{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T22:00:14Z","timestamp":1793484014033,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,3]],"date-time":"2021-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630627200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Science of The Total Environment"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.149932","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,26]],"date-time":"2021-08-26T20:59:23Z","timestamp":1630011563000},"page":"149932","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Transmission of COVID-19 and other infectious diseases in public washrooms: A systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"803","author":[{"given":"Sotiris","family":"Vardoulakis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela A.","family":"Espinoza Oyarce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erica","family":"Donner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.149932_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1111\/ina.12465","article-title":"Airborne spread of expiratory droplet nuclei between the occupants of indoor environments: a review","volume":"28","author":"Ai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Indoor Air"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.149932_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2018.11.009","article-title":"Toilet plume aerosol generation rate and environmental contamination following bowl water inoculation with Clostridium difficile spores","volume":"47","author":"Aithinne","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Infect. Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.149932_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2015.06.020","article-title":"Assessment of the bacterial contamination of hand air dryer in washrooms","volume":"23","author":"Alharbi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Saudi J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.149932_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.2466\/PR0.105.3.789-790","article-title":"Do women spend more time in the restroom than men?","volume":"105","author":"Baillie","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychol. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.149932_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2018.07.002","article-title":"Environmental contamination by bacteria in hospital washrooms according to hand-drying method: a multi-centre study","volume":"100","author":"Best","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Hosp. Infect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.149932_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2014.08.002","article-title":"Microbiological comparison of hand-drying methods: the potential for contamination of the environment, user, and bystander","volume":"88","author":"Best","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Hosp. Infect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.149932_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2014.11.007","article-title":"Comparison of different hand-drying methods: the potential for airborne microbe dispersal and contamination","volume":"89","author":"Best","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Hosp. Infect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.149932_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2011.08.010","article-title":"Potential for aerosolization of Clostridium difficile after flushing toilets: the role of toilet lids in reducing environmental contamination risk","volume":"80","author":"Best","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Hosp. Infect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.149932_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2004.09.011","article-title":"The occurrence of influenza a virus on household and day care center fomites","volume":"51","author":"Boone","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.149932_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1753","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-72.8.1753","article-title":"Norovirus on swabs taken from hands illustrate route of transmission: a case study","volume":"72","author":"Boxman","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.149932_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-72.1.111","article-title":"Environmental swabs as a tool in norovirus outbreak investigation, including outbreaks on cruise ships","volume":"72","author":"Boxman","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.149932_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2012.06.007","article-title":"Multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa outbreaks in two hospitals: association with contaminated hospital waste-water systems","volume":"82","author":"Breathnach","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Hosp. Infect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.149932_bb0065","series-title":"How Risky is Using a Public Bathroom During the Pandemic?","author":"Calechman","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.149932_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph13070733","article-title":"Quantitative microbial risk assessment in occupational settings applied to the airborne human adenovirus infection","volume":"13","author":"Carducci","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.149932_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1692","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2016.07.004","article-title":"Efficacy of an automated ultraviolet C device in a shared hospital bathroom","volume":"44","author":"Cooper","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Infect. Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.149932_bb0080","first-page":"9202","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 RNA contamination on surfaces of a COVID-19 ward in a hospital of northern Italy: what risk of transmission?","volume":"24","author":"D'Accolti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.149932_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.148341","article-title":"What is the risk of acquiring SARS-CoV-2 from the use of public toilets?","volume":"792","author":"Dancer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.149932_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.141710","article-title":"Toilets dominate environmental detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in a hospital","volume":"753","author":"Ding","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.149932_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16393","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0908446106","article-title":"Opportunistic pathogens enriched in showerhead biofilms","volume":"106","author":"Feazel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.149932_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0028132","article-title":"Microbial biogeography of public restroom surfaces","volume":"6","author":"Flores","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.149932_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1177\/1757177418815549","article-title":"The neglected element of hand hygiene - significance of hand drying, efficiency of different methods and clinical implication: a review","volume":"20","author":"Gammon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infect. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.149932_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2012.05234.x","article-title":"A model of the transmission of micro-organisms in a public setting and its correlation to pathogen infection risks","volume":"112","author":"Gerhardts","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.149932_bb0115","first-page":"1","article-title":"Aerosol and bioaerosol particle size and dynamics from defective sanitary plumbing systems","volume":"00","author":"Gormley","year":"2021","journal-title":"Indoor Air"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.149932_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0171556","article-title":"Pathogen cross-transmission via building sanitary plumbing systems in a full scale pilot test-rig","volume":"12","author":"Gormley","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.149932_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1518","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.02.054","article-title":"COVID-19: gastrointestinal manifestations and potential fecal-oral transmission","volume":"158","author":"Gu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.149932_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1053\/jhin.2001.1060","article-title":"Non-touch fittings in hospitals: a possible source of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and legionella spp","volume":"49","author":"Halabi","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Hosp. Infect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.149932_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2020.06.100","article-title":"Reduced incidence of healthcare-associated infections in a long-term care facility by converting to automated touchless dispensing and closed-refill systems","volume":"48","author":"Handley","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Infect. Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.149932_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1067\/mic.2003.81","article-title":"Bacterial transfer and cross-contamination potential associated with paper-towel dispensing","volume":"31","author":"Harrison","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Infect. Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.149932_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2012.02.019","article-title":"The hygienic efficacy of different hand-drying methods: a review of the evidence","volume":"87","author":"Huang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.149932_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00044-18","article-title":"Deposition of bacteria and bacterial spores by bathroom hot-air hand dryers","volume":"84","author":"Huesca-Espitia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.149932_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1111\/lam.12680","article-title":"Copper as an antibacterial material in different facilities","volume":"64","author":"Inkinen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lett. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.149932_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2017.07.021","article-title":"Public health and healthcare-associated risk of electric, warm-water bidet toilets","volume":"97","author":"Kanayama Katsuse","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Hosp. Infect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.149932_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.7326\/M20-0928","article-title":"Probable evidence of fecal aerosol transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in a high-rise building","volume":"173","author":"Kang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.149932_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.7888\/juoeh.36.135","article-title":"A survey on bacterial contamination of lavage water in electric warm-water lavage toilet seats and of the gluteal cleft after lavage","volume":"36","author":"Katano","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. UOEH"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.149932_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.13014","article-title":"Evaluation of the potential for virus dispersal during hand drying: a comparison of three methods","volume":"120","author":"Kimmitt","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.149932_bb0180","article-title":"Bioaerosol concentrations generated from toilet flushing in a hospital-based patient care setting. antimicrob resist","volume":"7","author":"Knowlton","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infect. Control."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.149932_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8815147","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8815147","article-title":"Microbiological assessment of the different hand drying methods and washroom environment cross-contamination","volume":"2020","author":"Kouadri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.149932_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.01.001","article-title":"Impact of a hygiene intervention on virus spread in an office building","volume":"222","author":"Kurgat","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.149932_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1540","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2020.07.033","article-title":"Bioaerosol sampling of a ventilated patient with COVID-19","volume":"48","author":"Lane","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Infect. Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.149932_bb0200","article-title":"Can a toilet promote virus transmission? From a fluid dynamics perspective","volume":"32","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phys. Fluids"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.149932_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2271-3","article-title":"Aerodynamic analysis of SARS-CoV-2 in two Wuhan hospitals","volume":"582","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.149932_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008570","article-title":"Air and surface contamination in non-health care settings among 641 environmental specimens of 39 COVID-19 cases","volume":"14","author":"Luo","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.149932_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.12248","article-title":"Assessment of the environmental microbiological cross contamination following hand drying with paper hand towels or an air blade dryer","volume":"115","author":"Margas","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.149932_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2020.04.024","article-title":"Put a lid on it: are faecal bio-aerosols a route of transmission for SARS-CoV-2?","volume":"105","author":"McDermott","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hosp. Infect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.149932_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0054223","article-title":"Could public restrooms be an environment for bacterial resistomes?","volume":"8","author":"Mkrtchyan","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.149932_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4498","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00638-15","article-title":"Extraintestinal pathogenic and antimicrobial-resistant Escherichia coli contamination of 56 public restrooms in the greater Minneapolis-St. Paul metropolitan area","volume":"81","author":"Mohamed","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.149932_bb0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"b2535","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.b2535","article-title":"Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement","volume":"339","author":"Moher","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.149932_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2020.11.024","article-title":"Detection of sars-cov-2 within the healthcare environment: a multi-centre study conducted during the first wave of the covid-19 outbreak in England","volume":"108","author":"Moore","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hosp. Infect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.149932_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0668.2006.00432.x","article-title":"Droplet fate in indoor environments, or can we prevent the spread of infection?","volume":"16","author":"Morawska","year":"2006","journal-title":"Indoor Air"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.149932_bb0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2020.105832","article-title":"How can airborne transmission of COVID-19 indoors be minimised?","volume":"142","author":"Morawska","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.149932_bb0255","unstructured":"National Institutes of Health. Study Quality Assessment Tools: Quality Assessment Tool for Observational Cohort and Cross-sectional Studies. National Institutes of Health: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.149932_bb0260","series-title":"Public Washrooms in the Time of COVID-19: Facility Features and User Behaviours can Influence Safety. 