{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T22:21:19Z","timestamp":1776723679339,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009019","name":"Shenzhen University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009019","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010877","name":"Science, Technology and Innovation Commission of Shenzhen Municipality","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010877","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Science of The Total Environment"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.141816","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,19]],"date-time":"2020-08-19T12:29:30Z","timestamp":1597840170000},"page":"141816","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Sunlight ultraviolet radiation dose is negatively correlated with the percent positive of SARS-CoV-2 and four other common human coronaviruses in the U.S."],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"751","author":[{"given":"Liwei","family":"Tang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bingyu","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zongting","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xunci","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chen","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2969-0781","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jing","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.141816_bb0005","article-title":"Plausible role of environmental factors on COVID-19 transmission in the Megacity Delhi, India","volume":"20","author":"Babu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aerosol Air Qual. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.141816_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02294183","article-title":"Sample size requirements for estimating Pearson, Kendall and Spearman correlations","volume":"65","author":"Bonett","year":"2000","journal-title":"Psychometrika"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.141816_bb0015","first-page":"955","article-title":"What is a non-parametric test?","volume":"20","author":"Dalmay","year":"2003","journal-title":"Rev. Mal. Respir."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.141816_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12222","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms140612222","article-title":"UV radiation and the skin","volume":"14","author":"D\u2019Orazio","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.141816_bb0025","first-page":"246","article-title":"Stability of SARS coronavirus in human specimens and environment and its sensitivity to heating and UV irradiation","volume":"16","author":"Duan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biomed. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.141816_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2008.11.014","article-title":"On the relationship between erythemal and vitamin D action spectrum weighted ultraviolet radiation","volume":"95","author":"Fioletov","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B-Biology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.141816_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2012.03968.x","article-title":"Seasonality of viral infections: mechanisms and unknowns","volume":"18","author":"Fisman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.141816_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/v10100515","article-title":"Human coronavirus infections in Israel: epidemiology, clinical symptoms and summer seasonality of HCoV-HKU1","volume":"10","author":"Friedman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.141816_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2940","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00636-10","article-title":"Epidemiology and clinical presentations of the four human coronaviruses 229E, HKU1, NL63, and OC43 detected over 3 years using a novel multiplex real-time PCR method","volume":"48","author":"Gaunt","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.141816_bb0050","first-page":"12","article-title":"Evidence that vitamin D supplementation could reduce risk of influenza and COVID-19 infections and deaths","author":"Grant","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.141816_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1708","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2002032","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China","volume":"382","author":"Guan","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.141816_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.04.050","article-title":"Vitamin D concentrations and COVID-19 infection in UK Biobank","volume":"14","author":"Hastie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.141816_bb0065","first-page":"Doc08","article-title":"Ultraviolet irradiation doses for coronavirus inactivation - review and analysis of coronavirus photoinactivation studies","volume":"15","author":"Hessling","year":"2020","journal-title":"GMS Hyg Infect Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.141816_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"V28","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.07s211","article-title":"Vitamin D and skin physiology: a D-lightful story","volume":"22","author":"Holick","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.141816_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.4209\/aaqr.2020.04.0154","article-title":"COVID-19: an aerosol\u2019s point of view from expiration to transmission to viral-mechanism","author":"Hsiao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aerosol Air Qual. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.141816_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-020-01570-8","article-title":"The role of vitamin D in the prevention of coronavirus disease 2019 infection and mortality","volume":"32","author":"Ilie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aging Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.141816_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1002\/int.20037","article-title":"Fuzzy sets approaches to statistical parametric and nonparametric tests","volume":"19","author":"Kahraman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Intell. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.141816_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2018.01.019","article-title":"Human coronavirus circulation in the United States 2014-2017","volume":"101","author":"Killerby","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.141816_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbiomolbio.2006.02.016","article-title":"Vitamin D physiology","volume":"92","author":"Lips","year":"2006","journal-title":"Progress in Biophysics & Molecular Biology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.141816_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.15820","article-title":"Letter: low population mortality from COVID-19 in countries south of latitude 35 degrees North supports vitamin D as a factor determining severity","volume":"52","author":"Mansur","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.141816_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.139659","article-title":"Temperature and precipitation associate with Covid-19 new daily cases: a correlation study between weather and Covid-19 pandemic in Oslo, Norway","volume":"737","author":"Menebo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.141816_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1172","DOI":"10.4209\/aaqr.2020.04.0185","article-title":"An overview of experiments and numerical simulations on airflow and aerosols deposition in human airways and the role of bioaerosol motion in COVID-19 transmission","volume":"20","author":"Mutuku","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aerosol Air Qual. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.141816_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.140112","article-title":"Association of COVID-19 pandemic with meteorological parameters over Singapore","volume":"740","author":"Pani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.141816_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.140540","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 RNA detection in the air and on surfaces in the COVID-19 ward of a hospital in Milan, Italy","volume":"742","author":"Razzini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.141816_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.15823","article-title":"Letter: low population mortality from COVID-19 in countries south of latitude 35 degrees North supports vitamin D as a factor determining severity. Authors\u2019 reply","volume":"52","author":"Rhodes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.141816_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1111\/php.13293","article-title":"Estimated inactivation of coronaviruses by solar radiation with special reference to COVID-19","volume":"96","author":"Sagripanti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.141816_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4209\/aaqr.2020.05.0206","article-title":"Weather conditions (with focus on UV radiation) associated with COVID-19 outbreak and worldwide climate-based prediction for future prevention","volume":"20","author":"Sf\u00eec\u0103","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aerosol Air Qual. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.141816_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2020.03.005","article-title":"COVID-19 infection: origin, transmission, and characteristics of human coronaviruses","volume":"24","author":"Shereen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Adv. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.141816_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1520","DOI":"10.4209\/aaqr.2020.05.0218","article-title":"Demystifying a possible relationship between COVID-19, air quality and meteorological factors: evidence from Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia","volume":"20","author":"Suhaimi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aerosol Air Qual. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.141816_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.141347","article-title":"Impacts of geographic factors and population density on the COVID-19 spreading under the lockdown policies of China","volume":"746","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.141816_bb0155","article-title":"Particulate matter and SARS-CoV-2: a possible model of COVID-19 transmission","author":"Tung","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.141816_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2006.3754","article-title":"How generation intervals shape the relationship between growth rates and reproductive numbers","volume":"274","author":"Wallinga","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.141816_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.141486","article-title":"Understanding air and water borne transmission and survival of coronavirus: insights and way forward for SARS-CoV-2","author":"Wathore","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.141816_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.2010.00871.x","article-title":"Know your standard: clarifying the CIE erythema action spectrum","volume":"87","author":"Webb","year":"2011","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.141816_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2752","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-21058-w","article-title":"Far-UVC light: a new tool to control the spread of airborne-mediated microbial diseases","volume":"8","author":"Welch","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.141816_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.12839","article-title":"Pathophysiology, transmission, diagnosis, and treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a review","author":"Wiersinga","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.141816_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa112","article-title":"Origin and evolution of the 2019 novel coronavirus","volume":"71","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.141816_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.139825","article-title":"Assessing the relationship between surface levels of PM2.5 and PM10 particulate matter impact on COVID-19 in Milan, Italy","volume":"738","author":"Zoran","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."}],"container-title":["Science of The Total Environment"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0048969720353456?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0048969720353456?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]],"date-time":"2025-09-24T10:59:20Z","timestamp":1758711560000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0048969720353456"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"references-count":38,"alternative-id":["S0048969720353456"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.141816","relation":{},"ISSN":["0048-9697"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0048-9697","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Sunlight ultraviolet radiation dose is negatively correlated with the percent positive of SARS-CoV-2 and four other common human coronaviruses in the U.S.","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Science of The Total Environment","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.141816","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"141816"}}