{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T20:32:50Z","timestamp":1788467570704,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]],"date-time":"2021-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625097600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]],"date-time":"2021-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625097600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]],"date-time":"2021-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625097600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]],"date-time":"2021-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625097600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]],"date-time":"2021-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625097600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]],"date-time":"2021-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625097600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]],"date-time":"2021-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625097600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["92043201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["92043201"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004476","name":"Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004476","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Science of The Total Environment"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.146040","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,2]],"date-time":"2021-03-02T02:48:43Z","timestamp":1614653323000},"page":"146040","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Risk factors and on-site simulation of environmental transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in the largest wholesale market of Beijing, China"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"778","author":[{"given":"Xia","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pei","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu'e","family":"Cha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yixin","family":"Mao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheng","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Youbin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Ying","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoning","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lijun","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunpu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junrui","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Congshen","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhigang","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruofeng","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fuchang","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C. Raina","family":"MacIntyre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zunyou","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zijian","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Song","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dongqun","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.146040_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138764","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.138764","article-title":"First confirmed detection of SARS-CoV-2 in untreated wastewater in Australia: a proof of concept for the wastewater surveillance of COVID-19 in the community","volume":"728","author":"Ahmed","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.146040_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa725","article-title":"One hundred days of coronavirus disease 2019 prevention and control in China","volume":"72","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.146040_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bhardwaj, R. & Agrawal, A. Likelihood of survival of coronavirus in a respiratory droplet deposited on a solid surface. Physics of fluids (Woodbury, N.Y. : 1994) 32, 061704 (2020).","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0012009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.146040_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2712","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02291-09","article-title":"Effects of air temperature and relative humidity on coronavirus survival on surfaces","volume":"76","author":"Casanova","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.146040_bb0020","unstructured":"Chia, P.Y., et al. Detection of air and surface contamination by SARS-CoV-2 in hospital rooms of infected patients. Nat Commun 11, 2800(2020)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.146040_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chin, A.W.H., et al. Stability of SARS-CoV-2 in different environmental conditions. The Lancet Microbe 1, 145(2020).","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(20)30093-8"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.146040_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141710","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.141710","article-title":"Toilets dominate environmental detection of SARS-CoV-2 virus in a hospital","volume":"753","author":"Ding","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.146040_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1564","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2004973","article-title":"Aerosol and surface stability of SARS-CoV-2 as compared with SARS-CoV-1","volume":"382","author":"van Doremalen","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.146040_bb0040","unstructured":"Dyal, J.W., et al. COVID-19 Among Workers in Meat and Poultry Processing Facilities - 19 States, April 2020. MMWR 69(2020)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.146040_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1708","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2002032","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China","volume":"382","author":"Guan","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.146040_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, Z.-D., et al. Aerosol and Surface Distribution of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 in Hospital Wards, Wuhan, China, 2020. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 26(2020).","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2607.200885"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.146040_bb0055","unstructured":"Holshue, M.L., et al. n.d. First Case of 2019 Novel Coronavirus in the United States."},{"issue":"Pt 12","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.146040_bb0060","first-page":"2743","article-title":"Survival characteristics of airborne human coronavirus 229E","volume":"66","author":"Ijaz","year":"1986","journal-title":"JVI"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.146040_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1520","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2020.07.020","article-title":"Viable SARS-CoV-2 in various specimens from COVID-19 patients","volume":"26","author":"Jeong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.146040_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1080\/02786826.2013.814911","article-title":"Aerosol generation by modern flush toilets","volume":"47","author":"Johnson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Aerosol science and technology\u202f: the journal of the American Association for Aerosol Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.146040_bb0075","first-page":"452","article-title":"Temperature-dependent surface stability of SARS-CoV-2","volume":"81","author":"Kratzel","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Inf. Secur."