2021","author":"Nicol","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.149932_bb0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1610","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.3227","article-title":"Air, surface environmental, and personal protective equipment contamination by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) fom a symptomatic patient","volume":"323","author":"Ong","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.149932_bb0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1071\/HI09025","article-title":"Reduction of microbial transmission in childcare using an improved hand drying protocol","volume":"15","author":"Patrick","year":"2010","journal-title":"Healthc. Infect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.149932_bb0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268897008261","article-title":"Residual moisture determines the level of touch-contact-associated bacterial transfer following hand washing","volume":"119","author":"Patrick","year":"1997","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.149932_bb0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1177\/1757177418789485","article-title":"The contribution of hand drying in prevention of transmission of microorganisms: comparison of the efficacy of three hand drying methods in the removal and distribution of microorganisms","volume":"19","author":"Pitt","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Infect. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.149932_bb0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1006369","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006369","article-title":"Colonizing opportunistic pathogens (COPs): the beasts in all of us","volume":"13","author":"Price","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.149932_bb0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jit148","article-title":"A norovirus outbreak related to contaminated surfaces","volume":"208","author":"Repp","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.149932_bb0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2017.11.005","article-title":"Evaluation of hospital-grade disinfectants on viral deposition on surfaces after toilet flushing","volume":"46","author":"Sassi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Infect. Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.149932_bb0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0040310","article-title":"Aerosol generation in public restrooms","volume":"33","author":"Schreck","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phys. Fluids"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.149932_bb0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2010.04838.x","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of the hygienic efficacy of an ultra-rapid hand dryer vs conventional warm air hand dryers","volume":"110","author":"Snelling","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.149932_bb0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-019-0500-z","article-title":"The public washroom - friend or foe? An observational study of washroom cleanliness combined with microbiological investigation of hand hygiene facilities","volume":"8","author":"Suen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Resist. Infect. Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.149932_bb0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2672.2000.01122.x","article-title":"A microbiological evaluation of warm air hand driers with respect to hand hygiene and the washroom environment","volume":"89","author":"Taylor","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.149932_bb0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.2166\/wh.2019.234","article-title":"Survey on bacterial contamination of bidet toilets and relation to the interval of scrubbing these units","volume":"17","author":"Tsunoda","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Water Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.149932_bb0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1111\/1753-6405.13033","article-title":"COVID-19 environmental transmission and preventive public health measures","volume":"44","author":"Vardoulakis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aust. N. Z. J. Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.149932_bb0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2014.03.026","article-title":"Viral contamination of aerosol and surfaces through toilet use in health care and other settings","volume":"42","author":"Verani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Infect. Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.149932_bb0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.141758","article-title":"On-site analysis of COVID-19 on the surfaces in wards","volume":"753","author":"Wan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.149932_bb0340","article-title":"Virus transmission from urinals","volume":"32","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phys. Fluids"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.149932_bb0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-020-00839-x","article-title":"Contamination of SARS-CoV-2 in patient surroundings and on personal protective equipment in a non-ICU isolation ward for COVID-19 patients with prolonged PCR positive status","volume":"9","author":"Wei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Resist. Infect. Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.149932_bb0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1920","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2608.200681","article-title":"Infectious SARS-CoV-2 in feces of patient with severe COVID-19","volume":"26","author":"Xiao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.149932_bb0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.46234\/ccdcw2020.033","article-title":"Isolation of 2019-nCoV from a stool specimen of a laboratory-confirmed case of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","volume":"2","author":"Yong","year":"2020","journal-title":"China CDC Wkly"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.149932_bb0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2898","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02632-10","article-title":"Bacterial hand contamination and transfer after use of contaminated bulk-soap-refillable dispensers","volume":"77","author":"Zapka","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."}],"container-title":["Science of The Total Environment"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0048969721050075?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0048969721050075?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]],"date-time":"2025-09-24T13:19:32Z","timestamp":1758719972000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0048969721050075"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"references-count":72,"alternative-id":["S0048969721050075"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.149932","relation":{},"ISSN":["0048-9697"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0048-9697","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Transmission of COVID-19 and other infectious diseases in public washrooms: A systematic review","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Science of The Total Environment","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.149932","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"149932"}}