{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]],"date-time":"2025-09-24T10:40:10Z","timestamp":1758710410083,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,1]],"date-time":"2020-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1590969600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,1]],"date-time":"2020-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1590969600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,8]],"date-time":"2021-03-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615161600000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":280,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005825","name":"National Institute of Food and Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005825","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1661496","1760296"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1661496","1760296"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000199","name":"U.S. Department of Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2016-67012-24687"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016-67012-24687"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000199","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Science of The Total Environment"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.137451","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,19]],"date-time":"2020-02-19T19:49:38Z","timestamp":1582141778000},"page":"137451","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Improving state-level emergency well disinfection strategies in the United States"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"720","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0273-6527","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kelsey J.","family":"Pieper","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"William J.","family":"Rhoads","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leslie","family":"Saucier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adrienne","family":"Katner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jason R.","family":"Barrett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Edwards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"year":"2003","series-title":"C654-03: AWWA Standard for Disinfection of Wells","author":"American Water Works Association","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.137451_bb0005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.137451_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1111\/gwmr.12094","article-title":"Repeat sampling and coliform bacteria detection rates in New Jersey domestic wells","volume":"35","author":"Atherholt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Groundw Monit Remediat"},{"author":"Beitsch","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.137451_bb0015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.137451_bb0020","series-title":"\u201cBacteriological Quality of Ground Water Used for Households Supply, Lower Susquehanna River Basin, Pennsylvania and Maryland.\u201d U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report","first-page":"96","author":"Bickford","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.137451_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1086\/501645","article-title":"Treatment of a Legionella pneumophila-colonized water distribution system using copper-silver ionization and continuous chlorination","volume":"20","author":"Biurrun","year":"1999","journal-title":"Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.137451_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.3362\/1756-3488.2017.002","article-title":"Chlorination of drinking water in emergencies: a review of knowledge to develop recommendations for implementation and research needed","volume":"36","author":"Branz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Waterlines"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.137451_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1845","DOI":"10.1080\/15287390490492449","article-title":"Detection and identification of Legionella species from groundwaters","volume":"67","author":"Brooks","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Toxicol Environ Heal Part A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.137451_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.2166\/wh.2011.122","article-title":"Evaluation of pot-chlorination of wells during a cholera outbreak, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau, 2008","volume":"9","author":"Cavallaro","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Water Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.137451_bb0045","first-page":"1464","article-title":"Molecular survey of Legionella and Naegleria fowleri in private wells and premise plumbing following the 2016 Louisiana flood","volume":"5","author":"Dai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ Sci: Water Res Technol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.137451_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.2166\/wh.2006.0038","article-title":"Aesthetic issues for drinking water","volume":"4","author":"Dietrich","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Water Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.137451_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2017.02.005","article-title":"Lessons learned from the 2013 Calgary flood: assessing risk of drinking water well contamination","volume":"80","author":"Eccles","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Geogr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.137451_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-6584.1985.tb02776.x","article-title":"Ground-water contamination and well construction in Southeast Nebraska","volume":"23","author":"Exner","year":"1985","journal-title":"Groundwater"},{"year":"2013","series-title":"Review of Guidelines for Shock Chlorination in Private Wells","author":"Eykelbosh","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.137451_bb0065"},{"author":"FEMA","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.137451_bb0070"},{"year":"1982","series-title":"National Statistical Assessment of Rural Water Conditions","author":"Francis","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.137451_bb0075"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.137451_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.3362\/0262-8104.2006.008","article-title":"Chlorination of hand-dug wells in Monrovia","volume":"24","author":"Garandeau","year":"2006","journal-title":"Waterlines"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.137451_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2008.03804.x","article-title":"Persistence of chlorine-sensitive legionella pneumophila in hyperchlorinated installations","volume":"105","author":"Garc\u00eda","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.137451_bb0090","unstructured":"Gilliland, A., Pieper, K., Straif-Bourgeois, S., Rhoads, W., Edwards, M., Brisolara, K., et al. Evaluation of preparedness and recovery needs of private well users after the Great Louisiana Flood of 2016. Journal of Public Health Management & Practice. (in-press)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.137451_bb0095","first-page":"17","article-title":"The effects that well depth and wellhead protection have on bacterial contamination of private water wells in the Estes Park Valley, Colorado","volume":"71","author":"Gonzales","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Environ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.137451_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1551-8833.2002.tb09385.x","article-title":"Chlorine demand in disinfecting water mains","volume":"94","author":"Haas","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Am Water Work Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.137451_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0093301","article-title":"Contamination of groundwater systems in the US and Canada by enteric pathogens, 1990\u20132013: a review and pooled-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Hynds","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.137451_bb0110","article-title":"Responding to flooded wells","author":"Job","year":"2017","journal-title":"Water Well J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.137451_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.07.018","article-title":"Domestic well locations and populations served in the contiguous U.S.: 1990","volume":"607\u2013608","author":"Johnson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.137451_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.1990.tb02904.x","article-title":"Survival of Legionella pneumophila within cysts of Acanthamoeba polyphaga following chlorine exposure","volume":"68","author":"Kilvington","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Appl Bacteriol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.137451_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.2134\/jeq2009.0062","article-title":"Identification of Naegleria fowleri in warm ground water aquifers","volume":"39","author":"Korte","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Environ. Qual."