{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T22:35:43Z","timestamp":1790289343501,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]],"date-time":"2021-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617235200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]],"date-time":"2021-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617235200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,24]],"date-time":"2020-12-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1608768000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002367","name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["XDA19040305"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XDA19040305"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002367","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Science of The Total Environment"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.144275","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,25]],"date-time":"2020-12-25T01:25:48Z","timestamp":1608859548000},"page":"144275","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Spatiotemporal patterns and spatial risk factors for visceral leishmaniasis from 2007 to 2017 in Western and Central China: A modelling analysis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"764","author":[{"given":"Dong","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tian","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengmeng","family":"Hao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yushu","family":"Qian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuai","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ze","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liping","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Canjun","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fangyu","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.144275_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0035671","article-title":"Leishmaniasis worldwide and global estimates of its incidence","volume":"7","author":"Alvar","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.144275_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.14-0191","article-title":"Rickettsial infections in southeast asia: implications for local populace and febrile returned travelers","volume":"91","author":"Aung","year":"2014","journal-title":"American Journal of Tropical Medicine & Hygiene"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.144275_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2009.02279.x","article-title":"The poorest of the poor: A poverty appraisal of households affected by visceral leishmaniasis in Bihar, India","volume":"14","author":"Boelaert","year":"2009","journal-title":"Tropical Med. Int. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.144275_bb0025","first-page":"55","article-title":"Factors of poor prognosis of visceral leishmaniasis among children under 12 years of age","volume":"46","author":"Braga","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.144275_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1748","article-title":"Visceral leishmaniasis: what are the needs for diagnosis, treatment and control?","volume":"5","author":"Chappuis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.144275_bb0035","first-page":"274","article-title":"Distribution of kala-azar in China and Korea","volume":"28","author":"Cochran","year":"1914","journal-title":"China Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.144275_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2004.03.004","article-title":"Leishmaniasis: current situation and new perspectives","volume":"27","author":"Desjeux","year":"2004","journal-title":"Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.144275_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-019-3778-z","article-title":"Risk factors and predicted distribution of visceral leishmaniasis in the Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region, China, 2005\u20132015","volume":"12","author":"Ding","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.144275_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2003.68.1.0680010","article-title":"Risk mapping of visceral leishmaniasis: the role of local variation in rainfall and altitude on the presence and incidence of kala-azar in eastern Sudan","volume":"68","author":"Elnaiem","year":"2003","journal-title":"The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.144275_bb0055","first-page":"10","article-title":"Rickettsioses and the international traveler","author":"Ericsson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clinical Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.144275_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0269-283X.2004.0487.x","article-title":"Natural breeding places of phlebotomine sandflies","volume":"18","author":"Feliciangeli","year":"2004","journal-title":"Medical & Veterinary Entomology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.144275_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1214\/aos\/1013203451","article-title":"Greedy function approximation: a gradient boosting machine","volume":"29","author":"Friedman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann. Stat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.144275_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-6-143","article-title":"Endemic characteristics of infantile visceral leishmaniasis in the people\u2019s Republic of China","volume":"6","author":"Fu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.144275_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.07.391","article-title":"Meteorological conditions, elevation and land cover as predictors for the distribution analysis of visceral leishmaniasis in Sinkiang province","volume":"646","author":"Gao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mainland China, Science of The Total Environment"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.144275_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2017.01.012","article-title":"Meteorological conditions and land cover as predictors for the prevalence of bluetongue virus in the Inner Mongolia autonomous region of mainland China","volume":"138","author":"Gao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Preventive Veterinary Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.144275_bb0085","series-title":"Epidemiology","volume":"Vol. 2","author":"Geng","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.144275_bb0090","first-page":"291","article-title":"Recent advances in visceral leishmaniasis in China","volume":"22","author":"Guan","year":"1991","journal-title":"The Southeast Asian journal of tropical medicine and public health"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.144275_bb0095","first-page":"49","article-title":"Leishmaniasis in China present status of prevalence and some suggestions on its control","volume":"15","author":"Guan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Endem Dis Bull China"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.144275_bb0100","first-page":"1","article-title":"The granger causality analysis of the impact of climatic factors on visceral leishmaniasis in northwestern Iran in 1995\u20132019","author":"Hamta","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Parasit. Dis."