{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T19:31:02Z","timestamp":1782761462175,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,1]],"date-time":"2020-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1583020800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,1]],"date-time":"2020-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1583020800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,19]],"date-time":"2019-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1576713600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000066","name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32ES012870"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32ES012870"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000066","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"United States and Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OPP1148651"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPP1148651"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Science of The Total Environment"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.136169","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,18]],"date-time":"2019-12-18T05:23:01Z","timestamp":1576646581000},"page":"136169","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Child feces management practices and fecal contamination: A cross-sectional study in rural Odisha, India"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"709","author":[{"given":"Valerie","family":"Bauza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fiona","family":"Majorin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Parimita","family":"Routray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gloria D.","family":"Sclar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bethany A.","family":"Caruso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Clasen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.136169_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.3362\/1756-3488.2015.023","article-title":"Are burial or disposal with garbage safe forms of child faeces disposal? An expert consultation","volume":"34","author":"Bain","year":"2015","journal-title":"Waterlines"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.136169_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.12930","article-title":"The effect of young children\u2019s faeces disposal practices on child growth: evidence from 34 countries","volume":"22","author":"Bauza","year":"2017","journal-title":"Tropical Med. Int. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.136169_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.16-0543","article-title":"Soil ingestion is associated with child diarrhea in an urban slum of Nairobi, Kenya","volume":"96","author":"Bauza","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.136169_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.13050","article-title":"Child soil ingestion in rural Ghana\u2014frequency, caregiver perceptions, relationship with household floor material and associations with child diarrhoea","volume":"23","author":"Bauza","year":"2018","journal-title":"Tropical Med. Int. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.136169_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8271","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.8b06583","article-title":"Microbial source tracking using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing identifies evidence of widespread contamination from young children\u2019s feces in an urban slum of Nairobi, Kenya","volume":"53","author":"Bauza","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.136169_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.18-0840","article-title":"Child defecation and feces disposal practices and determinants among households after a combined household-level piped water and sanitation intervention in rural Odisha, India","volume":"100","author":"Bauza","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.136169_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-6601-z","article-title":"A cluster-randomized multi-level intervention to increase latrine use and safe disposal of child feces in rural Odisha, India: the Sundara Grama research protocol","volume":"19","author":"Caruso","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.136169_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e645","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(14)70307-9","article-title":"Effectiveness of a rural sanitation programme on diarrhoea, soil-transmitted helminth infection, and child malnutrition in Odisha, India: a cluster-randomised trial","volume":"2","author":"Clasen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.136169_bb0045","first-page":"23","article-title":"Structured observations of hygiene behaviours in Burkina Faso: validity, variability, and utility","volume":"71","author":"Curtis","year":"1993","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.136169_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12078","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.8b05153","article-title":"Effects of single and combined water, sanitation and handwashing interventions on fecal contamination in the domestic environment: a cluster-randomized controlled trial in rural Bangladesh","volume":"52","author":"Ercumen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.136169_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12089","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.8b02988","article-title":"Do sanitation improvements reduce fecal contamination of water, hands, food, soil, and flies? Evidence from a cluster-randomized controlled trial in rural Bangladesh","volume":"52","author":"Ercumen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.136169_bb0060","series-title":"World Bank Studies in Water Supply and Sanitation","article-title":"Sanitation and disease: health aspects of wastewater and excreta management","volume":"3","author":"Feachem","year":"1983"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.136169_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/trw043","article-title":"The impact of a rural sanitation programme on safe disposal of child faeces: a cluster randomised trial in Odisha, India","volume":"110","author":"Freeman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.136169_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2017.05.007","article-title":"The impact of sanitation on infectious disease and nutritional status: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"220","author":"Freeman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.136169_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2016.10.001","article-title":"The impact of sanitation interventions on latrine coverage and latrine use: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"220","author":"Garn","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.136169_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2016.05.035","article-title":"Unsafe child feces disposal is associated with environmental enteropathy and impaired growth","volume":"176","author":"George","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.136169_bb0085","series-title":"Strategic Report 11 Children\u2019s Feces Disposal Practices in Developing Countries and Interventions to Prevent Diarrheal Diseases","author":"Gil","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.136169_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2012.11-0633","article-title":"Impact of a school-based hygiene promotion and sanitation intervention on pupil hand contamination in Western Kenya: a cluster randomized trial","volume":"87","author":"Greene","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.136169_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2010.02.027","article-title":"New technique to take samples from environmental surfaces using flocked nylon swabs","volume":"75","author":"Hedin","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.136169_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e132","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(18)30374-7","article-title":"Independent and combined effects of improved water, sanitation, and hygiene, and improved complementary feeding, on child stunting and anaemia in rural Zimbabwe: a cluster-randomised trial","volume":"7","author":"Humphrey","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.136169_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.15-0932","article-title":"Assessment of the acceptability and feasibility of child potties for safe child feces disposal in rural Bangladesh","volume":"97","author":"Hussain","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.136169_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph13060563","article-title":"Hand-and