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.137451_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4096","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.59.12.4096-4100.1993","article-title":"Impact of chlorine and heat on the survival of Hartmannella vermiformis and subsequent growth of Legionella pneumophila","volume":"59","author":"Kuchta","year":"1993","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.137451_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5093","DOI":"10.1021\/es405357y","article-title":"Emergency water treatment with bleach in the United States: the need to revise EPA recommendations","volume":"48","author":"Lantagne","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.137451_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2006.02940.x","article-title":"Chlorine spot treatment of flooded tube wells, an efficacy trial","volume":"100","author":"Luby","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.137451_bb0150","article-title":"Well disinfection method suggested","volume":"26","author":"Minnesota Department of Health","year":"1955","journal-title":"Johnson Natl Drillers J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.137451_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.2166\/wh.2015.081","article-title":"Methods of conducting effective outreach to private well owners\u2013a literature review and model approach","volume":"14","author":"Morris","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Water Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.137451_bb0160","series-title":"News Observer","article-title":"The amount of E. coli and fecal matter in NC wells has spiked since Hurricane Florence","author":"Murawski","year":"2018"},{"author":"N.C. Department of Natural Resources","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.137451_bb0165"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.137451_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1156","DOI":"10.1021\/es9907663","article-title":"Nutrients in groundwaters of the conterminous United States, 1992-1995","volume":"34","author":"Nolan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"author":"Ohio Department of Health","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.137451_bb0175"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.137451_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-6592.2002.tb00772.x","article-title":"Efficacy of annual bacteria monitoring and shock chlorination in wells finished in a floodplain aquifer","volume":"22","author":"Oliphant","year":"2002","journal-title":"Groundw Monit Remediat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.137451_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.2166\/wh.2015.275","article-title":"Incidence of waterborne lead in private drinking water systems in Virginia","volume":"13","author":"Pieper","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Water Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.137451_bb0190","first-page":"E1","article-title":"Simultaneous influence of geology and system design on drinking water quality in private systems","volume":"79","author":"Pieper","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Environ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.137451_bb0195","article-title":"Potentially 730,000 private water wells affected by recent hurricanes in the Atlantic","author":"Price","year":"2017","journal-title":"Well Water J"},{"author":"Public Health Ontario","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.137451_bb0200"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.137451_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11986","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.7b01589","article-title":"Distribution system operational deficiencies coincide with reported Legionnaires\u2019 disease clusters in Flint, Michigan","volume":"51","author":"Rhoads","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.137451_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2001.0719","article-title":"Occurrence of Legionella in groundwater: an ecological study","author":"Riffard","year":"2001","journal-title":"Water Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.137451_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1080\/09603129873444","article-title":"Chlorinating well water with liquid bleach was not an effective water disinfection strategy in Guinea-Bissau","volume":"8","author":"Rowe","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Health Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.137451_bb0220","article-title":"Coliforms and disinfection of water wells","volume":"55","author":"Schnieders","year":"2001","journal-title":"Water Well J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.137451_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2006.01.020","article-title":"Mobilization of lead and other trace elements following shock chlorination of wells","volume":"367","author":"Seiler","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.137451_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.2166\/wh.2008.068","article-title":"Inactivation of Cryptosporidium parvum under chlorinated recreational water conditions","volume":"6","author":"Shields","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Water Health"},{"year":"2002","series-title":"Field Evaluation of Emergency Well Disinfection for Contamination Events: Final Project Report","author":"Smith","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.137451_bb0235"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.137451_bb0240","first-page":"17","article-title":"The influence of well construction on bacterial contamination of private water wells in Pennsylvania","volume":"68","author":"Swistock","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Environ. Health"},{"author":"U.S. CDC","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.137451_bb0245"},{"author":"U.S. CDC","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.137451_bb0250"},{"year":"2005","series-title":"\u201cWhat to do after the flood.\u201d EPA 816-F-05-021","author":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.137451_bb0255"},{"author":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.137451_bb0260"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.137451_bb0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1007\/s00254-007-0694-x","article-title":"Impact of hurricanes storm surges on the groundwater resources","volume":"53","author":"Van Biersel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Geol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.137451_bb0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5194\/dwes-4-1-2011","article-title":"Metals releases and disinfection byproduct formation in domestic wells following shock chlorination","volume":"4","author":"Walker","year":"2011","journal-title":"Drink Water Eng Sci"}],"container-title":["Science of The Total Environment"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S004896972030961X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S004896972030961X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]],"date-time":"2025-09-24T10:05:13Z","timestamp":1758708313000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S004896972030961X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]},"references-count":53,"alternative-id":["S004896972030961X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.137451","relation":{},"ISSN":["0048-9697"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0048-9697"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Improving state-level emergency well disinfection strategies in the United States","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Science of The Total Environment","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.137451","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"137451"}}