{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T23:48:59Z","timestamp":1790725739172,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Science of The Total Environment"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.141532","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,5]],"date-time":"2020-08-05T02:04:14Z","timestamp":1596593054000},"page":"141532","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":97,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Particulate matter and SARS-CoV-2: A possible model of COVID-19 transmission"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"750","author":[{"given":"Nguyen Thanh","family":"Tung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Po-Ching","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7615-7122","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kai-Hsien","family":"Chi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4103-6272","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ta-Chi","family":"Hsiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelly","family":"B\u00e9ruB\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7464-3437","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kin-Fai","family":"Ho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4651-5192","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hsiao-Chi","family":"Chuang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.141532_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/s12989-015-0094-4","article-title":"Acute and subchronic exposure to air particulate matter induces expression of angiotensin and bradykinin-related genes in the lungs and heart: angiotensin-II type-I receptor as a molecular target of particulate matter exposure","volume":"12","author":"Aztatzi-Aguilar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Part Fibre Toxicol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.141532_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109652","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109652","article-title":"Correlation between environmental pollution indicators and COVID-19 pandemic: a brief study in Californian context","volume":"187","author":"Bashir","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.141532_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9030841","article-title":"Smoking Upregulates angiotensin-converting Enzyme-2 receptor: a potential adhesion site for novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (Covid-19)","volume":"9","author":"Brake","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.141532_bb0020","first-page":"1115","article-title":"Virus occupational exposure in solid waste processing facilities","volume":"57","author":"Carducci","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann Occup Hyg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.141532_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1183\/23120541.00174-2020","article-title":"Alteration in angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 by PM1 during the development of emphysema in rats","author":"Chuang","year":"2020","journal-title":"ERJ Open Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.141532_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114465","article-title":"Can atmospheric pollution be considered a co-factor in extremely high level of SARS-CoV-2 lethality in northern Italy?","volume":"261","author":"Conticini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.141532_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.141028","article-title":"The spread of 2019-nCoV in China was primarily driven by population density. Comment on \u201cassociation between short-term exposure to air pollution and COVID-19 infection: evidence from China\u201d by Zhu et al","volume":"744","author":"Copiello","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.141532_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0071444","article-title":"Airborne detection and quantification of swine influenza a virus in air samples collected inside, outside and downwind from swine barns","volume":"8","author":"Corzo","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.141532_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114732","article-title":"Role of the chronic air pollution levels in the Covid-19 outbreak risk in Italy","volume":"264","author":"Fattorini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.141532_bb0050","article-title":"Severe air pollution links to higher mortality in COVID-19 patients: the \u201cdouble-hit\u201d hypothesis","volume":"264","author":"Frontera","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Inf. Secur."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.141532_bb0055","first-page":"318","article-title":"Regional air pollution persistence links to COVID-19 infection zoning","volume":"81","author":"Frontera","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Inf. Secur."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.141532_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.02.052","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 cell entry depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and is blocked by a clinically proven protease inhibitor","volume":"181","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.141532_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0125401","article-title":"Wind-mediated spread of low-pathogenic avian influenza virus into the environment during outbreaks at commercial poultry farms","volume":"10","author":"Jonges","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.141532_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.24171\/j.phrp.2020.11.1.02","article-title":"Identification of coronavirus isolated from a patient in Korea with COVID-19","volume":"11","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Osong Public Health Res Perspect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.141532_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.05.076","article-title":"Air pollution and temperature are associated with increased COVID-19 incidence: a time series study","volume":"97","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.141532_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.23489","article-title":"Instillation of particulate matter 2.5 induced acute lung injury and attenuated the injury recovery in ACE2 knockout mice","volume":"14","author":"Lin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.141532_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2271-3","article-title":"Aerodynamic analysis of SARS-CoV-2 in two Wuhan hospitals","volume":"582","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.141532_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30251-8","article-title":"Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding","volume":"395","author":"Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.141532_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.20105114","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 receptor ACE2 and TMPRSS2 are primarily expressed in bronchial transient secretory cells","volume":"39","author":"Lukassen","year":"2020","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.141532_bb0100","first-page":"1","article-title":"Air pollution and the novel Covid-19 disease: a putative disease risk factor","author":"Martelletti","year":"2020","journal-title":"SN Compr Clin Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.141532_bb0105","series-title":"Traffic-Derived Particulate Matter and Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 Expression in Human Airway Epithelial Cells","author":"Miyashita","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.141532_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2607.200282","article-title":"High contagiousness and rapid spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2","volume":"26","author":"Sanche","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.141532_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-020-08317-y","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 spread in northern Italy: what about the pollution role?","volume":"192","author":"Sciomer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.141532_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17092986","article-title":"Searching for SARS-COV-2 on particulate matter: a possible early Indicator of COVID-19 epidemic recurrence","volume":"17","author":"Setti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.141532_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109754","article-title":"SARS-Cov-2RNA found on particulate matter of Bergamo in northern Italy: first evidence","volume":"188","author":"Setti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.141532_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109586","article-title":"Biomass use and COVID-19: a novel concern","volume":"186","author":"Thakur","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.141532_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2020.1739565","article-title":"Emerging WuHan (COVID-19) coronavirus: glycan shield and structure prediction of spike glycoprotein and its interaction with human CD26","volume":"9","author":"Vankadari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg Microbes Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.141532_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb2507","article-title":"Cryo-EM structure of the 2019-nCoV spike in the prefusion conformation","volume":"367","author":"Wrapp","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.141532_bb0145","series-title":"Exposure to Air Pollution and COVID-19 Mortality in the United States: A Nationwide Cross-Sectional Study","author":"Wu","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.141532_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-020-0407-x","article-title":"COVID-19: a new challenge for human beings","volume":"17","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Mol Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.141532_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11755","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-47788-z","article-title":"Airborne transmission may have played a role in the spread of 2015 highly pathogenic avian influenza outbreaks in the United States","volume":"9","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.141532_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2001017","article-title":"A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019","volume":"382","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.141532_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.138704","article-title":"Association between short-term exposure to air pollution and COVID-19 infection: evidence from China","volume":"727","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.141532_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.139825","article-title":"Assessing the relationship between surface levels of PM2.5 and PM10 particulate matter impact on COVID-19 in Milan, Italy","volume":"738","author":"Zoran","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."}],"container-title":["Science of The Total Environment"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0048969720350610?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0048969720350610?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]],"date-time":"2025-09-24T11:04:47Z","timestamp":1758711887000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0048969720350610"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"references-count":34,"alternative-id":["S0048969720350610"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.141532","relation":{},"ISSN":["0048-9697"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0048-9697","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Particulate matter and SARS-CoV-2: A possible model of COVID-19 transmission","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Science of The Total Environment","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.141532","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"simple-article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"141532"}}