object-mouthing of rural Bangladeshi children 3\u201318\u00a0months old","volume":"13","author":"Kwong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.136169_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199801000-00003","article-title":"Diarrhea: whose feces matter? Reflections from studies in a Peruvian shanty town","volume":"17","author":"Lanata","year":"1998","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.136169_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e302","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(17)30490-4","article-title":"Effects of water quality, sanitation, handwashing, and nutritional interventions on diarrhoea and child growth in rural Bangladesh: a cluster randomised controlled trial","volume":"6","author":"Luby","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.136169_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0089551","article-title":"Child feces disposal practices in rural Orissa: a cross sectional study","volume":"9","author":"Majorin","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.136169_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.16-0688","article-title":"Identifying potential sources of exposure along the child feces management pathway: a cross-sectional study among urban slums in Odisha, India","volume":"97","author":"Majorin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.136169_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.1997.d01-180.x","article-title":"Measuring hygiene practices: a comparison of questionnaires with direct observations in rural Zaire","volume":"2","author":"Manun\u2019Ebo","year":"1997","journal-title":"Tropical Med. Int. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.136169_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.15-0423","article-title":"Infant and young child feces management and enabling products for their hygienic collection, transport, and disposal in Cambodia","volume":"94","author":"Miller-Petrie","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.136169_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.113.S3.996","article-title":"Children\u2019s behavior and physiology and how it affects exposure to environmental contaminants","volume":"113","author":"Moya","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.136169_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2648.2003.02514.x","article-title":"In the field: notes on observation in qualitative research","volume":"41","author":"Mulhall","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Adv. Nurs."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.136169_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.12-0568","article-title":"Formative research on hygiene behaviors and geophagy among infants and young children and implications of exposure to fecal bacteria","volume":"89","author":"Ngure","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.136169_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e316","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(18)30005-6","article-title":"Effects of water quality, sanitation, handwashing, and nutritional interventions on diarrhoea and child growth in rural Kenya: a cluster-randomised controlled trial","volume":"6","author":"Null","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.136169_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-018-2710-8","article-title":"Achieving optimal technology and behavioral uptake of single and combined interventions of water, sanitation hygiene and nutrition, in an efficacy trial (WASH benefits) in rural Bangladesh","volume":"19","author":"Parvez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.136169_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001709","article-title":"The effect of India\u2019s total sanitation campaign on defecation behaviors and child health in rural Madhya Pradesh: a cluster randomized controlled trial","volume":"11","author":"Patil","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.136169_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2010.09-0220","article-title":"Efficacy of waterless hand hygiene compared with handwashing with soap: a field study in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania","volume":"82","author":"Pickering","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.136169_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e701","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(15)00144-8","article-title":"Effect of a community-led sanitation intervention on child diarrhoea and child growth in rural Mali: a cluster-randomised controlled trial","volume":"3","author":"Pickering","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.136169_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.05.004","article-title":"Burden of disease from inadequate water, sanitation and hygiene for selected adverse health outcomes: an updated analysis with a focus on low-and middle-income countries","volume":"222","author":"Pr\u00fcss-Ust\u00fcn","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.136169_bb0190","first-page":"78","article-title":"Patterns and risk factors for helminthiasis in rural children aged under 2 in Bangladesh","volume":"5","author":"Roy","year":"2011","journal-title":"South African J. Child Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.136169_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2016.09.021","article-title":"Assessing the impact of sanitation on indicators of fecal exposure along principal transmission pathways: a systematic review","volume":"219","author":"Sclar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.136169_bb0200","series-title":"Method 10029: Simultaneous Detection and Enumeration of Total Coliforms and Escherichia coli Using m-ColiBlue24 Membrane Filtration Medium","author":"USEPA","year":"1999"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.136169_bb0205","series-title":"Implications of the Latrine Training Mat for Improving the Defecation Practices of Children Under Five in Rural Western Kenya","author":"Van Schoyck","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.136169_bb0210","series-title":"World Health Organization Monograph Series No. 39","article-title":"Excreta disposal for rural areas and small communities","author":"Wagner","year":"1958"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.136169_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-12-220","article-title":"Diarrhea incidence in low-and middle-income countries in 1990 and 2010: a systematic review","volume":"12","author":"Walker","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.136169_bb0220","series-title":"Water and Sanitation Program Research Brief","article-title":"Management of child feces: current disposal practices","author":"Water and Sanitation Program","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.136169_bb0225","series-title":"WHO Guidelines on Hand Hygiene in Health Care","author":"WHO","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.136169_bb0230","series-title":"Guidelines on Sanitation and Health","author":"WHO","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.136169_bb0235","series-title":"Core Questions on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Household Surveys: 2018 Update","author":"WHO\/UNICEF","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.136169_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(99)00119-7","article-title":"Defecation practices of young children in a Peruvian shanty town","volume":"49","author":"Yeager","year":"1999","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."}],"container-title":["Science of The Total Environment"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0048969719361650?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0048969719361650?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]],"date-time":"2025-09-24T09:37:35Z","timestamp":1758706655000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0048969719361650"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]},"references-count":48,"alternative-id":["S0048969719361650"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.136169","relation":{},"ISSN":["0048-9697"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0048-9697","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Child feces management practices and fecal contamination: A cross-sectional study in rural Odisha, India","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Science of The Total Environment","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.136169","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"136169"}}