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.144275_bb0105","first-page":"189","article-title":"Endemic status of visceral leishmaniasis in China from 2004 to 2016","volume":"37","author":"Han","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chin J Parasitol Parasit Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.144275_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1662","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1810.111083","article-title":"Visceral leishmaniasis in rural Bihar, India","volume":"18","author":"Hasker","year":"2012","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.144275_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.3376\/1081-1710(2006)31[378:CDOTSF]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Comparative demography of the sand fly phlebotomus papatasi (diptera: Psychodidae) at constant temperatures","volume":"31","author":"Kasap","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Vector Ecology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.144275_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.2174\/15672018113106660057","article-title":"New insights into the diagnosis and chemotheraphy for visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"11","author":"Kumar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Drug Deliv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.144275_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuo CC, Huang JL, Ko CY, Lee PF, Wang HC. 2011. Spatial analysis of scrub typhus infection and its association with environmental and socioeconomic factors in Taiwan. Acta Trop. 120:0\u201358.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2011.05.018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.144275_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1803","DOI":"10.1890\/12-0031.1","article-title":"Cascading effect of economic globalization on human risks of scrub typhus and tick-borne rickettsial diseases","volume":"22","author":"Kuo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ecol. Appl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.144275_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(82)90157-2","article-title":"A review of kala-azar in China from 1949 to 1959","volume":"76","author":"Leng","year":"1982","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.144275_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1775","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16101775","article-title":"Associations between meteorological factors and visceral leishmaniasis outbreaks in jiashi county, Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region, China, 2005\u20132015","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.144275_bb0145","first-page":"629","article-title":"Prevalence and control of kala-azar in China","volume":"6","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Pathog Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.144275_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00080-14","article-title":"Visceral leishmaniasis in China: an endemic disease under control","volume":"28","author":"Lun","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.144275_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0014751","article-title":"Visceral leishmaniasis in Muzaffarpur district, Bihar, India from 1990 to 2008","volume":"6","author":"Malaviya","year":"2011","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.144275_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-018-0464-x","article-title":"Impact, economic evaluation, and sustainability of integrated vector management in urban settings to prevent vector-borne diseases: a scoping review","author":"Marcos-Marcos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infectious Diseases of Poverty"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.144275_bb5000","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.15272","article-title":"Mapping global environmental suitability for Zika virus","volume":"5","author":"Messina","year":"2016","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.144275_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1561","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)67629-5","article-title":"Advances in leishmaniasis","volume":"366","author":"Murray","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.144275_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1978.11719303","article-title":"Correlation of scrub typhus incidence with temperature in the pescadores islands of Taiwan","volume":"72","author":"Olson","year":"1978","journal-title":"Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.144275_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/22.1.1","article-title":"Clinical spectrum of Leishmaniasis","volume":"22","author":"Pearson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.144275_bb0180","first-page":"6","article-title":"Distribution of phlebotomine sand flies (diptera: Psychodidae) in a primary forest-crop interface, salta, argentina","author":"Quintana","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Entomology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.144275_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2007.12.007","article-title":"Leishmania manipulates sandfly feeding to enhance its transmission","volume":"24","author":"Ready","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.144275_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ento-120811-153557","article-title":"Biology of phlebotomine sand flies as vectors of disease