","article-title":"Peer reviewed: remediating chlorinated solvent source zones","volume":"37","author":"Stroo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.11.416_bb0355","first-page":"1","article-title":"The water balance","volume":"8","author":"Thornthwaite","year":"1955","journal-title":"Publ. Climatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.11.416_bb0360","series-title":"Soil Fertility and Fertilizers","author":"Tisdale","year":"1975"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.11.416_bb0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s12594-014-0045-y","article-title":"Hydrogeochemical investigation and groundwater quality assessment of Pratapgarh district, Uttar Pradesh","author":"Tiwari","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geol. Soc. India"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.11.416_bb0370","series-title":"Dense Non Aqueous Phase Liquids - A Workshop Summary","author":"U.S.EPA","year":"1992"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.11.416_bb0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-009-3417-1","article-title":"Chromium speciation in solid matrices and regulation: a review","author":"Unceta","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.11.416_bb0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s10040-004-0360-2","article-title":"Introductory review of specific factors influencing urban groundwater, an emerging branch of hydrogeology, with reference to Barcelona, Spain","author":"V\u00e1zquez-Su\u00f1\u00e9","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hydrogeol. J."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.11.416_bb0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.49.5.1080-1083.1985","article-title":"Biotransformation of tetrachloroethylene to trichloroethylene, dichloroethylene, vinyl chloride, and carbon dioxide under methanogenic conditions","volume":"49","author":"Vogel","year":"1985","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.11.416_bb0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconhyd.2012.01.007","article-title":"Assessing the Cr(VI) reduction efficiency of a permeable reactive barrier using Cr isotope measurements and 2D reactive transport modeling","author":"Wanner","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Contam. Hydrol."},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.11.416_bb0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2005.0598","article-title":"A procedure to define natural groundwater conditions of groundwater bodies in Germany","volume":"51","author":"Wendland","year":"2005","journal-title":"Water Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.11.416_bb0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s00254-007-0966-5","article-title":"European aquifer typology: a practical framework for an overview of major groundwater composition at European scale","author":"Wendland","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ. Geol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.11.416_bb0405","series-title":"Environmental Health Criteria","author":"WHO","year":"1988"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.11.416_bb0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2006.11.023","article-title":"A multivariate statistical analysis of surface water chemistry data-the Ankobra Basin, Ghana","volume":"86","author":"Yidana","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.11.416_bb0415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s00477-013-0803-1","article-title":"Identifying spatio-temporal variation and controlling factors of chemistry in groundwater and river water recharged by reclaimed water at Huai River, North China","author":"Yu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Stoch. Env. Res. Risk A."}],"container-title":["Science of The Total Environment"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0048969718347715?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0048969718347715?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,6]],"date-time":"2024-12-06T20:11:41Z","timestamp":1733515901000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0048969718347715"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]},"references-count":84,"alternative-id":["S0048969718347715"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.11.416","relation":{},"ISSN":["0048-9697"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0048-9697","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Groundwater diffuse pollution in functional urban areas: The need to define anthropogenic diffuse pollution background levels","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Science of The Total Environment","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.11.416","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}