{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T00:09:12Z","timestamp":1792800552235,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,1]],"date-time":"2022-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648771200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,1]],"date-time":"2022-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648771200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,2]],"date-time":"2022-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643760000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010574","name":"China Academy of Space Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010574","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004219","name":"Paul Scherrer Institut","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004219","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Science of The Total Environment"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152596","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,25]],"date-time":"2021-12-25T01:37:29Z","timestamp":1640396249000},"page":"152596","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Carbon-14 release and speciation during corrosion of irradiated steel under radioactive waste disposal conditions"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"817","author":[{"given":"Typhaine","family":"Guillemot","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gary","family":"Salazar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Rauber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dominik","family":"Kunz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S\u00f6nke","family":"Szidat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erich","family":"Wieland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152596_bb0005","first-page":"465","article-title":"Sorption studies of H14CO3- on some geological media and concrete","volume":"3","author":"Allard","year":"1981","journal-title":"Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152596_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1557\/PROC-112-33","article-title":"The solubility and sorption of lead-210 and carbon-14 in a near-field environment","volume":"112","author":"Bayliss","year":"1988","journal-title":"Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152596_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnucmat.2016.03.024","article-title":"Correlation between locally deformed structure and oxide film properties in austenitic stainless steel irradiated with neutrons","volume":"475","author":"Chimi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152596_bb0020","series-title":"Advanced Inorganic Chemistry","author":"Cotton","year":"1980"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152596_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1089\/ees.2017.0216","article-title":"Formation of low-molecular-weight organic compounds during anoxic corrosion of zero-valent iron","volume":"35","author":"Cvetkovi\u0107","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152596_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3059","DOI":"10.1039\/C8AN00237A","article-title":"Analysis of C-14-bearing compounds released by the corrosion of irradiated steel using accelerator mass spectrometry","volume":"143","author":"Cvetkovi\u0107","year":"2018","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152596_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1711","DOI":"10.1017\/RDC.2018.90","article-title":"Quantification of dissolved organic C-14-containing compounds by accelerator mass spectrometry in a corrosion experiment with irradiated steel","volume":"60","author":"Cvetkovi\u0107","year":"2018","journal-title":"Radiocarbon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152596_bb0040","series-title":"Metals Handbook Vol 1: Properties and Selection: Irons, Steels, and High-performance Alloys","author":"Davis","year":"1998"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152596_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1021\/es960698+","article-title":"Hydrocarbon formation in metallic iron\/water systems","volume":"31","author":"Deng","year":"1997","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152596_bb0050","series-title":"Scientific Basis for the Production of Gas due to Corrosion in a Deep Geological Repository. Nagra Working Report NAB 14-21","author":"Diomidis","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152596_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.126230","article-title":"Processes leading to reduced and oxidised carbon compounds during corrosion of zero-valent iron in alkaline anoxic conditions","volume":"250","author":"Guillemot","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152596_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7870","DOI":"10.1039\/D0AN01517B","article-title":"Determination of ultra-low concentrations of gaseous C-14-bearing hydrocarbons produced during corrosion of irradiated steel using accelerator mass spectrometry","volume":"145","author":"Guillemot","year":"2020","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152596_bb0065","series-title":"Development of Analytical Methods for the Detection of 14C-bearing Carbon Compounds at Ultra-low Concentrations. Nagra Working Report NAB 21-03.","author":"Guillemot","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152596_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.corsci.2019.06.006","article-title":"Oxide growth and dissolution on 316L stainless steel during irradiation in high temperature water","volume":"157","author":"Hanbury","year":"2019","journal-title":"Corros. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152596_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-938X(98)00045-6","article-title":"Formation of magnetite in the presence of ferric oxyhydroxides","volume":"40","author":"Ishikawa","year":"1998","journal-title":"Corros. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152596_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.5006\/1.3577332","article-title":"Kinetics of hydrogen formation from mild-steel in water under anaerobic conditions","volume":"38","author":"Jelinek","year":"1982","journal-title":"Corrosion"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152596_bb0085","series-title":"Proceedings of a Nagra\/RWMC Workshop on the Release and Transport of C-14 in Repository Environments. Nagra Working Report NAB 08-22","author":"Johnson","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152596_bb0090","first-page":"621","article-title":"A study on the chemical forms and migration behavior of carbon-14 leached from the simulated hull waste in the underground condition","volume":"757","author":"Kaneko","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152596_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1657","DOI":"10.1017\/RDC.2018.138","article-title":"Release and speciation of C-14 during the corrosion of activated steel in deep geological repositories for the disposal of radioactive waste","volume":"60","author":"Mibus","year":"2018","journal-title":"Radiocarbon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152596_bb0100","series-title":"Sicherheitstechnischer Bericht zu SGT-Etappe 2: Sicherheitstechnischer Vergleich und Vorschlag der in Etappe 3 weiter zu untersuchenden geologischen Standortgebiete. Nagra Technical Report 14-01","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152596_bb0105","series-title":"Modellhaftes Inventar f\u00fcr radioaktive Materialien MIRAM 14. Nagra Technical Report 14-04","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152596_bb0110","series-title":"Waste Management Programme 2016 of the Waste Producers. Nagra Technical Report NTB 16-01E","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152596_bb0115","series-title":"Geological Disposal - Carbon-14 Project - Phase 1 Report. Technical Report NDA\/RWMD\/092","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152596_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnucmat.2017.05.043","article-title":"Accelerated corrosion and oxide dissolution in 316L stainless steel irradiated in situ in high temperature water","volume":"493","author":"Raiman","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152596_bb0125","series-title":"Compound-specific Radiocarbon Analysis of Aerosols","author":"Rauber","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152596_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnucene.2015.10.008","article-title":"Study of stainless steel corrosion by hydrogen measurement under deoxygenated, low-temperature and basic repository conditions","volume":"87","author":"Sakuragi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prog. Nucl. Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152596_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nimb.2015.03.051","article-title":"Development of a method for fast and automatic radiocarbon measurement of aerosol samples by online coupling of an elemental analyzer with a MICADAS AMS","volume":"361","author":"Salazar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. B"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152596_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5448","DOI":"10.1021\/ac500654a","article-title":"Determination of the C-14 content in activated steel components from a neutron spallation source and a nuclear power plant","volume":"86","author":"Schumann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152596_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.corsci.2020.108913","article-title":"The measurement of ultra low uniform corrosion rates","volume":"176","author":"Senior","year":"2020","journal-title":"Corros. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152596_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1002\/maco.202011782","article-title":"The corrosion of mild and stainless steel in alkaline anaerobic conditions representing the Belgian \u201csupercontainer\u201d concept and the Swiss L\/ILW repository","volume":"72","author":"Senior","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. Corros."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152596_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.5006\/1.3319128","article-title":"Corrosion behavior of carbon steel radioactive waste packages: a summary review of Swedish and U.K. research","volume":"65","author":"Smart","year":"2009","journal-title":"Corrosion"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152596_bb0160","series-title":"An Introduction to Radiation Chemistry","author":"Spinks","year":"1990"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152596_bb0165","series-title":"Rates of Steel Corrosion and Carbon-14 Release From Irradiated Steel - State of the Art Review. CAST WP2 Deliverable D 2.1","author":"Swanton","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152596_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.2458\/56.17457","article-title":"C-14 analysis and sample preparation at the new Bern laboratory for the analysis of radiocarbon with AMS (LARA)","volume":"56","author":"Szidat","year":"2014","journal-title":"Radiocarbon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152596_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1039\/DT9830000189","article-title":"Transformation of \u03b3-FeO(OH) to Fe3O4 by absorption of iron(II) ion on \u03b3-FeO(OH)","author":"Tamaura","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Chem. Soc. Dalt. Trans."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152596_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1002\/jms.3232","article-title":"Indirect hydrogen analysis by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS)","volume":"48","author":"Varlet","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Mass Spectrom."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152596_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1671","DOI":"10.1017\/RDC.2018.134","article-title":"C-14 release from irradiated stainless steel","volume":"60","author":"de Visser-T\u00fdnov\u00e1","year":"2018","journal-title":"Radiocarbon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152596_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nimb.2012.02.009","article-title":"A versatile gas interface for routine radiocarbon analysis with a gas ion source","volume":"294","author":"Wacker","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152596_bb0195","series-title":"Fundamentals of Radiation Materials Science","author":"Was","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152596_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1180\/minmag.2015.079.6.03","article-title":"Formation and stability of C-14-containing organic compounds in alkaline iron-water systems: preliminary assessment based on a literature survey and thermodynamic modelling","volume":"79","author":"Wieland","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mineral. Mag."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152596_bb0205","series-title":"16th International High-Level Radioactive Waste Management Conference (IHLRWM 2017), Charlotte, NC, USA","article-title":"Identification and formation of carbon-14 containing organic compounds during anoxic corrosion of activated steel in alkaline conditions","author":"Wieland","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152596_bb0210","first-page":"34","article-title":"Carbon-14 speciation during anoxic corrosion of activated steel in a repository environment","volume":"63","author":"Wieland","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atw-Int. J. Nucl. Power"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152596_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1557\/opl.2014.645","article-title":"C-14 release behavior and chemical species from irradiated hull waste under geological disposal conditions","volume":"1665","author":"Yamashita","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152596_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnucene.2005.04.002","article-title":"Life cycle and management of carbon-14 from nuclear power generation","volume":"48","author":"Yim","year":"2006","journal-title":"Prog. Nucl. Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152596_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2020.129157","article-title":"Effect of thermal aging and irradiation on the electrochemical and passivation behavior of 308L stainless steel in simulated pressurized water reactor environment","volume":"286","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."}],"container-title":["Science of The Total Environment"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0048969721076749?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0048969721076749?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T03:18:44Z","timestamp":1762226324000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0048969721076749"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]},"references-count":45,"alternative-id":["S0048969721076749"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152596","relation":{},"ISSN":["0048-9697"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0048-9697","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Carbon-14 release and speciation during corrosion of irradiated steel under radioactive waste disposal conditions","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Science of The Total Environment","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152596","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"152596"}}