agents","volume":"58","author":"Ready","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Entomol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.144275_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02761985000100005","article-title":"A pilot study to control lutzomyia umbratilis (diptera: Psychodidae) the major vector of leishmania braziliensis guyanensis, in a periurban rainforest of Manaus, Amazonas state, Brazil","volume":"80","author":"Ready","year":"1985","journal-title":"Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.144275_bb0200","first-page":"55","article-title":"Gbm: generalized boosted regression models","volume":"1","author":"Ridgeway","year":"2006","journal-title":"R package version"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.144275_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.4081\/gh.2010.188","article-title":"Ecological study and risk mapping of visceral leishmaniasis in an endemic area of Iran based on a geographical information systems approach","volume":"5","author":"Salahi-Moghaddam","year":"2010","journal-title":"Geospat. Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.144275_bb0210","first-page":"56","article-title":"Impact of environmental and climate factors on spatial distribution of cutaneous Leishmaniasis in northeastern Iran: utilizing remote sensing","volume":"14","author":"Shirzadi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Arthropod. Borne Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.144275_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/11.3.237","article-title":"Review article: the ecology of chigger-borne rickettsiosis (scrub typhus)","volume":"11","author":"Traub","year":"1974","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.144275_bb0220","series-title":"Leishmaniasis in China: Epidemiology and Control Program","first-page":"469","author":"Wang","year":"1985"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.144275_bb0225","series-title":"Kala-azar","author":"Wang","year":"1959"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.144275_bb0230","first-page":"51","article-title":"Epidemiology and prevention of kala-azar in China","volume":"21","author":"Wang","year":"2000","journal-title":"Chinese Journal of Epidemiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.144275_bb0235","first-page":"51","article-title":"Achievement on the epidemiology and control of kala-azar in China","volume":"21","author":"Wang","year":"2000","journal-title":"Chinese Journal of Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.144275_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-5-31","article-title":"Currentepidemiologicalprofileandfeatures of visceral leishmaniasis in people\u2019s Republic of China","volume":"5","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.144275_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1430-8","article-title":"Spatial analysis of visceral leishmaniasis in the oases of the plains of kashi prefecture, Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region, China","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.144275_bb0250","series-title":"Control of the Leishmaniases: Report of a Meeting of the Who Expert Committee on the Control of Leishmaniases","author":"WHO","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.144275_bb0255","first-page":"10","article-title":"Spatiotemporal dynamics of scrub typhus transmission in mainland china, 2006-2014","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.144275_bb0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-4758(89)90276-7","article-title":"Present situation of visceral leishmaniasis in China","volume":"5","author":"Xu","year":"1989","journal-title":"Parasitol. Today"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.144275_bb0265","article-title":"Kala-azar in china","volume":"37","author":"Young","year":"1923","journal-title":"China Medical Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.144275_bb0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-016-5335-4","article-title":"Phylogenetic analysis of hsp70 and cyt b gene sequences for chinese leishmania isolates and ultrastructural characteristics of chinese leishmania sp","volume":"116","author":"Yuan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.144275_bb0275","first-page":"51","article-title":"Epidemiological feature of visceral leishmaniasis in China, 2004-2012","volume":"44","author":"Zhao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Iran. J. Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.144275_bb0280","first-page":"431","article-title":"Epidemiological characteristics of kala-azar disease in China, during 2005-2015","volume":"38","author":"Zheng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Zhonghua liu xing bing xue za zhi = Zhonghua liuxingbingxue zazhi"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.144275_bb0285","series-title":"National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, China: 70 Years and Beyond","first-page":"185","article-title":"Contributions of the national institute of parasitic diseases to the control of visceral leishmaniasis in china","author":"Zhou","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.144275_bb0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1585","DOI":"10.3934\/mbe.2017082","article-title":"Modeling and analyzing the transmission dynamics of visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"14","author":"Zou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mathematical Biosciences & Engineering"}],"container-title":["Science of The Total Environment"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0048969720378062?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0048969720378062?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T16:15:44Z","timestamp":1785514544000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0048969720378062"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]},"references-count":58,"alternative-id":["S0048969720378062"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.144275","relation":{},"ISSN":["0048-9697"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0048-9697","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Spatiotemporal patterns and spatial risk factors for visceral leishmaniasis from 2007 to 2017 in Western and Central China: A modelling analysis","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Science of The Total Environment","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.144275","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"144275"}}