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.146040_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2018.01.001","article-title":"Transmission routes of respiratory viruses among humans","volume":"28","author":"Kutter","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Opin Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.146040_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Y.Y., Wang, J.X. & Chen, X. Can a toilet promote virus transmission? From a fluid dynamics perspective. Physics of fluids (Woodbury, N.Y. : 1994) 32, 065107 (2020).","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0013318"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.146040_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Y., et al. n.d. Aerodynamic analysis of SARS-CoV-2 in two Wuhan hospitals. Nature 582(7813): p. 557\u2013560.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2271-3"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.146040_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1628","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2607.200764","article-title":"COVID-19 outbreak associated with air conditioning in restaurant, Guangzhou, China, 2020","volume":"26","author":"Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.146040_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.estlett.0c00357","article-title":"Presence of SARS-Coronavirus-2 RNA in sewage and correlation with reported COVID-19 prevalence in the early stage of the epidemic in the Netherlands","volume":"7","author":"Medema","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol Lett"},{"issue":"06020004","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.146040_bb0105","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 in Detroit Wastewater","volume":"146","author":"Miyani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ Eng (New York)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.146040_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1610","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.3227","article-title":"Air, surface environmental, and personal protective equipment contamination by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) from a symptomatic patient","volume":"323","author":"Ong","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.146040_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"m2415","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m2415","article-title":"Covid-19: WHO raises concerns about new cases in Beijing","volume":"369","author":"Owen","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.146040_bb0120","first-page":"1861","article-title":"Cold-chain food contamination as the possible origin of COVID-19 resurgence in Beijing","volume":"7","author":"Pang","year":"2020","journal-title":"NSR"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.146040_bb0125","unstructured":"Radio, N.P. COVID-19 Outbreak In Pacific Northwest Seafood Industry As Season Ramps Up. (June 5, 2020, at https:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/coronavirus-live-updates \/2020\/06\/05\/870312092\/pacific-northwest-seafood-industry-faces-covid-19-outbreak-as-season-ramps-up.)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.146040_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115942","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2020.115942","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater anticipated COVID-19 occurrence in a low prevalence area","volume":"181","author":"Randazzo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.146040_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12732","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-69286-3","article-title":"Aerosol and surface contamination of SARS-CoV-2 observed in quarantine and isolation care","volume":"10","author":"Santarpia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.146040_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106039","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2020.106039","article-title":"Aerosol transmission of SARS-CoV-2? Evidence, prevention and control","volume":"144","author":"Tang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.146040_bb0145","unstructured":"Waltenburg MA, Victoroff T, Rose CE, et al. Update: COVID-19 Among Workers in Meat and Poultry Processing Facilities \u2014 United States, April\u2013May 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2020;69:887\u2013892. DOI: http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.15585\/mmwr.m m6927e2."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.146040_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, J., Pan, L., Tang, S., Ji, J.S. & Shi, X.J.E.P. Mask use during COVID-19: A risk adjusted strategy. 266, 115099 (2020).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.115099"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.146040_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-020-0887-9","article-title":"Applying principles of behaviour change to reduce SARS-CoV-2 transmission","volume":"4","author":"West","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.146040_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2196-x","article-title":"Virological assessment of hospitalized patients with COVID-2019","volume":"581","author":"W\u00f6lfel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.146040_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1458","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.15894","article-title":"Time course of a second outbreak of COVID-19 in Beijing, China, June-July 2020","volume":"324","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.146040_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.02.050","article-title":"Comparison of different samples for 2019 novel coronavirus detection by nucleic acid amplification tests","volume":"93","author":"Xie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."}],"container-title":["Science of The Total Environment"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0048969721011074?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0048969721011074?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T20:16:05Z","timestamp":1787084165000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0048969721011074"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]},"references-count":35,"alternative-id":["S0048969721011074"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.146040","relation":{},"ISSN":["0048-9697"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0048-9697","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Risk factors and on-site simulation of environmental transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in the largest wholesale market of Beijing, China","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Science of The Total Environment","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.146040","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"146040"}}