{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T05:48:43Z","timestamp":1792820923219,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]],"date-time":"2022-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646092800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]],"date-time":"2022-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646092800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,20]],"date-time":"2023-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1703030400000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":659,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]],"date-time":"2022-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646092800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]],"date-time":"2022-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646092800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]],"date-time":"2022-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646092800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]],"date-time":"2022-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646092800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]],"date-time":"2022-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646092800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1837021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1837021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Science of The Total Environment"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152284","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,10]],"date-time":"2021-12-10T11:01:45Z","timestamp":1639134105000},"page":"152284","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Investigating the association between mass transit adoption and COVID-19 infections in US metropolitan areas"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"811","author":[{"given":"Michael M.","family":"Thomas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neda","family":"Mohammadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John E.","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152284_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kws331","article-title":"Modeling the role of public transportation in sustaining tuberculosis transmission in South Africa","volume":"177","author":"Andrews","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152284_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.c2424","article-title":"Transmission of pandemic A\/H1N1 2009 influenza on passenger aircraft: retrospective cohort study","volume":"340","author":"Baker","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br. Med. J."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152284_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01","article-title":"Fitting linear mixed-effects models using {lme4}","volume":"67","author":"Bates","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Stat. Softw."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152284_bb0020","series-title":"Coronavirus: Wuhan shuts public transport over outbreak","author":"BBC","year":"2020"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152284_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwm064","article-title":"Motor vehicle crash injury rates by mode of travel, United States: using exposure-based methods to quantify differences","volume":"166","author":"Beck","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152284_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1007\/s11116-018-9956-6","article-title":"Car-deficit households: determinants and implications for household travel in the US","volume":"47","author":"Blumenberg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transportation"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152284_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/jtm\/tav002","article-title":"The roles of transportation and transportation hubs in the propagation of influenza and coronaviruses: a systematic review","volume":"23","author":"Browne","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Travel Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152284_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2016.303546","article-title":"Trends in walking and cycling safety: recent evidence from high-income countries, with a focus on the United States and Germany","volume":"107","author":"Buehler","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152284_bb0045","article-title":"Public transit agencies slash services, staff as coronavirus keeps ridership low","author":"Calvert","year":"2020","journal-title":"Wallstreet J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152284_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.140489","article-title":"How mobility habits influenced the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic: results from the italian case study","volume":"741","author":"Carteni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152284_bb0055","series-title":"Risk Attitudes and Human Mobility during the COVID-19 Pandemic","first-page":"1","volume":"10","author":"Chan","year":"2020"},{"issue":"42","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152284_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6942a5","article-title":"First 100 persons with COVID-19 - Zambia, march 18-april 28, 2020","volume":"69","author":"Chipimo","year":"2020","journal-title":"MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly Rep."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152284_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-011-9603-4","article-title":"The role of subway travel in an influenza epidemic: a New York City simulation","volume":"88","author":"Cooley","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Urban Health"},{"issue":"42","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152284_bb0070","first-page":"1535","article-title":"Association between social vulnerability and a County\u2019s risk for becoming a COVID-19","volume":"69","author":"Dasgupta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hotspot"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152284_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30120-1","article-title":"An interactive web-based dashboard to track COVID-19 in real time","volume":"20","author":"Dong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152284_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2010.11.001","article-title":"TB transmission on public transportation: a review of published studies and recommendations for contact tracing","volume":"9","author":"Edelson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Travel Med. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152284_bb0085","article-title":"Is bicycling getting safer? Bicycle fatality rates (1985\u20132017) using four exposure metrics","volume":"8","author":"Ferenchak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Interdiscip. Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152284_bb0090","series-title":"summarizeNHTS","author":"Fucci","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152284_bb0095","series-title":"Transmission of SARS-COV-2 Infections in Households \u2014 Tennessee and Wisconsin, April \u2013 September 2020","first-page":"1631","volume":"69(44)","author":"Grijalva","year":"2020"},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152284_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1981","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.5388","article-title":"Testing individuals for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","volume":"323","author":"Hadaya","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Assoc."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152284_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1310.060793","article-title":"Public transportation and pulmonary tuberculosis, Lima, Peru","volume":"13","author":"Horna-Campos","year":"2007","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152284_bb0110","article-title":"Risk of coronavirus disease 2019 transmission in train passengers: an epidemiological and modeling study","author":"Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152284_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2020.102580","article-title":"The role of built and social environmental factors in Covid-19 transmission: a look at America\u2019s capital city","volume":"65","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sustain. Cities Soc."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152284_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1016\/S0261-3794(99)00028-1","article-title":"Loess: a nonparametric, graphical tool for depicting relationships between variables","volume":"19","author":"Jacoby","year":"2000","journal-title":"Elect. Stud."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152284_bb0125","first-page":"226","article-title":"Caution warranted: using the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation model for predicting the course of the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"173","author":"Jewell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. Coll. Physicians"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152284_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1246","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwr251","article-title":"Social mixing patterns within a south african township community: implications for respiratory disease transmission and control","volume":"174","author":"Johnstone-Robertson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152284_bb0135","series-title":"Evidence for Limited Early Spread of COVID-19 Within the United States, January--February 2020","author":"Jorden","year":"2020"},{"issue":"38","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152284_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6938a4","article-title":"Disparities in COVID-19 incidence, hospitalizations, and testing, by area-level deprivation - Utah, March 3-July 9, 2020","volume":"69","author":"Lewis","year":"2020","journal-title":"MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152284_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.138513","article-title":"Impact of meteorological factors on the COVID-19 transmission: a multi-city study in China","volume":"726","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152284_bb0150","series-title":"Human-Infrastructure Interactional Dynamics: Simulating COVID-19 Pandemic Regime Shifts. 2020 Winter Simulation Conference (WSC)","first-page":"727","author":"Mohammadi","year":"2020"},{"issue":"35","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152284_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20255","DOI":"10.2807\/ese.17.35.20255-en","article-title":"Evidence for airborne infectious disease transmission in public ground transport\u2013a literature review","volume":"17","author":"Mohr","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152284_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a112781","article-title":"An outbreak of influenza aboard a commercial airliner","volume":"110","author":"Moser","year":"1979","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152284_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0050074","article-title":"Social contacts and mixing patterns relevant to the spread of infectious diseases","volume":"5","author":"Mossong","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152284_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15757","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-016-7064-8","article-title":"Airborne biological hazards and urban transport infrastructure: current challenges and future directions","volume":"23","author":"Nasir","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152284_bb0175","first-page":"69","article-title":"Transmission dynamics by age group in COVID-19 hotspot counties\u2014United States, April--September 2020","author":"Oster","year":"2020","journal-title":"MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152284_bb0180","series-title":"Safer Cycling Through Improved Infrastructure","author":"Pucher","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152284_bb0185","series-title":"Evidence From the 2001 NHTS","article-title":"Socioeconomics of urban travel","author":"Pucher","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152284_bb0190","author":"R Core Team"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152284_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3273","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.26868","article-title":"COVID-19 case fatality rate and tuberculosis in a metropolitan setting","volume":"93","author":"Rojas-Bolivar","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152284_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.04.050","article-title":"Ascertaining the impact of public rapid transit system on spread of dengue in urban settings","volume":"598","author":"Sanna","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152284_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12942-020-00225-1","article-title":"A multimethod approach for county-scale geospatial analysis of emerging infectious diseases: a cross-sectional case study of COVID-19 incidence in Germany","volume":"19","author":"Scarpone","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Health Geogr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152284_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2017.04.018","article-title":"Comparison of US metropolitan region pedestrian and bicyclist fatality rates","volume":"106","author":"Schneider","year":"2017","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152284_bb0215","series-title":"Sci. Total Environ.","first-page":"142391","article-title":"The COVID-19 pandemic: impacts on cities and major lessons for urban planning, design, and management","author":"Sharifi","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152284_bb0220","article-title":"Prevention and control of COVID-19 in public transportation: experience from China","volume":"115291","author":"Shen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152284_bb0225","first-page":"69","article-title":"Geographic differences in COVID-19 cases, deaths, and incidence-United States, February 12-April 7, 2020","author":"Stephanie","year":"2020","journal-title":"MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly Rep."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152284_bb0230","first-page":"1234","article-title":"Socioeconomic disparities in subway use and COVID-19 outcomes in New York City","volume":"190","author":"Sy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152284_bb0235","series-title":"Epidemiology: Beyond the Basics","first-page":"384","article-title":"Communicating results of epidemiologic studies","author":"Szklo","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152284_bb0240","article-title":"The link between bike sharing and subway use during the COVID-19 pandemic: the case-study of New York\u2019s citi bike","volume":"6","author":"Teixeira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Interdiscip. Perspect."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152284_bb0245","first-page":"1","article-title":"COVID-19 and public transportation: current assessment, prospects, and research needs","volume":"22","author":"Tirachini","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Public Transp."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152284_bb0250","author":"U.S. Census Bureau"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152284_bb0255","author":"U.S. Census Bureau"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152284_bb0260","author":"U.S. Dept of Transportation"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152284_bb0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2013.08.014","article-title":"Spatial spread of an epidemic through public transportation systems with a hub","volume":"246","author":"Xu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Math. Biosci."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152284_bb0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0108369","article-title":"Seasonal variation of newly notified pulmonary tuberculosis cases from 2004 to 2013 in Wuhan, China","volume":"9","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152284_bb0275","article-title":"Changing disparities in COVID-19 burden in the ethnically homogeneous population of Hong Kong through pandemic waves: an observational study","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152284_bb0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0098518","article-title":"Epidemic process over the commute network in a metropolitan area","volume":"9","author":"Yashima","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152284_bb0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0115230","article-title":"Public transportation and tuberculosis transmission in a high incidence setting","volume":"10","author":"Zamudio","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152284_bb0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2020.101626","article-title":"Spatial transmission of COVID-19 via public and private transportation in China","volume":"34","author":"Zheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Travel Med. Infect. Dis."}],"container-title":["Science of The Total Environment"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0048969721073605?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0048969721073605?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T16:44:52Z","timestamp":1787589892000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0048969721073605"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"references-count":58,"alternative-id":["S0048969721073605"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152284","relation":{},"ISSN":["0048-9697"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0048-9697","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Investigating the association between mass transit adoption and COVID-19 infections in US metropolitan areas","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Science of The Total Environment","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152284","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"152284"}}